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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
601

Impactos de pol?ticas p?blicas de cr?dito geridas pelo INCRA no desenvolvimento socioecon?mico de dois assentamentos rurais na Regi?o M?dio Para?ba Fluminense: uma an?lise com geoprocessamento / Impacts of credit public policies managed by INCRA in the socioeconomic development of two rural settlements in M?dio Para?ba Fluminense Region: an analysis through geoprocessing

Lima, Maria D?ringer Jacques de Lima 19 March 2014 (has links)
Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-06-13T13:02:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014 - Maria D?ringer Jacques de Lima.pdf: 4164916 bytes, checksum: 71ab1e84dda2406a8e1ab9b743e061e4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-13T13:02:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014 - Maria D?ringer Jacques de Lima.pdf: 4164916 bytes, checksum: 71ab1e84dda2406a8e1ab9b743e061e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-19 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The present study aimed to analyze the public polices concerned in the Cr?dito Instala??o Program, managed by INCRA, and its impacts in the social-economic development of two rural land reform settlements located in M?dio Para?ba Fluminense Region. At this analysis, where adopt qualitative and quantitative methods for data collecting and processing, in the intent of both dimension and spacialize those impacts, and also qualify them in a critic way, connected to the political process that entails the presented study object. To do so, we attempted to comprehend and reassemble the initial conditions of the settlements creation, and those following from the implementation of the analyzed public policies. As a result, it have been observed some impacts under the settled familie?s life conditions, which, however, shouldn?t be exclusively attributed to the Cr?dito Instala??o Program. Furthermore, it is been concluded that the better effectivity of those public policies depends on the enlargement of the spot occupied by land reform in the political sphere, as a rela and concret strategy for rural development and magnification of the horizons and oppportunities for those social, political, economical and environmentaly disadvnataged / O presente estudo teve como objetivo a an?lise das pol?ticas p?blicas do Programa Cr?dito Instala??o, administrado pelo INCRA, e seus impactos sobre o desenvolvimento socioecon?mico de dois assentamentos de reforma agr?ria situados na Regi?o M?dio Para?ba Fluminense. Nessa an?lise foram utilizados m?todos qualitativos e quantitativos de coleta e analise de dados, no sentido de tanto dimensionar e espacializar tais impactos, e ainda qualific?-los de maneira cr?tica e conectada com os processos pol?ticos que ensejam o objeto de estudo aqui apresentado. Para tanto se buscou compreender e remontar as condi??es iniciais de cria??o dos assentamentos, e aquelas decorrentes da implementa??o das pol?ticas publicas analisadas. Como resultados foram observados alguns impactos sobre as condi??es de vida das fam?lias assentadas, que, no entanto, n?o devem ser atribu?das exclusivamente ao programa Cr?dito Instala??o. Nesse sentido, foi conclu?do que a maior efetividade de tais pol?ticas depende que a reforma agr?ria ocupe um espa?o mais significante na esfera pol?tica, como estrat?gias reais e concretas para o desenvolvimento rural e amplia??o de horizontes e oportunidades para aqueles mais desfavorecidos social, pol?tica, econ?mica e ambientalmente.
602

A busca por uma educação de qualidade no campo em uma escola de um assentamento de reforma agrária: a distância entre o recurso disponível e o necessário / Seeking for a education of quality at a rural school in a land reform settlement: the gap between the resources available and those that are necessary.

