Light verb constructions in Humanistic Czech This thesis surveys the supposed properties of light verb constructions (LVC, in Czech analytická verbonominální spojení, AVNS, in German Funktionsverbgefüge) on an extensive corpus of Czech texts dating from the Humanistic period. The LVC, a combination of a semantically bleached (light, semantically weak) verb and an abstract noun (a preposition and such a noun, respectively), are defined rather broadly and understood not necessarily as a syntactic unit (predicate) but rather as a lexical unit different from both free collocations and phrasemes. Special attention is paid to transitional examples of these constructions with non- prototypical properties of the verb or noun. In the individual chapters, the semantic and syntactical properties of the light verbs are discussed, as well as the word formation (derivation) patterns of the abstract nouns forming the LVC. The core of the analysis lies in the prepositional constructions, on which the LVC-delimitation criteria are applied. It is shown that the meanings of such constructions are subjects to stabilizing and develop from spatial (or directional, respectively) to abstract meanings, including their lexicalization. Moreover, the possibilities of using alternative means of expression are examined. The last chapter...

This work has taken the region of Qwaqwa as a case study. Through this study, the researcher attempted to join in the debate around language varieties that occur as a result of contact between different language groups. To achieve this objective, the factors that have an impact on Sesotho spoken in the Qwaqwa area and, in particular, in schools, have been assessed. The researcher provides a broad and general picture of the language situation and patterns of language use in the Qwaqwa area. A brief overview of the geographical description, historical background and economic development of Qwaqwa is given. Some of the linguistic phenomena that play a role in language variation in this area fall under the spotlight. Language contact, i.e. language and dialect, regional and social dialect, the use of language and the impact of language contact between languages is discussed. Patterns and the extent of language contact and the resultant effects of interference, codeswitching and borrowing as well as the processes and points at which these processes occur are identified. The major similarities and relationships between spoken and written Sesotho, as used by learners in Qwaqwa schools, is highlighted with the discussion focussing on the linguistic description of the similarities and relationships between the two forms. / African Languages / (M.A.(Afican Languages))

A partir de 1870, com a intenção de garantir a unidade nacional, o Uruguai se definiu como um país monolíngue, onde o espanhol se constituiu na língua do país, sem que nenhuma lei oficial assim o determinasse. Porém, com os estudos de Rona (1965), o norte do país ganhou destaque ao comprovar-se a existência de falantes de português. Estudos posteriores realizados por Elizaincín (1979), Behares (2007), Barrios (2007) e, sobretudo por H. Thun através do ADDU (Atlas linguístico Diatópico y Diastrático del Uruguay), coordenado por Thun constataram a presença histórica do português na região fronteiriça e não apenas devido à influência exercida pelo Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o contato linguístico entre o espanhol e o português nas regiões bilíngues uruguaias, com destaque às percepções dos falantes e sua relação com as políticas linguísticas vigentes. A análise da documentação linguística permite acompanhar o contínuo das políticas em vigor no Uruguai que, de acordo com a classificação de Altenhofen (2013), tem sofrido uma mudança favorável em direção ao plurilinguismo, fato que tem permitido ao portugués del Uruguay condições de promoção, gerando inclusive movimentos para seu reconhecimento como patrimônio imaterial. A metodologia de pesquisa teve por base a análise pluridimensional de Thun (1998), considerando suas diversas dimensões na tentativa de identificar a existência de fronteiras internas no portugués del Uruguay, ou portunhol, como seus falantes preferem denominá-lo. Para a coleta de dados foi aplicado um questionário, tendo como informantes 40 indivíduos (divididos de acordo com o sexo, a faixa etária e o grau de instrução) em cada um dos pontos pesquisados: Chuy, Río Branco, Rivera, Artigas e Montevidéu. Nas cidades de fronteira as entrevistas foram feitas em português (falantes bilíngues) e em Montevidéu em espanhol (falantes monolíngues). A intenção é dar voz às comunidades de fala, verificando como as ações in vitro, de acordo com Calvet (2007), são percebidas e como elas dialogam com a realidade fronteiriça. A fronteira aqui abordada é entendida como um espaço de transição, conforme Contini (2006), onde a percepção dos falantes a transforma