The present study explores the role of interlingual identification in contact between speakers of Old Norse and Old English. The study focuses on the word get as it occurred throughout a selection of texts in the Middle English period. The Old English and Old Norse words for get were cognate, which meant that some phonological and morphological characteristics of the word were similar when the contact between the two speaker communities occurred. A Construction Morphology framework is applied where inflecting features of words are treated as constructions. Interlingually identifiable constructions in Old English and Old Norse are identified by comparing forms, such as vowel alternations or affixes, with the function (i.e., meaning) which they denote. The Middle English dialectal forms were furthermore compared synchronically, and a sociohistorical perspective was considered to establish whether the areas where the Vikings settled and that came under Scandinavian rule in the Danelaw displayed more advanced leveling and/or conformation with the Old Norse system of conjugation. Additionally, the present study sought to explore cognitive processes involved in letting specific forms remain in a contact situation. It was concluded that there were two interlingually identifiable constructions: the past tense vowel alternation from  in the present tense, to  in the 1st preterite, and the past participle -en suffix. These constructions had survived in all the Middle English dialects, and they are furthermore what is left in the contemporary modern paradigm of get. Moreover, it is plausible that these constructions survived the morphological leveling because interlingual identification allowed the same form to trigger the same intended cognitive representation in both speaker groups in the contact situation. The results concludingly suggest that morphological constructions that were not interlingually identifiable were discarded in the morphological leveling that resulted from contact between speakers of Old English and Old Norse.

This thesis presents a study of the phonological and morphosyntactic characteristics of Kalkoti, an understudied Indo-Aryan language of northern Pakistan. Kalkoti belongs to the Shina group of Indo-Aryan languages, but shows heavy influence from the Kohistani language Gawri, including the development of a complex tone system. The data used for the study were mostly collected in Pakistan in 2006 and 2015 as part of other projects, but a small amount of new data was collected as part of this study. Some notable results concern the behavior of the tone system as well as the heavily reduced nominal and verbal morphology. The ergative and genitive cases of nouns have become formally identical, and perfective verbs have by and large lost agreement, both of which set Kalkoti apart from its Shina relatives as well as from Gawri. / Denna uppsats presenterar en studie av fonologiska och morfosyntaktiska drag i kalkoti, ett understuderat indoariskt språk från norra Pakistan. Kalkoti tillhör shina-gruppen inom de indoariska språken, men uppvisar stor påverkan från kohistanispråket gawri. Bland annat har kalkoti utvecklat ett komplext tonsystem likt gawris. Det mesta av datan som använts för studien samlades in i Pakistan år 2006 och 2015 som del av andra projekt, men en liten mängd ny data har samlats in som del av denna studie. Några nämnvärda resultat behandlar tonsystemets beteende, och den kraftigt reducerade substantiv- och verbmorfologin. Ergativ och genitiv-kasus har sammanfallit för substantiv, och de flesta perfektiva verb har förlorat kongruensböjning. Båda dessa fenomen särskiljer kalkoti såväl från närbesläktade shinaspråk som från gawri.

This thesis explores the role of translation in the production and manipulation of identities in the contemporary Americas as exemplified in the work of Guillermo Gómez-Peña. Underscoring the instrumentality of borders vis-à-vis dominant constructions of identity and in connection with questions of language, race, and citizenship, I argue that translation not only functions as an agent of hegemonic superiority and oppression, but also as a locus of plurivocity and hybridization. Drawing from the concepts “continuous variation” (Deleuze and Guattari [1987] 2004), “coloniality of power” (Mignolo 2000), and “hybridization” (García-Canclini 1995), I discuss the connection of translation with three main topics: monolingualism, globalization, and racial hybridity. First, I discuss the influence that the dominant ideology of the nation-state has exerted on the way translation has been conceptualized since translation studies emerged as a field. Then I turn to colonial legacies in the Americas and the role of translation in situations of language hegemony as shaped by forces of assimilation and diversification. Finally, I look at translation as a crucial agent for the production and legitimization of Latin American identity throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Viewing translation as a performative and transformative activity, I critique a number of contemporary approaches to translation and I point to new understandings of translation as a cluster concept (Tymoczko 2007) in order to expand translation theory and practice beyond Western paradigms.

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(anglicky): This diploma thesis describes the bilingualism of immigrants from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia and Serbia living in Czechia. Immigrant bilingualism is examined from a social, cultural and linguistic point of view. The thesis consists of three chapters. The first chapter describes migration from a theoretical and historical point of view. This chapter describes the migration waves from the area of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia and Serbia in Czechia. The second chapter focuses on the description of the selected research methodology, and also on the description of individual parts of research planning, i.e. it describes the purpose of the research, criteria for selecting research questions and criteria for selecting respondents, as well as selecting research site and research material. The third chapter focuses on the research itself. The first part of this chapter briefly describes the basic concepts related to bilingualism and language adaptation. The second part of the third chapter focuses on the description of the course and analysis of the research results in terms of social, cultural and linguistic adaptation of individuals.

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This work has taken the region of Qwaqwa as a case study. Through this study, the researcher attempted to join in the debate around language varieties that occur as a result of contact between different language groups. To achieve this objective, the factors that have an impact on Sesotho spoken in the Qwaqwa area and, in particular, in schools, have been assessed. The researcher provides a broad and general picture of the language situation and patterns of language use in the Qwaqwa area. A brief overview of the geographical description, historical background and economic development of Qwaqwa is given. Some of the linguistic phenomena that play a role in language variation in this area fall under the spotlight. Language contact, i.e. language and dialect, regional and social dialect, the use of language and the impact of language contact between languages is discussed. Patterns and the extent of language contact and the resultant effects of interference, codeswitching and borrowing as well as the processes and points at which these processes occur are identified. The major similarities and relationships between spoken and written Sesotho, as used by learners in Qwaqwa schools, is highlighted with the discussion focussing on the linguistic description of the similarities and relationships between the two forms. / African Languages / (M.A.(Afican Languages))