Natalia Menin da Silva 10 December 2013 (has links)
Principalmente graças às ações dos movimentos sociais que lutam pela reforma agrária, houve um grande aumento de interesse em relação às políticas de educação para o campo no Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a estrutura e as condições de funcionamento de uma escola de ensino fundamental situada em um assentamento de reforma agrária, bem como identificar as demandas de melhoria da escola por parte da população usuária e da equipe escolar na perspectiva de se obter o custo aluno-qualidade de uma escola do campo. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo na modalidade estudo de caso. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados utilizados neste estudo foram: observação participante com registro em diário de campo durante todo o período de coleta de dados na escola e questionários aplicados aos pais e professores. Complementarmente foi utilizado o instrumento de auto-avaliação escolar Indicadores de Qualidade na Educação (INDIQUE), elaborado através de uma parceria entre a Ação Educativa, UNICEF, PNUD, INEP e MEC, e que permitiu levantar os anseios de parte da comunidade escolar em relação à escola. Por fim, foram discutidos os insumos importantes para garantir qualidade, em especial os relativos à remuneração, na visão dos professores e funcionários, na perspectiva de se construir o CAQi (Custo Aluno Qualidade Inicial) dessa escola. Os resultados das análises apontaram para a necessidade de: (a) mais participação dos pais, segundo o ponto de vista dos professores; (b) melhorias na infraestrutura da escola, como pátio maior, ampliação de banheiros, sala de informática com internet, biblioteca e, principalmente, água na escola e em todo assentamento, segundo opinião dos pais; (c) mais tempo para brincadeiras, mais jogos e brinquedos, quadra coberta, biblioteca, sala de informática e vídeo, professor de reforço, piscina e cachoeira, na visão dos alunos do ensino fundamental; (d) e mais valorização profissional, ligada a melhoria da condição salarial, sob o ponto de vista de funcionários e professores. Os relatos dos profissionais da escola evidenciam que é preciso mais investimento quanto aos salários que recebem. Em virtude disso, foi estabelecido qual deveria ser o gasto mínimo por aluno ao ano, com base nas demandas salariais, segundo o ponto de vista dos professores e funcionários. Como as visões foram diferentes, chegou-se a dois valores do CAQi dessa escola do campo: R$ 7.378 por aluno-ano segundo os funcionários e R$ 11.080 segundo a ótica dos professores. Esse maior valor atribuído pelos professores decorreu de uma demanda de salários para toda a equipe escolar mais alta que aquela exposta pelos funcionários, considerando também toda a equipe escolar. Estes valores estão bem acima do CAQi construído pela Campanha Nacional pelo Direito à Educação e transformado no Parecer CEB/CNE nº 8/2010, cujo valor seria de R$ 5.248 e muitas vezes acima do valor do Fundeb para os anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental (Rural) que é de apenas R$ 3.671. Assim, os resultados apontam para a necessidade de se ampliar os valores disponibilizados pelo Fundeb para que seja possível se obter uma escola do campo de qualidade. Fica evidente também que o custo mais elevado da escola do campo em relação à sua congênere urbana decorrer da menor razão alunos/turma e do seu tamanho menor, o que aumenta seus custos fixos. Finalmente, os resultados apontam também para uma escola que busca encontrar o seu caminho na construção de um projeto próprio de educação do campo e uma comunidade que tem muito orgulho da escola, que só foi implantada graças à sua luta. / Mainly due the actions of social movements struggling for land reform, there was a great increase of interest in relation to education policy for the rural areas in Brazil. This study aims to analyze the structure and operating conditions of an elementary school located in a land reform settlement, as well as identifying the demands of school improvement by the user population and school staff in view of obtaining the cost of a rural school of quality. This is a qualitative study in the form of a case study. The data collection instruments used in this study were: participant observation and questionnaire to parents and teachers. In addition, we used the instrument of school self-evaluation Quality Indicators in Education (INDIQUE), developed through a partnership between Ação Educativa, UNICEF, UNDP, INEP and MEC, which allowed raising the aspirations of the school community. Finally, we have identified the main inputs to ensure quality, in particular those relating to remuneration, in the view of the faculty and staff, with the goal of building the Cost of a Initial Quality Education per Student (CAQi). The results of the analysis indicated the need for : (a) more parental involvement, from the point of view of teachers, (b) improvements in school infrastructure, better courtyard and bathrooms , computer room with internet , library and, especially, water in school and in all the settlement, according to the opinion of parents, (c) more time to play games and toys, indoor court , library, computer room and video , teacher enhancement, swimming pool according the vision of elementary school students, (d) and more professional development, linked to better wage conditions, from the point of view of staff and school teachers. Reports of school professionals show the necessity of higher salaries. As a result, we established what should be the minimum spending per student per year, based on wage demands, from the point of view of teachers and staff. As visions were different, there was two different values for CAQi: R $ 7. 378,00 per student-year according to staff and R$ 11.080, 00 from the viewpoint of teachers. The highest value assigned to CAQi teachers is due to the higher values of wages which they defined as adequate when compared with the values assigned by staff. These values are well above the CAQi built by the National Campaign for the Right to Education and which was transformed in the provision Parecer CEB/CNE No. 8/2010, whose value is R$ 5.248,00 and is also above Fundeb (Fund for the Maintenance and Development Basic Education and Enhancement of the Professionals of Education) for the early years of elementary school in rural areas, which is just R$ 3.671,00. Thus, the results point the need of to raise the values provided by Fundeb so you can get rural schools of quality. It is also evident that the higher cost of rural schools in relation to its urban counterpart is due to the lower ratio students/class and its smaller size , which increases its fixed costs . Finally, the results also indicate a school seeking to build an educational project itself and a community that is very proud of the school, which has only been implemented thanks to their struggle.
603

