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Den globala uppvärmningen är ett av vår tids största problem och det krävs mycket arbete inom olika områden för att nå de uppsatta klimatmålen. Byggbranschen är ett område som är av stor vikt att arbeta med för att nå målen då en stor del av den globala energianvändningen har med byggnader att göra. Samtidigt sätter de stora flyktingströmmarna under senare tid Sverige på prov och det krävs ny innovation för att lösa frågor om bostadsbrist och integration. I nuläget är det oftast en uppfattning hos byggbolagen att det innebär en högre kostnad att bygga hållbart och att denna kostnad inte alltid återbetalar sig, åtminstone inte på kort sikt. Incitament för att bygga hållbart behöver identifieras och lyftas fram för att öka intresset hos byggföretagen att sträva efter detta. Det är inte säkert att det är byggföretaget som får ta del av investeringen när projektet är slutfört, utan det blir en annan aktör, exempelvis de boende som flyttar in i huset och får lägre energikostnader. Syftet med arbetet är att analysera vilka incitament, svårigheter och möjligheter som finns med att bygga och förvalta hållbara fastigheter. Uppsatsen består av en teoretisk referensram, litteraturöversikt, empiri i form av en intervjustudie samt analys och slutsatser. Halvstrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med miljö- och hållbarhetschefer och andra personer med liknande roller hos fastighetsbolag, bostadsbolag, bostadsutvecklare och byggföretag i Sverige. Sju personer har intervjuats baserat på frågeställningarna kring vilka incitament, svårigheter och möjligheter som finns med att bygga och förvalta hållbara fastigheter. Resultatet visar att miljöcertifiering upplevs vara ett krav för att kunna vara verksam på marknaden. Certifiering kring social hållbarhet saknas och är något som efterfrågas då flera respondenter upplever social hållbarhet som framtiden medan ekologisk hållbarhet mer eller mindre är ett krav. Kunskapsbrist upplevs vara det största hindret mot att bygga och förvalta hållbart. Ändrade avskrivningsregler är också en viktig faktor för att öka incitamenten för att bygga hållbart. Möjligheterna att utvecklas inom området är många och handlar bland annat om användandet av ny teknik. / Global warming is one of the greater problems of our time and it requires effort in various fields to achieve the set climate targets. The construction industry is of great importance to improve to achieve the objectives, since a large part of the global energy consumption has to do with buildings. For the meantime, recent large refugee movements in Sweden puts the country to test and new innovation to solve the issues of housing shortage and integration is required. Construction companies relate high cost to sustainable construction and that this cost does not pay off, especially in the short term. Incentives for building sustainable must be identified and highlighted to increase interest in sustainable building. It is uncertain if the construction company will profit from investment since it is the residents who will attain lower energy costs. The aim is to analyze the incentives, difficulties and opportunities that exist to build and manage sustainable real estate. The thesis consists of a theoretical framework, literature overview, empirical evidence in the form of an interview study, analysis and conclusions. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with environmental and sustainability managers and other persons with similar roles in real estate companies, housing companies, housing developers and construction companies in Sweden. Seven persons were interviewed based on questions about which incentives, difficulties and opportunities that exist to build and manage sustainable real estate. The result shows that environmental certification is perceived to be a requirement in order to stay on the market. Certification of social sustainability is lacking and is something that is desirable as several respondents perceive social sustainability as the future while ecological sustainability is a requirement.

