abstract: Since its launch by the US Green Building Council (USGBC), Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification has been postured as the "gold standard" for environmentally conscious, sustainable building design, construction and operations. However, as a "living measurement", one which requires ongoing evaluation and reporting of attainment and compliance with LEED certification requirements, there is none. Once awarded, LEED certification does not have a required reporting component to effectively track continued adherence to LEED standards. In addition, there is no expiry tied to the certification; once obtained, a LEED certification rating is presumed to be a valid representation of project certification status. Therefore, LEED lacks a requirement to demonstrate environmental impact of construction materials and building systems over the entire life of the project. Consequently, LEED certification is merely a label rather than a true representation of ongoing adherence to program performance requirements over time. Without continued monitoring and reporting of building design and construction features, and in the absence of recertification requirements, LEED is, in reality, a gold star rather than a gold standard. This thesis examines the lack of required ongoing monitoring, reporting, or recertification requirements following the award by the USGBC of LEED certification; compares LEED with other international programs which do have ongoing reporting or recertification requirements; demonstrates the need and benefit of ongoing reporting or recertification requirements; and explores possible methods for implementation of mandatory reporting requirements within the program. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S.Tech Technology 2013

Submitted by Marco Antônio Amaral (marco.amaral@fgv.br) on 2013-08-30T16:43:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Marco Antônio Teixeira de Amaral.pdf: 2105372 bytes, checksum: 22ca9c4fb5f213a3960d00b580e590de (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2013-09-02T12:23:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Marco Antônio Teixeira de Amaral.pdf: 2105372 bytes, checksum: 22ca9c4fb5f213a3960d00b580e590de (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2013-09-10T12:22:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Marco Antônio Teixeira de Amaral.pdf: 2105372 bytes, checksum: 22ca9c4fb5f213a3960d00b580e590de (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-10T12:22:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Marco Antônio Teixeira de Amaral.pdf: 2105372 bytes, checksum: 22ca9c4fb5f213a3960d00b580e590de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-31 / A preocupação com o esgotamento dos recursos naturais e a conscientização sobre as questões ligadas à sustentabilidade provocaram o estudo em um setor que tem sido apontado como de grande importância para a transformação do meio ambiente: a construção civil. Com isso percebemos o surgimento de um conjunto de práticas e procedimentos visando as chamadas 'construções sustentáveis', que introduziram uma nova realidade comercial no segmento da construção civil. Para avaliar se uma construção é ou não sustentável surgiram os eco-labellings, que através de sistema de pontuação ou conceitos permitem avaliar qualitativamente em que grau de sustentabilidade uma edificação encontra-se. Em especial, o mercado brasileiro vem, desde 2004, buscando a certificação ambiental LEED; sendo assim, a presente dissertação tem como objetivo identificar, após quase uma década desde a primeira submissão de projeto brasileiro ao USGBC, quais ainda são as dificuldades enfrentadas no processo de certificação LEED. O referencial teórico reforçou que o segmento da construção civil contribui de duas formas para a degradação do meio ambiente: no consumo de recursos naturais e energéticos, e na geração de grande quantidade de resíduos. Por esse motivo, estudos nessa área são extremamente importantes para a transformação do meio ambiente, que, através da adoção de práticas construtivas sustentáveis poderá minimizar os impactos gerados. Neste trabalho, optou-se pela utilização de pesquisa exploratória quanto aos fins, uma vez que existe pouco conhecimento acumulado sobre a avaliação do processo de certificação LEED, e bibliográfica, complementada com pesquisa de campo, quanto ao meio, pois fundamenta-se em estudo desenvolvido com base em material publicado, complementado por entrevistas no campo. Este trabalho caracteriza-se por se um estudo introdutório à compreensão do tema e convida a estudos complementares mais abrangentes, dada a relevância do assunto nas três esferas de sustentabilidade: social, ambiental e econômica. / Concern about the depletion of natural resources and awareness of sustainability issues led the study in an industry that has been shown to be important for the transformation of the environment: construction. Thus we see the emergence of a set of practices and procedures for so-called 'sustainable buildings', which introduced a new commercial reality in the construction segment. To assess whether or not a building is sustainable eco-labellings emerged that through scoring system or concepts allow qualitatively evaluate the degree to which sustainability is a building. In particular, the Brazilian market has, since 2004, seeking LEED certification, so in this thesis aims to identify, after nearly a decade since the first submission to the USGBC Brazilian project, which still are the difficulties faced in the process LEED certification. The theoretical stressed that the construction industry contributes in two ways to the degradation of the environment: the consumption of energy and natural resources, and the generation of large amounts of waste. Therefore, studies in this area are extremely important for the transformation of the environment, which, through the adoption of sustainable building practices can minimize the impacts. In this work, we chose to use exploratory research as to the purposes, since there is little accumulates knowledge on the evaluation of the LEED certification process, and literature, complemented with field research, about the middle, because is based on a study supported on published material, supplemented by interviews in the field. This work is characterized by an introductory study to the understanding of the topic and invites further studies are more comprehensive, given the relevance of the subject in the three spheres of sustainability: social, environmental and economic.