A produção do homem e da natureza no campo: a Comuna da Terra \'Irmã Alberta\' na reorganização da dinâmica da paisagem e seu inverso / The production of man and nature in the field: The Commune Earth \"Sister Alberta\" in the reorganization of the landscape dynamics and its inverse

Amanda de Fátima Martin Catarucci 25 April 2014 (has links)
A pesquisa aborda a compreensão da relação sociedade-natureza no campo, através do estudo de caso da Comuna da Terra Irmã Alberta, estabelecida como assentamento rural pelo Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST), desde 2002, no distrito de Perus, município de São Paulo/SP e em processo de regularização pelo INCRA. Houve a preocupação de apreender a influência do meio físico na determinação dos modos de exploração agrícola da área em questão e o impacto desses sistemas de produção agrícola na dinâmica da paisagem, problematizando as práticas das famílias em relação à gestão do meio físico. Nesse sentido, entende-se que há uma produção da paisagem pelo processo histórico de apropriação da terra e vice-versa. A reconstituição histórica da estrutura agrária da região e a elaboração dos mapeamentos temáticos do meio físico subsidiaram o estudo das interações dos sistemas pedológicos e os sistemas de produção agrícola do assentamento. A caracterização dos sistemas pedológicos se deu a partir da caracterização do impacto das ações antrópicas sobre a morfologia dos solos através da técnica do Perfil Cultural. O trabalho abrange, ainda, a discussão das limitações da modalidade de assentamento rural de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, proposto pelo INCRA, e respectivamente, de Comuna da Terra, pelo MST, na promoção do bem-estar e reprodução material das famílias camponesas e no alcance dos objetivos de sustentabilidade que se propõem / The research addresses the understanding of the relationship between society and nature in the field, through the case study of the Commune Earth \"Irmã Alberta\", established as a rural settlement by the Movement of Landless Rural Workers ( MST ), since 2002, in the district of Perus São Paulo / SP and regularization process by INCRA. We were careful to grasp the influence of the physical environment in determining modes of farm area in question and the impact of agricultural production systems in the dynamic landscape, questioning the practices of families in relation to the management of the physical environment. In this sense, it is understood that there is a production landscape by historical process of appropriation of land and vice versa. The historical reconstruction of the agrarian structure of the region and preparation of thematic maps of the physical subsidized the study of interactions of the pedological and agricultural production systems of the settlement. The characterization of pedological systems occurred from the characterize the impact of human actions on the morphology of the soil using the technique of Cultural Profile. The work also covers the discussion of the limitations of the type of rural settlement of \"Sustainable Development\" proposed by INCRA and respectively the Commune of the Earth, the MST, in promoting well - being and material reproduction of peasant families and achievement of sustainability goals proposed
604