Den genomförda studien syftar till att undersöka auktoriserade fastighetsvärderares hänsyn till miljöcertifieringar vid en värderingsprocess. Anledningen till ämnesvalet beror på den alltmer påfrestande hållbarhetskraven som växer i samhället, framförallt på grund av det ökade trycket från banksektorn att få en grön omställning. Men även att många hyresgästers preferenser att bedriva sina verksamheter i gröna lokaler accelererar. Materialet, som ligger som grund för arbetet, består av intervjuer som genomförts tillsammans med sju auktoriserade värderare. Samtliga fastighetsvärderare besitter en hög kunskapsnivå och har varit aktiva inom fastighetsvärdering under en lång period. Det gör att arbetets validitet och svaret på vår frågeställning upplevs väldigt klarläggande. Resultatet av studien indikerar att det finns en stor medvetenhet kring ämnet hållbarhet och en allsidig enighet om att miljöcertifieringar och andra hållbarhetsfaktorer påverkar flera grundläggande parametrar i värderingsprocessen. Utmaningen ligger istället i att kunna kvantifiera och jämföra hur olika miljöcertifieringar och hållbarhetsinitiativ påverkar det direkta marknadsvärdet. Med andra ord saknas det ett enhetligt ramverk som kan underlätta en rättvis implementering av miljöcertifieringar i värderingsprocessen. / This study aims to investigate how authorized property valuers consider environmental certifications in the valuation process. The reason for choosing this subject is due to the increasing sustainability demands in society, particularly due to the growing pressure from the banking sector to achieve a green transition. Additionally, many tenants' preferences to conduct their operations in green buildings are accelerating. The material forming the basis of this work consists of interviews conducted with seven authorized valuers. All property valuers possess a high level of expertise and have been active in property valuation for a long period. This contributes to the validity of the work and provides a clear answer to our research question. The results of the study indicate a high awareness of sustainability and a general consensus that certifications and other sustainability factors influence several fundamental parameters in the valuation process. The challenge, however, lies in being able to quantify and compare how different certifications and sustainability initiatives impact the direct market value. In other words, there is a lack of a unified framework that can facilitate a fair implementation of environmental certifications in the valuation process.

The work was conducted in the spring of 2016 on behalf of the ÅF Industry in Umeå. This project aimed to provide proposals on energy-saving measures for house 2 at Umestans Business Park based on the total specific purchased energy for 2015. Also for the 3rd floor in the same house suggestions on energy-saving measures were given. This was done with regard to the expected electricity use during 2016. Finally, an investigation on the possibility to classify the floors using of business-electricity was done.Initially was a literature study of today's classification system for buildings done. The focus was to see whether there is a possibility or not to classify leased office space. Both Swedish and international classification systems have been evaluated during the project.All the systems in the building were investigated and the total specific energy could be mapped. All the systems in the building were investigated and the total specific energy could be mapped. Based on the results of the operational-electricity that were emerged during the mapping of house 2, and based on the values of the electricity meter 83353 the business-electricity for floor 3 could be determined. Also for this area a mapping was made to see which areas the business-electricity went to.The results of the mapping of the building showed that the average energy consumption for the total specific purchased energy was 141,1 kWh/m2 per year. Of these districts heating stands for 63%. Of the total share of district heating 81% went to the radiators, this suggests that the building has large transmission losses. The inventory shows that the building's has a low use of electricity. This indicates that the technical systems were well installed with well-adapted operating times. The energy-saving measures that were found to reduce the building's losses were in the areas of windows, ventilation and solar shading. Energy-saving measures for the energy supplied were found in pumps, cooling and lighting.The result of floor 3 shows that the average use of business-electricity is at 36,36 kWh / m2 per year. Of these, 50% goes to lighting.From the results floor 3 could be classified to a Class B using the report "Energy performance of buildings - Energy Classification". To achieve a better classification requires change in the lightning on floor 3 as well as an analysis of any thinkable behavior change among the employees. / Examensarbetet utfördes under våren 2016 på uppdrag av ÅF Industry i Umeå. Detta projekt syftade till att ge förslag på energibesparande åtgärder för hus 2 vid Umestans företagspark baserat på den totalt specifikt köpta energin för år 2015. Även för våningsplan 3 i samma hus gavs förslag på energibesparande åtgärder. Detta skedde med avseende på den verksamhetsel som beräknas användas under år 2016. Slutligen utreddes möjligheten till att klassa våningsplanets användning av verksamhetsel.Inledningsvis utfördes en litteraturstudie på dagens klassningssystem för byggnader där fokus låg på att se till huruvida det finns en möjlighet att klassa hyrda kontorslokaler. Både Svenska och internationella klassningssystem har utvärderats under projektet.Sedan inventerades byggnadens samtliga system och den total specifik köpta energin kunde kartläggas. Utifrån de resultat för verksamhetsel som framkom under kartläggningen av hus 2 samt utifrån värden på elmätare 83353 kunde verksamhetselen för våningsplan 3 fastställas. Även för detta område gjordes en kartläggning för att se till vilka områden våningsplanets verksamhetsel gick.Resultatet för kartläggningen av byggnaden visade att den genomsnittliga energianvändningen för den totalt specifikt köpta energin var 141,1 kWh/m2,år. Av dessa utgjordes 63 % fjärrvärme. Av den totala andelen fjärrvärmen gick 81 % till radiatorerna, detta tyder på att byggnaden har stora transmissionsförluster. Den inventerade byggnadens låga användning av el visade på väl installerade tekniska system med väl anpassade drifttider. De energibesparande åtgärder som återfanns för att minska byggnadens förluster låg i områdena fönster, ventilation och solavskärmning. För den tillförda energin var det områdena pumpar, kyla och belysning som energibesparande åtgärder återfanns.Resultatet för våningsplan 3 visar att den genomsnittliga användningen av verksamhetsel ligger på 36,36 kWh/m2, år. Av dessa går 50 % till våningsplanets belysning.Ur resultatet kunde våningsplan 3 klassas till en klass B med hjälp av rapporten ”Byggnaders energiprestanda – Energiklassning”. För att nå en bättre klassning krävs åtgärder för våningsplanets belysning samt en analys av eventuella beteendeförändringar hos de anställda. / <p>roek0001</p>