Magíster en Gestión para la Globalización / La certificación internacional LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) es un sistema consensuado y voluntario -otorgado por el USGBC– United States Green Building Council. El objetivo de LEED es contribuir en la creación de edificios de alto rendimiento energético, durables, sanos, ambiental y económicamente viables. Se observa como tendencia global el creciente interés de la sociedad por masificar la construcción sustentable, en la que se fomenta el ahorro de energía y la conciencia ambiental. En efecto, la USGBC señala que un aumento entre el 2%-4% en el costo de la construcción, logra un significativo ahorro energético de al menos un 20%. El Centro de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Estructuras y Materiales de la Universidad de Chile - IDIEM® perteneciente a la Universidad de Chile se encuentra en una etapa de crecimiento e innovación, ampliando su presencia a lo largo del país creando nuevas unidades de negocios. IDIEM ha incorporado nuevos profesionales con los cuales ha dado respuesta al mercado local con nuevos servicios y asesorías en el área de la construcción sustentable, adjudicándose importantes propuestas a nivel nacional en asesorías para la certificación LEED®. Debido al liderazgo de Chile y en particular de IDIEM en este tema en la región, se han recibido consultas de interesados en países vecinos, por lo que esta Tesis se hace cargo de la necesidad de generar un modelo de negocios que permita evaluar y fortalecer el potencial de la exportación de este tipo de certificaciones a nivel internacional. Para efectos de análisis se realiza un ranking comparativo del atractivo de mercado de 15 países latinoamericanos, resultando el mercado local como la mejor alternativa de crecimiento y destaca el mercado de Perú -junto a otros mercados- como una oportunidad atractiva para la internacionalización de servicios. El mercado de Perú es atractivo para comenzar el proceso de internacionalización de IDIEM, debido al auge de la construcción, la baja rivalidad y la escasa oferta de consultoras especializadas. En efecto, de acuerdo al Banco Central de Reserva del Perú, para los próximos 4 años se pronostica un crecimiento anual de un 7% del PIB y de un 13% para el sector de la construcción. Dentro del país, el mercado objetivo está ubicado en Lima, principal polo financiero y comercial con 8 millones de habitantes. En el presente estudio se elabora un modelo de negocios y se diseña un plan de internacionalización de IDIEM para Perú, el cual contempla modos de entrada, estrategias de marketing, aspectos operacionales y análisis económico, entre otros. Como conclusión y recomendaciones para IDIEM, se destaca que es factible comenzar un proceso escalable de internacionalización de IDIEM en América Latina, siendo el mercado de Perú el primer peldaño para transformar al Centro en una empresa global. Para lograr lo anterior, se aprovecha el crecimiento explosivo de la marca LEED a nivel internacional, como punta de lanza para abrir el mercado e incorporar otros servicios de IDIEM. Esto es apoyado con la sensibilización de los potenciales clientes, mediante capacitaciones para acreditar profesionales LEED y otras de eficiencia energética para las edificaciones. Finalmente, se concluye que el Centro posee la maduración interna, los recursos y el potencial de talentos necesarios para llevar a cabo con éxito su proceso de internacionalización.

In this thesis three studies of the geometric structure of the (110) surface of single crystal rutile TiO2 are presented. Firstly, quantitative low energy electron diffraction (LEED-IV) data acquired from TiO2(110)(1x1) are reanalysed to confirm the integrity of the previously reported optimized geometries by performing structural optimisation as a function of depth into the selvedge. The second study addresses the geometry of the x-linked (1x2) reconstruction of the same surface. Again, LEED-IV data are analysed to quantitatively determine the surface structure. Part of this effort involved substantial development of the code (SATLEED) employed for simulating the experimental data, to allow simultaneous optimisation of more than one surface termination. In contrast to recent scanning probe work, the analysis indicates that the surface consists of two differently relaxed Ti2O3 added rows. The last study concerns ab initio calculations of the structure of benzoate on TiO2(110)(1x1). Of particular interest is the impact of surface coverage on the orientation of the benzene ring. It is predicted that the benzene ring twists and tilts away from high symmetry with increasing coverage due to adsorbate-adsorbate interactions. No evidence is found to support the formation of benzoate dimers or trimers, as was concluded in earlier experimental work.