Terra privada, vida devoluta: ordenamento fundiário e destinação de terras públicas no oeste do Pará / Private land vacant life. Land consolidation and destination of public lands in Western Pará

Mauricio Gonsalves Torres 26 September 2012 (has links)
Na Amazônia, as políticas de destinação de terras públicas constroem-se a partir de aparelhamentos jurídicos que, comumente, sinalizam a situações bastante alheias aos camponeses e outras populações que ocupam a região. Historicamente, tais políticas tendem a se delinear em favor da construção das condições formais para a apropriação privada da terra pelo grande capital. Por outro lado, apresentam pouca e algumas vezes nenhuma vocação para dar conta da diversidade social e cultural das ocupações camponesas. O atuar desse aparelho jurídico e político, entretanto, não é linear, mas produtor de movimentos contraditórios, abrindo condições para recriação e reprodução das possibilidades de acesso à terra a posseiros, quilombolas, ribeirinhos, varjeiros, beiradeiros e diversos outros grupos da floresta. Esta pesquisa trata essencialmente dos caminhos e descaminhos das políticas de destinação de terras públicas na Amazônia, em especial, no oeste paraense. Pretende entender os processos que as engendram, suas diversas modalidades e suas contradições inerentes. Especial atenção é dada à prática ainda em voga de se entregar terra e recursos ao capital sob discursos sociais. Mais precisamente, ao estudo de como, pela implementação abrupta de uma gigantesca área de assentamentos de reforma agrária, serviuse, não aos clientes da reforma agrária, mas a madeireiros, grileiros e à fabricação de números fictícios para os índices de famílias assentadas. / Policies related to the destination of public lands in Amazonia are built upon judicial instruments that often derive from situations far removed from those lived by peasants and other populations who occupy the region. Historically such policies have tended to be shaped in favour of the construction of formal conditions that enable private appropriation of land by large-scale capital. On the other hand, these policies offer little and in some cases, no inclination to do justice to the social and cultural diversity of peasant occupations. Nonetheless, the actions by this judicial and political apparatus are not linear; rather they have produced contradictory movements, creating conditions which foster the re-creation and reproduction of possibilities of access to land by occupants who do not hold titles, descendants of runaway slaves, riverine dwellers, floodplain dwellers, riverbank dwellers and several other forest groups. This research essentially considers the ebbs and flows involved in the politics of public land destination in Amazonia, with a focus on the western portion of the state of Pará in the Brazilian Amazon. It aims to understand the processes that engendered them, their diverse modalities and inherent contradictions. Particular attention is paid to the still current practice of handing over land and resources to large-scale capital under the guise of social discourse. Specifically, a study has been conducted on how the abrupt establishment of an immense area destined for land reform settlements benefitted loggers and land grabbers and produced falsified lists of settled families, instead of real land reform clients.
605

Campesinato e biodiversidade no Cerrado : um estudo sobre o Assentamento Americana (Grão Mogol-MG) à luz da agroecologia / Peasantry and biodiversity at Cerrado biome : a study about the Americana settlement (Grão Mogol, Minas Gerais, Brazil) under the agroecology perspective