em espaços subjetivos e a língua ganha características especiais. Os resultados indicam a heterogeneidade dos diferentes pontos de fronteira aqui pesquisados, bem como a mudança significativa do status do português em Montevidéu. / In 1870, with the intention to ensure national unity, Uruguay defined itself as a monolingual country, in which Spanish was established as the country’s language, without any official law to determine it. However, because of the studies carried out by Rona (1965), the north of the country gained prominence when the existence of Portuguese speakers was confirmed. Later studies by Elizaincín (1979), Behares (2007) and Barrios (2007) found the historical presence of Portuguese in the borderline region and not just as an influence exerted by Brazil. The goal of this paper is to analyze the linguistic contact between Spanish and Portuguese in the Uruguayan bilingual regions, with emphasis on the speakers’ perceptions and their relationship with the current language policies. The analysis of the linguistic documentation makes it possible to monitor the ongoing current policies in Uruguay that, according to Altenhofen’s classification (2013), have undergone a positive change towards plurilingualism, a fact that has enabled Portugués del Uruguay to have conditions for promotion, also generating movements for its recognition as intangible heritage. The methodology was based on Thun’s multi-dimensional analysis (1998), considering its several dimensions in order to identify the existence of existing internal frontiers in Portugués del Uruguay, or portuñol, as their speakers prefer to call it. For data collection, a questionnaire was applied to 40 informants (divided according to sex, age group and education level) in each of the surveyed cities: Chuy, Rio Branco, Rivera, Artigas and Montevideo. In border cities, interviews were conducted in Portuguese (bilingual speakers) and in Montevideo, in Spanish (monolingual speakers). The intention is to give voice to speech communities, checking, according to Calvet (2007), how the in vitro actions are perceived and how they dialogue with the border reality. The border here addressed is seen as a transitional space, according to Contini (2006), where the perception of the speakers turns it into subjective spaces and the language gets special features. The results indicate the heterogeneity of the different border points here searched, and the significant change in the Portuguese status in Montevideo. / A partir de 1870, con la intención de lograr la unidad nacional, Uruguay se definió como un país monolingüe, donde el español se tornó la lengua del país, sin que ninguna ley oficial lo determinara. Sin embargo, con los estudios de Rona (1965), el norte del país cobró destaque al comprobar la existencia de lusohablantes. Estudios posteriores hechos por Elizaincín (1979), Behares (2007) y Barrios (2007) verificaron la presencia histórica del portugués en la región fronteriza y no solo debido a la influencia ejercida por Brasil. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el contacto lingüístico entre el español y el portugués en las regiones bilingües uruguayas, con destaque a las percepciones de los hablantes y su relación con las políticas lingüísticas vigentes. El análisis de la documentación lingüística ha permitido acompañar el continuo de las políticas que han vigorado en Uruguay que, de acuerdo con la clasificación de Altenhofen (2013), ha sufrido un cambio favorable hacia el plurilingüismo, hecho que le ha permitido al portugués del Uruguay condiciones de promoción, generando incluso movimientos para que sea reconocido como patrimonio inmaterial. La metodología de investigación tuvo por base el análisis pluridimensional de Thun (1998), considerando sus diversas dimensiones en el intento de identificar la existencia de fronteras internas en el portugués del Uruguay, o portuñol, como sus hablantes prefieren denominarlo. Para la colecta de datos se aplicó un cuestionario, teniendo como informantes a 40 individuos (divididos de acuerdo al sexo, edad y grado de escolaridad) en cada uno de los puntos investigados: Chuy, Río Branco, Rivera, Artigas y Montevideo. En las ciudades de frontera las entrevistas se hicieron en portugués (hablantes bilingües) y en Montevideo en español (hablantes monolingües). La intención ha sido darles voz a las comunidades de habla, verificando como las acciones in vitro, de acuerdo con Calvet (2007), se perciben y cómo dialogan con la realidad fronteriza. La frontera aquí abordada se entiende como un espacio de transición, conforme Contini (2006), en que la percepción de los hablantes la transforma en espacios subjetivos y la lengua adquiere características especiales. Los resultados indican la heterogeneidad entre los distintos puntos de la frontera aquí investigados, así como el cambio significativo del status del portugués en Montevideo.