"Numerous higher education (HE) institutions in the United States (US) have created sustainability agendas, including construction of sustainable buildings. More than 200 US HE institutions, have at least one Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certified building on their campus (Princeton Review 2012). With the growing student population and need to house them, residence hall construction is rising nationwide. A profile of newly constructed building types shows residence halls hold the largest median area (Princeton Review 2012). In an effort to assess if sustainable residence halls are performing sustainably, a series of post occupancy evaluation (POE) indicators were selected. POE indicators were chosen through a review of widely adopted sustainability rating systems, scientific literature and student occupant feedback. The selected indicators address a range of parameters including: water and energy consumption, occupant thermal comfort, occupant consumption behavior and education, noise insulation (indoor and outdoor), and Facilities Management (FM) operational feedback. Furthermore, specific indicators such as building energy management systems (BEMS), building automation control systems (BACS) and artificial intelligence (AI) agents were examined. The proposed POE indicator framework data was collected from various key stakeholders including: designers, HE FM departments, residential life personnel, and student occupants. The dataset includes: actual temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) measurements of a LEED-Gold residence hall, actual water (9 residence halls) and energy consumption (4 residence halls) data, and feedback from designers, HE FM departments and 593 student occupants (LEED and non-LEED residence halls). The proposed POE indicator framework triangulates quantitative and qualitative data, via investigative and diagnostic techniques; creating a comprehensive building performance picture, vis-à-vis technical and non-technical parameters."

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-05-29T13:46:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tiago Bitelo da Silva_.pdf: 5257031 bytes, checksum: 4b8ed7539ed6c92fe4cb99cb8bd6f237 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-29T13:46:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tiago Bitelo da Silva_.pdf: 5257031 bytes, checksum: 4b8ed7539ed6c92fe4cb99cb8bd6f237 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-25 / Nenhuma / A sustentabilidade na construção civil ganha importância com o avanço da degradação ambiental e a necessidade premente em se otimizar recursos. Sendo este um dos setores cujo impacto no meio ambiente é dos mais significativos, prover ações que reduzam o consumo de materiais e aumentem a eficiência energética das construções tornou-se uma importante diretriz na concepção de empreendimentos. Para ratificar as ações sustentáveis empregadas, surgiram as certificações ambientais, em uma abordagem na qual pode-se, de certa forma, pontuar o quanto um edifício é sustentável. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo geral estabelecer diretrizes de projeto para a certificação ambiental de edifícios LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) na categoria Schools de um edifício de uso educacional, através do estudo de caso da escola SESI de Ensino Médio, a ser construída na cidade de São Leopoldo, no Rio Grande do Sul. Através da aplicação do check-list do LEED for Schools, foram identificados quais os critérios são atendidos pelo referido estudo de caso e quais deveriam ser contemplados, para viabilizar a certificação do empreendimento. Ao final do trabalho são apresentadas diretrizes de projeto a serem seguidas, conforme os níveis de certificação do LEED e um guia para certificação de outros empreendimentos educacionais. A análise deste estudo de caso demonstra a necessidade de adaptação dos projetos à normas técnicas norte-americanas e a importância da relação entre o projeto e a vizinhança onde é inserido, a necessidade de busca de materiais com certificado de origem e o atendimento a níveis de desempenho energético. Tais fatos demonstram que a busca pela certificação traz modificações de grande impacto nos projetos de instalações principalmente e a localização do empreendimento pode contribuir significativamente para sua viabilização. / Sustainability in construction has a lot of importance with the advancement of environmental degradation and the urgent necessity to optimize resources. This is being one of the sectors which impact on the environment is the most significant, and provide actions that reduce material consumption and increase energy efficiency of buildings has become an important guideline in designing projects. To ratify the sustainable actions employed, there were the environmental certifications, in an approach which can, in a way, quantify how much is a building sustainable. This study has the general objective to establish design guidelines for LEED certification in the Schools category, through the case study of SESI´s High School project, to be built in the city of São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul. By applying the check-list of LEED for Schools, the criteria already attended by the project have been identified and also the ones that should be attended. At the end of this work design guidelines are described, according to the certification levels of LEED. The analysis of this case study demonstrates the need to adapt the project to the US technical standards and the importance of the relationship between the project and the neighborhood where it is inserted, the use of certified materials and the attendance to high performance levels of energy efficiency. These facts demonstrate that the quest for certification brings great impact of changes in the projects and that the location of the project can contribute significantly to it’s viability .