Carvalho, Igor Simoni Homem de, 1980- 10 January 2013 (has links)
Orientadores: Sonia Maria Pessoa Pereira Bergamasco, Mateus Batistella / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T15:08:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_IgorSimoniHomemde_D.pdf: 11569012 bytes, checksum: 186f94f222917b3ed0d90cc7ab72076e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O Assentamento Americana, localizado no município de Grão Mogol-MG e implantado em 2001, é uma proposta diferenciada de ocupação e uso dos recursos naturais do Cerrado, baseada na agroecologia, no extrativismo e no modo de vida dos habitantes tradicionais da região, denominados Geraizeiros. Esta tese tem como objetivo apresentar um estudo sobre este Assentamento Rural e as famílias assentadas, analisando de que forma sua implantação pode contribuir no debate sobre o campesinato e a biodiversidade no bioma Cerrado, mais especificamente nos cerrados do Norte de Minas. O marco teórico-metodológico principal utilizado é a agroecologia, recebendo aportes também de outras disciplinas como a sociologia rural e biologia da conservação. É apresentada a ideia de "referenciais camponeses" no intuito de analisar o perfil das famílias assentadas. A metodologia foi construída com base em entrevistas semi-estruturadas a 37 famílias assentadas e profissionais envolvidos com o Assentamento, além da análise de documentos e outros materiais pertinentes. Como resultado, chegou-se a elementos de grande relevância ao debate sobre campesinato e biodiversidade no Cerrado, que concernem especialmente às práticas agrícolas, pecuárias e extrativistas e ao grau de proximidade ou distanciamento dos referenciais camponeses presentes no Assentamento / Abstract: The Assentamento Americana (Americana settlement), located at Grão Mogol municipality (Minas Gerais state, Brazil), and created in 2001, is a differentiated proposal of land occupation and natural resources use on Cerrado biome (Brazilian savanna), based upon agroecology, extractivism (collection and use of native biodiversity products) and upon the way of life of traditional local inhabitants, called Geraizeiros. This thesis presents a study of this rural settlement and its families, analyzing how its implantation can contribute on the debate about peasantry and biodiversity at Cerrado biome, and specifically at the Norte de Minas region. The theoretic marks and methodology are based mainly on agroecology, with contributions also from rural sociology and biology conservation. It?s presented the idea of "peasant references" aiming to analyze the typology of the families. The methodology was constructed based on semi-structured interviews to 37 families of the Assentamento and other professionals linked to it, and also based on documents analyses. As a result, there were find elements of great to Cerrado peasantry and biodiversity debate, specially concerned to agriculture practices, cattle ranch and extractivism, and also to the proximity/distance from peasant references of the families studied / Doutorado / Aspectos Biológicos de Sustentabilidade e Conservação / Doutor em Ambiente e Sociedade
606

A agroecologia e sua apropriação pelo movimento dos trabalhadores rurais sem terra (MST) e assentados de reforma agrária / Agroecolodgy an its adoption by the movement of landless workers (MST) and land reform settlers

Borsatto, Ricardo Serra 12 February 2011 (has links)
Orientador: Maristela Simões do Carmo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T12:46:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Borsatto_RicardoSerra_D.pdf: 3260776 bytes, checksum: 95c2e5a3df77781180305c338695bfca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Nos últimos anos diferentes movimentos sociais ao redor do mundo têm internalizado em seus ideários novos valores e princípios epistemológicos edificados sobre as bases da sustentabilidade ambiental e equidade social. Dentro desse contexto, essa tese abordou a adoção de um discurso baseado na Agro ecologia pelo Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST), tanto com o intuito de compreender por meio de uma abordagem teórico-histórica os fundamentos da apropriação do conceito de Agroecologia em seu discurso, quanto de verificar a campo a aderência dos assentamentos rurais a essa nova proposta na busca de compreender os entraves e dificuldades para o seu estabelecimento. Para tanto partiu da apresentação das diferentes correntes teóricas sobre a questão camponesa que historicamente tem norteado as ações do MST, assim como fundamentou teoricamente a Agroecologia para compreender em quais bases epistemológicas esse conceito se edifica. Para levantar os dados de campo, além da utilização da observação participante, foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas junto a algumas lideranças do MST com o objetivo de compreender seus discursos sobre o tema abordado. Para a avaliação da aderência à Agroecologia nos assentamentos rurais foi desenvolvido e aplicado um sistema participativo de indicadores denominado Sistema de Avaliação de Aderência à Agroecologia (SAAGRO). Ao fim da pesquisa concluiu-se que apesar de o MST se posicionar na vanguarda dentro dos movimentos sociais camponeses em relação à disseminação da Agroecologia, importantes entraves terão que ser superados para que essa se torne um paradigma dominante junto aos seus militantes. Apontou-se que não existe uma resposta pontual para a superação desses entraves e que múltiplas terão que ser as ações a serem executadas por diferentes agentes além do MST / Abstract: In recent years various social movements around the world have internalized in their guidelines new values and epistemological principles built upon the foundation of environmental sustainability and social equity. Within this context, this thesis addressed the adoption of a speech based on the Agroecology by the Movement of Landless Workers (MST), in order to through a theoretical-historical approach the appropriation of the Agroecology concept in its speech, and to verify in the field the adherence of rural settlements to this new proposal seeking to understanding the obstacles and difficulties for its establishment. For both starts presenting the different theoretical perspectives on the peasant question that has historically guided the actions of the MST, as well as a theoretical framework for understanding Agroecology epistemological foundations. To collect data on the field, besides the use of participant observation, were conducted semi-structured interviews with some leaders of the MST in order to understand his speeches about these topic. For the evaluation of the adherence to Agroecology in the rural settlements was developed and applied a participatory system of indicators called Adherence for Agroecology Evaluation System (SAAGRO). The research concluded that although the MST stand at the forefront within the peasant social movements in relation to the spread of Agroecology, major obstacles will be overcome for this to become a dominant paradigm among its militants. It was pointed out that there is not unique answer to overcome these obstacles and multiple actions need to be taken by different actors besides the MST / Doutorado / Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola
607