A partir de 1870, com a intenção de garantir a unidade nacional, o Uruguai se definiu como um país monolíngue, onde o espanhol se constituiu na língua do país, sem que nenhuma lei oficial assim o determinasse. Porém, com os estudos de Rona (1965), o norte do país ganhou destaque ao comprovar-se a existência de falantes de português. Estudos posteriores realizados por Elizaincín (1979), Behares (2007), Barrios (2007) e, sobretudo por H. Thun através do ADDU (Atlas linguístico Diatópico y Diastrático del Uruguay), coordenado por Thun constataram a presença histórica do português na região fronteiriça e não apenas devido à influência exercida pelo Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o contato linguístico entre o espanhol e o português nas regiões bilíngues uruguaias, com destaque às percepções dos falantes e sua relação com as políticas linguísticas vigentes. A análise da documentação linguística permite acompanhar o contínuo das políticas em vigor no Uruguai que, de acordo com a classificação de Altenhofen (2013), tem sofrido uma mudança favorável em direção ao plurilinguismo, fato que tem permitido ao portugués del Uruguay condições de promoção, gerando inclusive movimentos para seu reconhecimento como patrimônio imaterial. A metodologia de pesquisa teve por base a análise pluridimensional de Thun (1998), considerando suas diversas dimensões na tentativa de identificar a existência de fronteiras internas no portugués del Uruguay, ou portunhol, como seus falantes preferem denominá-lo. Para a coleta de dados foi aplicado um questionário, tendo como informantes 40 indivíduos (divididos de acordo com o sexo, a faixa etária e o grau de instrução) em cada um dos pontos pesquisados: Chuy, Río Branco, Rivera, Artigas e Montevidéu. Nas cidades de fronteira as entrevistas foram feitas em português (falantes bilíngues) e em Montevidéu em espanhol (falantes monolíngues). A intenção é dar voz às comunidades de fala, verificando como as ações in vitro, de acordo com Calvet (2007), são percebidas e como elas dialogam com a realidade fronteiriça. A fronteira aqui abordada é entendida como um espaço de transição, conforme Contini (2006), onde a percepção dos falantes a transforma em espaços subjetivos e a língua ganha características especiais. Os resultados indicam a heterogeneidade dos diferentes pontos de fronteira aqui pesquisados, bem como a mudança significativa do status do português em Montevidéu. / In 1870, with the intention to ensure national unity, Uruguay defined itself as a monolingual country, in which Spanish was established as the country’s language, without any official law to determine it. However, because of the studies carried out by Rona (1965), the north of the country gained prominence when the existence of Portuguese speakers was confirmed. Later studies by Elizaincín (1979), Behares (2007) and Barrios (2007) found the historical presence of Portuguese in the borderline region and not just as an influence exerted by Brazil. The goal of this paper is to analyze the linguistic contact between Spanish and Portuguese in the Uruguayan bilingual regions, with emphasis on the speakers’ perceptions and their relationship with the current language policies. The analysis of the linguistic documentation makes it possible to monitor the ongoing current policies in Uruguay that, according to Altenhofen’s classification (2013), have undergone a positive change towards plurilingualism, a fact that has enabled Portugués del Uruguay to have conditions for promotion, also generating movements for its recognition as intangible heritage. The methodology was based on Thun’s multi-dimensional analysis (1998), considering its several dimensions in order to identify the existence of existing internal frontiers in Portugués del Uruguay, or portuñol, as their speakers prefer to call it. For data collection, a questionnaire was applied to 40 informants (divided according to sex, age group and education level) in each of the surveyed cities: Chuy, Rio Branco, Rivera, Artigas and Montevideo. In border cities, interviews were conducted in Portuguese (bilingual speakers) and in Montevideo, in Spanish (monolingual speakers). The intention is to give voice to speech communities, checking, according to Calvet (2007), how the in vitro actions are perceived and how they dialogue with the border reality. The border here addressed is seen as a transitional space, according to Contini (2006), where the perception of the speakers turns it into subjective spaces and the language gets special features. The results indicate the heterogeneity of the different border points here searched, and the significant change in the Portuguese status in Montevideo. / A partir de 1870, con la intención de lograr la unidad nacional, Uruguay se definió como un país monolingüe, donde el español se tornó la lengua del país, sin que ninguna ley oficial lo determinara. Sin embargo, con los estudios de Rona (1965), el norte del país cobró destaque al comprobar la existencia de lusohablantes. Estudios posteriores hechos por Elizaincín (1979), Behares (2007) y Barrios (2007) verificaron la presencia histórica del portugués en la región fronteriza y no solo debido a la influencia ejercida por Brasil. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el contacto lingüístico entre el español y el portugués en las regiones bilingües uruguayas, con destaque a las percepciones de los hablantes y su relación con las políticas lingüísticas vigentes. El análisis de la documentación lingüística ha permitido acompañar el continuo de las políticas que han vigorado en Uruguay que, de acuerdo con la clasificación de Altenhofen (2013), ha sufrido un cambio favorable hacia el plurilingüismo, hecho que le ha permitido al portugués del Uruguay condiciones de promoción, generando incluso movimientos para que sea reconocido como patrimonio inmaterial. La metodología de investigación tuvo por base el análisis pluridimensional de Thun (1998), considerando sus diversas dimensiones en el intento de identificar la existencia de fronteras internas en el portugués del Uruguay, o portuñol, como sus hablantes prefieren denominarlo. Para la colecta de datos se aplicó un cuestionario, teniendo como informantes a 40 individuos (divididos de acuerdo al sexo, edad y grado de escolaridad) en cada uno de los puntos investigados: Chuy, Río Branco, Rivera, Artigas y Montevideo. En las ciudades de frontera las entrevistas se hicieron en portugués (hablantes bilingües) y en Montevideo en español (hablantes monolingües). La intención ha sido darles voz a las comunidades de habla, verificando como las acciones in vitro, de acuerdo con Calvet (2007), se perciben y cómo dialogan con la realidad fronteriza. La frontera aquí abordada se entiende como un espacio de transición, conforme Contini (2006), en que la percepción de los hablantes la transforma en espacios subjetivos y la lengua adquiere características especiales. Los resultados indican la heterogeneidad entre los distintos puntos de la frontera aquí investigados, así como el cambio significativo del status del portugués en Montevideo.

La question des emprunts lexicaux dans le Coran est l’une des premières questions linguistiques posées au commencement de la pensée linguistique arabe. Pourtant, cette question n’a pas connu le même développement qu’ont connu les autres questions linguistiques. C’est qu’elle était toujours un objet de désaccord entre les savants et les chercheurs ; certains ont nié la présence d’emprunts lexicaux dans le Coran, d’autres l’ont admise. Dans les études anciennes et contemporaines, nous avons pu distinguer deux approches: la première est d’ordre linguistique. Elle considère le Coran comme un texte langagier. En effet, les linguistes ont étudié les emprunts coraniques dans leurs caractères phonologiques, morphologiques, syntaxiques et sémantiques. Alors que la seconde est plutôt idéologique. Elle prend une position non objective, en niant complètement la présence d’emprunts lexicaux dans le Coran, ou en glorifiant une langue mère par des motivations nationalistes, religieuses, sociales et culturelles. Après avoir étudié le développement, l’interférence et l’interaction entre ces approches, nous avons proposé notre position sociolinguistique pour élaborer des critères d’identification de nature linguistique, référentielle et culturelle. Ces critères nous ont aidé à dégager deux corpus : le premier contient les emprunts coraniques et leurs langues sources, le deuxième comprend les unités lexicales que nous considérons comme des unités arabes. Ce travail nous a permis de mettre en lumière les motivations idéologiques qui peuvent influencer l’étude linguistique. De même il est un outil pour prendre conscience de la nécessité d’une révision critique des approches qui ont traité les emprunts lexicaux en général et les emprunts coraniques en particulier. / The issue of “lexical borrowings in The Quran” is one of the first issues that had emerged since the beginning of the Arabic linguistic thought. Unfortunately, this issue was fruitless compared to other linguistic researches, because it has always been a subject of a great polemic among ancient and modern Arabic and non Arabic scholars. Some denied the fact that The Quran contains lexical borrowings, others admitted it. Many scholars were pushed by ideological motivations such as religious, nationalist, social, cultural motivations, especially those who denied the phenomenon.In this work, we tried first to evoke main linguistic and