With issues such as energy crises, climate change and environmental degradation becoming evermore prevalent on national and international levels, industrialized societies are beginning to take heed of the impact they are having on the natural environment and we are beginning to see movements towards socially and environmentally responsible decision-making. With the impact that buildings have on the environment, it is important to understand what barriers are preventing or slowing investment in socially and environmentally responsible property. The present study was conducted to determine whether LEED certification has a significant impact on the market value of office buildings in Toronto, Ontario – value determined by the average net asking rent for each building. For some 68 subject and control buildings, we matched information on the net asking rent for 16 LEED certified (subject) buildings to 52 otherwise comparable properties (control buildings). Using ordinary least squares (OLS) analysis, we looked to find what relationship exists between net asking rent and the LEED label. Controlling for other variables historically shown to have an impact on property value, we expected the results of this study to determine whether there is a business case for LEED certification in the downtown Toronto office market. The results of the study have shown that LEED certification has had no impact on the market value of the sample of office buildings in Toronto. This is a surprising result, given the growth in the number of LEED buildings in Canada, but interviews with three senior executives in the industry have helped to provide insight into this trend. It seems that with time LEED will likely have an impact in this market, but it hasn‘t arrived yet.

Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans un programme de recherche européen qui vise à développer de façon rationnelle de nouveaux catalyseurs possédant une activité et une sélectivité élevées pour le vaporeformage du méthanol. L’impact socio-économique de cette réaction est considéré comme très important puisque le méthanol est un vecteur important d’hydrogène pour la production d’énergie dans les piles à combustible via la réaction CH3OH + H2O → CO2 + 3H2. L’objectif principal de la thèse consiste en la détermination des structures géométriques/cristallographiques et électroniques des surfaces d’alliages et de composés intermétalliques dans le système In-Pd, un des nouveaux systèmes prometteurs pour le développement d’une nouvelle génération de catalyseurs. Ces connaissances de base sont essentielles pour pouvoir ensuite appréhender la réactivité chimique de ces intermétalliques et leur spécificité en catalyse / This study is part of an European research program that aims to the rational development of new catalytic materials with high activity and selectivity towards the steam reforming of methanol. The socio-economic impact of this reaction is considered very important because methanol is a major vector for the production of hydrogen energy in fuel cells via the reaction CH3OH + H2O → CO2 + 3H2. The main goal of this thesis is the determination of the geometric/crystallographic and electronic structures of the surfaces of alloys and intermetallic compounds in the In-Pd system, a promising new system for the development of the next generation of catalysts. This basic knowledge is essential to understand the chemical reactivity of these intermetallics and their specificity in catalysis

Buildings are responsible for a wide range of environmental impacts. In response to this, several green building standards have been developed. Each standard uses different strategies and has different approaches to defining what features should make up a green building. This thesis uses the LEED, BREEAM, EEWH, and Living Building Challenge standards as a lens through which this question of what makes a green building is explored, with an emphasis on the distinction between greenness and sustainability in the built environment.

O aumento da produção de habitações de interesse social traz consigo a problemática da qualidade de unidades habitacionais construídas a baixo custo e em um curto espaço de tempo. Aliadas a essas preocupações de caráter qualitativo e quantitativo, surgem também as exigências de caráter ambiental para edifícios, as quais deram origem à criação de dezenas de sistemas de certificação de desempenho ambiental de edifícios, de caráter internacional, que vêm sendo usadas no cenário brasileiro, indiferentemente às suas especificidades e carências. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi promover uma análise comparativa desses sistemas de certificação, realizando uma discussão de suas inadequações ao contexto brasileiro. A partir da análise comparativa e balizamento de itens avaliativos das certificações estudadas pelos critérios preestabelecidos neste trabalho, pudemos notar que as ferramentas estudadas demonstram uma série de itens avaliativos plenamente aplicáveis a edifícios residenciais situados no cenário brasileiro e outros que ainda necessitam de adaptações. Portanto, esta análise deverá servir como embasamento para um trabalho futuro de criação de diretrizes para o desenvolvimento de um sistema de certificação ambiental de edificações habitacionais brasileiras. / The increased production of social housing brings the issue of the quality of housing units built at low cost. Combined to these concerns, those are qualitative and quantitative, are also the character of environmental requirements for buildings which led to the creation of dozens of buildings environmental performance certification systems, with international character, which have been used in the Brazilian scene, regardless of their specificities and needs. Therefore, the objective of this work is to promote an analysis of these certification systems and conducting a discussion of their inadequacies to the Brazilian context. From the comparative analysis and marking of the certification evaluation items by the established criteria studied in this work, we noted that the studied tools show several evaluative items fully applicable to residential buildings located in Brazil and others ones that still need to be adapted. Therefore, this analysis should serve as a basis for a future work to establish guidelines for the development of an environmental certification system for residential buildings in Brazil.