Terra e trabalho = concepções de direito à terra e reforma agrária na Faixa de Fronteira de Santa Catarina (1968-1985) / Land and labor : conceptions regarding the right and agrarian reform in the Frontier Area of the Santa Catarina (1968-1985)

Melo, Cristiane Dias de, 1974- 20 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Claudio Henrique de Moraes Batalha / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T00:53:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Melo_CristianeDiasde_M.pdf: 3571067 bytes, checksum: 47d0767c95bf491edc2458901648eced (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: No ano de 1972, na Faixa de Fronteira de Santa Catarina, oeste do estado, foi criado o Projeto Fundiário, órgão regional ligado ao INCRA, com a finalidade de executar regularizações fundiárias em áreas de conflitos ou com problemas de títulos de propriedade. Diversas desapropriações de terra foram executadas na região, todavia, não em áreas de latifúndios, mas sim onde a maior parte dos estabelecimentos eram pequenas unidades rurais. Analisando algumas dessas desapropriações, a posse, uma prática costumeira entre os homens pobres daquela região em períodos anteriores, é revelada como alternativa e estratégia de acesso à terra que permanece na década de 1970, sendo legalmente reconhecida pela lei vigente, o Estatuto da Terra. Estimulados pelas regularizações, em 1980, trabalhadores rurais sem-terra ocuparam uma área particular com cerca de 2.800 hectares, onde nenhuma atividade agrícola estava sendo desenvolvida. Tratava-se da fazenda Burro Branco, no município de Campo Erê. Esse fato passou a ser noticiado pela imprensa como uma invasão de terras. As concepções de direito à terra baseadas na posse estavam presentes entre os ocupantes que, juntamente com a necessidade de sobrevivência, assimilaram o preceito de que a terra deve estar nas mãos dos que nela trabalham. Preceito existente no próprio Estatuto que reconheia como legítima a terra ocupada por "cultura efetiva e morada habitual". No contexto de luta pela redemocratização do país, pelo fim da ditadura militar, essa ocupação e outras que estavam ocorrendo em diferentes regiões do Brasil foram ações isoladas, mas que começavam a tomar a forma de um movimento social. Em Santa Catarina, um incipiente Movimento dos Sem Terra se organizava nos primeiros anos da década de 1980. Por sua vez, existiam outras concepções com relação ao direito à terra. Os proprietários rurais defendiam fortemente seus direitos à propriedade. O Estado tinha suas políticas controversas, enquanto outros setores da sociedade tinham suas opiniões. A análise dessas diferentes posições relativas ao direito à terra levam-nos ao debate sobre a reforma agrária e como ela é concebida e praticada durante o período da ditadura militar no Brasil / Abstract: In 1972, the Brazilian Dictatorship created the Land Project to deal with irregular land tenure questions in the western border region of Santa Catarina state that abuts Argentina. The government's National Colonization and Agrarian Reform Institute (INCRA) established regional offices to carry out the project. Intended to resolve local conflicts over property rights, the agency sought to normalize and regulate property lines, farm sizes and agricultural activity in the region. The project initiated several land expropriations that mostly affected small farmers. Analysis of the expropriation process in the 1970s revealed the importance of squatting - effective land possession verses legal property holding - as a common cultural practice among the poor that eventually gained legitimacy through the project as an alternative strategy to gain access to land. By regulating the squatted areas as normal farm properties, the project influenced juridical interpretations of the Land Statute (ET), Brazil's prevailing land tenure legislation since the military took power in 1964. In the early 1980s, the normalization process stimulated landless agricultural labors and displaced farmers to occupy the abandoned, 2,800 hectare Burro Branco farm, located in the region's Campo Erê municipality. Denigrated in the press as a land invasion, the act generated a debate over the concept of land rights. For the region's landlords, the state had the duty to protect the property rights of title-holders. For the occupiers, however, landlords forfeited their rights to land when they failed to develop it. They proclaimed a human right to use the land to sustain life; they insisted that land should be in the hands of those willing to work it. Their defenders argued that the ET itself recognized occupation as legal by making the establishment of "effective culture and eventual place of living" defining characteristics of landholding. In the context of the fight for the redemocratization of Brazil and inevitable end of the Dictatorship, this occupation and others unfolded in different parts of Brazil as isolated actions that the media began to define as a social movement of the landless. In fact, the Santa Catarina occupiers joined with others to found the Landless Rural Workers Movement (MST) in 1984 / Mestrado / Historia Social / Mestre em História
608