extra- linguistic problems concerning lexical borrowing in general, and the study of this phenomenon in the Quran especially. Then, we studied the two main approaches: (1) ideological approach which denies the existence of lexical borrowings in the Quran, or which admits it and tries meanwhile to glorify some languages and dishonour some others, (linguistic approach and its phonological, morphological, syntactic and semantic analyses. After studying different approaches and their development, interference and interaction, we have elaborated a socio-linguistic perspective associated with some linguistic, referential and cultural criteria which allowed us to distinguish between two types of quranic words: words that we consider as real lexical borrowings, and genuine Arabic words. This study does not only shed the light on some ideological motivations which have affected linguistic research, but it also provides a crucial critical review of borrowing studies.

Charles University, the Faculty of Philosophy Department of South and Central Asia Diploma Thesis Student: Nilufar Khadimetová Language features of the modern Hindi short-story in diaspora Annotation The objective of the thesis is a description of the language of modern Hindī short- stories by Indian authors who live and write in diaspora. Analysis and description are made on a limited sample of short-stories that have been written since the beginning of the 21st century. Philological analysis includes both the lexical borrowings and the way of word formation and phraseology. It focuses on onomasiological phenomena such as "loan translation" or calc and creation of hybrid words as well as syntagmas. No less attention is devoted to syntax which we can assume that may be affected by English or another language in which the authors write. In conclusion we set out the main features of the English language influences on literary Hindī as reflected in selected stories, and indicate further possibilities for research in this area. Key words: Hindī, diaspora, modern hindī short story, language contact, code switching or mixing, language impacts, lexical borrowings, onomasiology, phraseology, verbo-nominal expressions, verb syntagmas etc.

État insulaire situé au large des côtes sénégalo-mauritaniennes, le Cap-Vert a été peuplé à partir dela fin du 15e siècle de colons européens et d’esclaves africains. Il a hérité de cette histoire, unesituation diglossique où le portugais est la langue officielle alors que le créole, aujourd’hui dénommé« langue cap-verdienne », – né des contacts linguistiques luso-africains – est le véhicule del’expression quotidienne. L’histoire de la société cap-verdienne plonge aussi ses racines dans cellede l’émigration et de la mobilité nationale et internationale. Si les conditions climatiques ont pousséde nombreux Cap-Verdiens à l’exil, aussi bien en Afrique qu’en Europe ou aux Etats-Unis, leshandicaps d’ordre structurel ont, par ailleurs, favorisé les migrations constantes des îliens à l’échellemondiale.À partir d’enquêtes menées aussi bien au Cap-Vert qu’en France, sont étudiées les différences decompétences langagières entre des Cap-Verdiens ayant acquis leur(s) langue(s) dans chacun deces pays. L’analyse s’appuie essentiellement sur leurs parcours personnels et accorde une attentionparticulière aux formes de bilinguisme des uns et des autres. Les observations, qui portent a priorisur le créole, le portugais et le français, prennent en compte des productions orales spontanées etprovoquées et des productions écrites, car elles sont révélatrices de la compétence orale. / Island state located off the Senegalese-Mauritanian coast, Cape Verde was inhabited from the late15th century by European settlers and African slaves. He inherited this story, a diglossic situationwhere Portuguese is the official language while Creole, now called « Cape Verdean language », -born of Luso-African language contacts – is the vehicle of everyday expression. The history of CapeVerdean society is also rooted in that of emigration and national and international mobility. If weatherconditions have prompted many Cape Verdean to exile, both in Africa than in Europe or the UnitedStates, structural handicaps have also favored the constant migrations of islanders worldwide.Through surveys conducted both in Cape Verde and France, are studied differences in languageproficiency between Cape Verdean who acquired their languages in each of these countries. Theanalysis is based primarily on their personal journeys and pays particular attention to the forms ofbilingualism of each other. The study, which focuses at first on Creole, Portuguese and French,include spontaneous and induced oral productions, and written productions, which are indicative oforal proficiency.