The direct growth of graphene by scalable methods on magnetic insulators is important for industrial development of graphene-based spintronic devices, and a route towards substrate-induced spin polarization in graphene without spin injection. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), low energy electron diffraction LEED, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) demonstrate the growth of Co3O4(111) and CoO(111) to thicknesses greater than 100 Å on Ru(0001) surfaces, by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The results obtained show that the formation of the different cobalt oxide phases is O2 partial pressure dependent under same temperature and vacuum conditions and that the films are stoichiometric. Electrical I-V measurement of the Co3O4(111) show characteristic hysteresis indicative of resistive switching and thus suitable for advanced device applications. In addition, the growth of Co0.5Fe0.5O(111) was also achieved by MBE and these films were observed to be OH-stabilized. C MBE yielded azimuthally oriented few layer graphene on the OH-terminated CoO(111), Co0.5Fe0.5O(111) and Co3O4(111). AES confirms the growth of (111)-ordered sp2 C layers. EELS data demonstrate significant graphene-to-oxide charge transfer with Raman spectroscopy showing the formation of a graphene-oxide buffer layer, in excellent agreement with previous theoretical predictions. XPS data show the formation of C-O covalent bonding between the oxide layer and the first monolayer (ML) of C. LEED data reveal that the graphene overlayers on all substrates exhibit C3V. The reduction of graphene symmetry to C3V – correlated with C-O bond formation – enables spin-orbit coupling in graphene. Consequences may include a significant band gap and room temperature spin Hall effect – important for spintronic device applications. The results suggest a general pattern of graphene/graphene oxide growth and symmetry lowering for graphene formation on the (111) surfaces of rocksalt-structured oxides.

Sveriges regering beslutade i samband med FN:s toppmöte år 2015 att 17 nationella miljömål skulle sättas upp för att främja hållbar utveckling. Målen täcker flera områden inom byggnadssektorn och byggnadsbranschen har en stor del att spela vad gäller att nå upp till dessa mål. Denna uppsats syftar till att studera hållbarhetsbegreppet utifrån ett miljömässigt perspektiv som det används inom byggnadsbranschen. Dessutom är målet att klargöra vilka aspekter som aktörer inom nyproduktion anser är hållbara med fokus på om livslängden tas hänsyn till vid uppförandet av nya byggnader.Arbetet bygger på intervjuer med fyra personer inom byggnadsbranschen. Svaren har analyserats inom ramen för institutionell teori. Många företag arbetar med miljöhållbarhetsfrågor och problemet som belyses i denna studie är inom vilka områden byggnationen är miljöhållbar med ett specifikt fokus kring livslängden på byggnaden.Med utgångspunkt i denna studie kan två slutsatser dras. Den ena är att hänsyn tas till livslängden på byggnader men på två sätt, antingen genom materialval eller genom en god förvaltning av byggnaderna. Den andra slutsatsen som kan dras är att det, vid uppförandet av nya byggnader, har skett ett skifte av fokus från energieffektivisering till hälsa och välmående för de som vistas i byggnaderna. / As a result of the United Nations Sustainable Development summit in 2015 the Swedish government resolved in 17 national sustainability goals. The building sector plays a big part in fulfilling them as several are addressed towards sustainable housing.The aim of this study is to address how the word sustainability is used within the sector. In addition, a study will be done on what aspects of sustainability that the sector focus most on and whether the lifetime of the buildings is taken into account when building new houses.The study is based on interviews with four people who work in the building sector. Their response has been analysed and institutional theory has been applied. Many companies work with sustainability and the problem that is addressed in this study is within what categories the sustainability focus are in, with a special focus on whether the lifetime of the buildings is taken into account when building new buildings.Two conclusions can be drawn through this study. The first one is that building companies do take the lifetime of building into account when building new buildings, either through choice of material or having good management of the building over time. The other conclusion that can be drawn is that there has been a change in focus regarding what aspects are important when building new houses from energy efficiency to health and well-being of the users.