Women and land: acces to and use of land and natural resources in the communal areas of rural South Africa

Arends, Ursula F. January 2009 (has links)
Magister Artium - MA / The typical face of poverty in South Africa is African, rural, and female. As the primary users of rural land, women engage in farming and subsistence activities. Despite this pivotal role played by rural women, they experience grave problems under communal tenure, most notably in relation to access to and use of land and productive resources. Research has shown that the majority of rural households in South Africa derive significant proportions of their livelihoods from land-based activities, and that the value of common property resources associated with land, for example livestock production, crop production, and natural resource harvesting is often overlooked as an important asset of poor rural communities. The importance of these landbased livelihoods sources is even greater for female-headed households, female members of rural households, and the very poor or 'marginalised' members of rural communities, since they tend to be more reliant on landbased livelihoods than those with secure income from pensions, wageearning activity or remittances from migrant labourers. The importance of security of land tenure to the sustainability of rural livelihoods, particularly insofar as rural women are concerned, is the central focus of this study. / South Africa
609

Community-Based sustainable tourism on commonages : an alternative to traditional land reform in Namaqualand, Northern Cape Province

Govender-Van Wyk, Sharmla 16 May 2007 (has links)
Since 1994, the South African Government has developed two strategic policies that embrace the principles of sustainable development: Tourism and Land Reform. Both policies seek redress and economic development for previously disadvantaged black people, but both policies were not integrated to form part of a sustainable development strategy for communities. In terms of the land redistribution programme (as one leg of the land reform programme), the commonage sub-programme has primarily advocated an agrarian style development despite the decline in contribution of agriculture to the Gross Domestic Product. By promoting one development option, other livelihood opportunities such as tourism have not been explored. The White Paper on Tourism (1996) has also recognised the limited integration of local communities and previously neglected groups as an impediment to sustainable tourism development in South Africa. The aim of this study is to provide integrated planning guidelines for sustainable tourism development for commonages in Namaqualand. The study poses the question: What role could sustainable tourism play in commonage projects? In an attempt to fulfil the aim of the study and answer the research question, nine objectives were devised to guide the direction of the study. The objectives primarily focussed on conceptualising land redistribution and sustainable tourism through various local and international case studies in order to draw commonalities and identify negative and positive impacts of these approaches. In so doing, the sustainability of a purely agrarian focus of land reform policies across the global spectrum was brought into question. Various debates concerning the sustainable tourism concept are also considered, including a discussion on its subset ecotourism and sustainable tourism through Community-based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM). The sustainability of tourism in peripheral and desert areas is discussed in the context of the case-study area, Namaqualand, which is recognised geographically and politically as a rural/peripheral area featuring a desert ecosystem. The methodological theory is derived from the Critical Social Science school of thought, which sees the study delving beyond surface illusions to uncover the real structures in order to help people change the world. A six-step case-study approach based on this paradigm was adopted. Six commonage projects and one sustainable tourism project (Rooiberg Conservancy project) were selected through non-probability purposive sampling. In adopting the case-study approach, the study followed six steps: Determination and definition of the research questions <ul> <ol>1. Selection of the cases and determination of the data gathering and analysis techniques</ol> <ol>2. Preparation to collect the data</ol> <ol>3. Collection of the data</ol> <ol>4. Analyses of the data</ol> <ol>5. Formulation of the recommendations based on the results obtained from data.