L’humour constitue l’objet d’étude de cette recherche qui a pour support Le Messager Popoli (LMP), presse satirique camerounaise. L’objectif principal est de démontrer qu’au-delà de ses fonctions ludique, marketing, critique et de démarcation médiatique, l’humour est révélateur de l’identité linguistique camerounaise. En postulant que le jeu dans LMP repose sur le code langagier, l’humour y est étudié sous l’angle de l’incongruité linguistique, autrement dit, sous le rapport de la rupture de la norme linguistique du fait de la distance interlinguistique entre le français standard et le français tel qu’il est employé dans ce journal. Ce travail met en exergue les mécanismes de l’humour et dégage leur fonctionnement. Il présente l’humour de LMP comme étant le produit d’une construction sémiologique qui puise ses arômes savoureux dans l’environnement linguistique de son contexte de gestation et dans la fertilité créatrice de ses rédacteurs. Il tente aussi, par le biais de l’humour, de saisir la dynamique du français camerounais et, à travers lui, la société camerounaise. La présente recherche ne néglige pas l’aspect du non verbal (iconique) qu’elle présente comme complémentaire du message verbal, mais surtout comme la photographie-identitaire de la société que l’iconique donne en représentation. Ce qui justifie de l’approche sémiolinguistique choisie. / The humor is the object of study of this research was to stand Le Messager Popoli (LMP), Cameroonian satirical press. The main objective is to demonstrate that beyond its fun features, marketing, media criticism and demarcation of humor is indicative of the Cameroonian linguistic identity. Assuming that the game in LMP is based on language code, the humor is studied in terms of linguistic incongruity, that means in the report of the out of the language standard because of the distance between the French interlingual standard and French as used in this paper. This work highlights the mechanisms of humor and releases their operation. It has humor LMP as the product of a semiotic construction draws its tasty flavors in the local context of pregnancy and in the creative fertility of its editors. It also attempts, through humor, to grasp the dynamics of French Cameroon, and through him, the Cameroonian society. This research does not neglect the aspect of non-verbal (iconic) presents it as complementary to the verbal message, but especially as photography-identity of the company that gives the iconic representation. It is what justifies the semiolinguistic chosen approach.

In this thesis, I attempt to describe and analyse language ideologies relevant in the specific situation of the Sorbian minority in the city of Bautzen (Sorbian: Budyšin) - a city with a clear German majority at the same time considered a cultural, social and political centre of Sorbs - with a special emphasis on links between language and nationalism. Focusing on these links, I also examine the specific role of language for maintainance of Sorbian national identity. I also view Sorbian language ideologies in the broader context of social and political relations in and around Bautzen, whereas I, among other topics, inquire into recently significant hatred of local German radical right towards the Sorbian minority. At the same time, I attempt to capture the power relations between German and Sorbian languages. Apart from the paradigm of language ideologies, I am also informed by works of certain poststructuralist authors, especially due to their emphasis on constructivism regarding identities and language mechanisms. Keywords: language, language ideologies, nationalism, language nationalism, identities, national identity, ethnicity, language and power, Sorbian, German, language and politics, language contact

No description available.