</ol></ul> The synthesis of the literature and empirical research resulted in the formulation of integrated planning guidelines for sustainable tourism on commonages based on the concept of the Integrated Development Plan (IDP) approach, as adopted for local government planning in South Africa. The following factors formed the basis for the guidelines:< <ul> -- baseline information; -- vision and goals; -- objectives; -- legislation and control measures; -- impact management and mitigation; -- communication and decision-making; -- implementation including funding incentives; -- monitoring and evaluation; and -- feedback and control.</ul> Limitations of time and finance prevented the researcher from consulting with the appropriate stakeholders on these guidelines in order to obtain their buy-in, but emphasis is placed on the recognition of the guidelines as a framework for comprehensive sector-planning for sustainable tourism development on commonages in Namaqualand. Copyright / Thesis (PhD (Tourism Management))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Tourism Management / unrestricted
610

Farm level institutions in emergent communities in post fast track Zimbabwe: case of Mazowe district

Chiweshe, Manase Kudzai January 2012 (has links)
The thesis seeks to understand how emerging communities borne out of the Fast Track Land Reform Programme in Zimbabwe have been able to ensure social cohesion and social service provision using farm level institutions. The Fast Track Programme brought together people from diverse backgrounds into new communities in the former commercial farming areas. The formation of new communities meant that, often, there were 'stranger households'living next to each other. Since 2000, these people have been involved in various processes aimed at turning clusters of homesteads into functioning communities through farm level institutions. Fast track land reform precipitated economic and political crisis in Zimbabwe characterised by a rapidly devaluating Zimbabwean dollar, enormous inflation and high unemployment figures. This economic crisis has impacted heavily on new farmers who find it increasingly difficult to afford inputs and access loans. They have formed social networks in response to these challenges, taking the form of farm level institutions such as farm committees, irrigation committees and health committees. The study uses case studies from small-scale 'A1 farmers‘ in Mazowe district which is in Mashonaland Central Province. It employs qualitative methodologies to enable a nuanced understanding of associational life in the new communities. Through focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, narratives, key informant interviews and institutional mapping the study outlines the formation, taxonomy, activities, roles, internal dynamics and social organisation of farm level institutions. The study also uses secondary data collected in 2007-08 by the Centre for Rural Development in the newly resettled areas in Mazowe. The major finding of the study is that farmers are organising in novel ways at grassroots levels to meet everyday challenges. These institutional forms however are internally weak, lacking leadership with a clear vision and they appear as if they are transitory in nature. They remain marginalised from national and global processes and isolated from critical connections to policy makers at all levels; thus A1 farmers remain voiceless and unable to have their interests addressed. Farm level institutions are at the forefront of the microeconomics of survival among these rural farmers. They are survivalist in nature and form, and this requires a major shift in focus if they are to be involved in developmental work. The institutions remain fragmented and compete amongst themselves for services from government without uniting as A1 farmers with similar interests and challenges.

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