A Post-Occupancy Energy Analysis of the Gwinnett Environmental and Heritage Center conducted with the view of recommending optimizations that result in energy savings.

Silver (Ag) is an ideal low-loss platform for plasmonic applications, but from a materials standpoint it presents challenges. Development of plasmonic devices based on Ag thin film has been hindered both by the dificulty of fabricating such film and by its fragility out of vacuum. Silver is non-wetting on semiconducting and insulating substrates, but on certain semiconductors and insulators can adopt a metastable atomically at epitaxial film morphology if it is deposited using the "two-step" growth method. This method consists of deposition at low temperature and annealing to room temperature. However, epitaxial Ag is metastable, and dewets out of vacuum. The mechanisms of dewetting in this system remain little understood. The fragility of Ag film presents a particular problem for the engineering of plasmonic devices, which are predicted to have important industrial applications if robust low-loss platforms can be developed. This dissertation presents two sets of experiments. In the first set, scanning probe techniques and low energy electron microscopy have been used to characterize Ag(111) growth and dewetting on two orientations of silicon (Si), Si(111) and Si(100). These studies reveal that multiple mechanisms contribute to Ag film dewetting. Film stability is observed to increase with thickness, and thickness to play a decisive role in determining dewetting processes. A method has been developed to cap Ag film with germanium (Ge) to stabilize it against dewetting. The second set of experiments consists of optical studies that focus on the plasmonic properties of epitaxial Ag film. Because of the problems posed until now by epitaxial Ag growth and stabilization, research and development in the area of plasmonics has been limited to devices based on rough, thermally evaporated Ag film, which is robust and simple to produce. However, plasmonic damping in such film is higher than in epitaxial film. The optical studies presented here establish that Ag film can now be stabilized sufficiently to allow optical probing and device applications out of vacuum. Furthermore, they demonstrate the superiority of epitaxial Ag film relative to thermally evaporated film as a low-loss platform for plasmonic devices spanning the visible and infrared regimes. / text

The research presented in this thesis concerns experimental studies of thin manganese silicide and germanide layers, grown by solid phase epitaxy on the Si(111)7×7 and the Ge(111)c(2×8) surfaces, respectively. The atomic and electronic structures, as well as growth modes of the epitaxial Mn-Si and Mn-Ge layers, were investigated by low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES), core-level spectroscopy (CLS), and scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (STM and STS). The magnetic properties of the Mn-Ge films were investigated by X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). The Mn-Si layers, annealed at 400 °C, showed a √3×√3 LEED pattern, consistent with the formation of the stoichiometric monosilicide MnSi. Up to 4 monolayers (ML) of Mn coverage, island formation was observed. For higher Mn coverages, uniform film growth was found. Our results concerning morphology and the atomic and electronic structure of the Mn/Si(111)-√3×√3 surface, are in good agreement with a recent theoretical model for a layered MnSi structure and the √3×√3 surface structure. Similar to the Mn-Si case, the grown Mn-Ge films, annealed at 330 °C and 450 °C, showed a √3×√3 LEED pattern. This indicated the formation of the ordered Mn5Ge3 germanide. A strong tendency to island formation was observed for the Mn5Ge3 films, and a Mn coverage of about 32 ML was needed to obtain a continuous film. Our STM and CLS results are in good agreement with the established model for the bulk Mn5Ge3 germanide, with a surface termination of Mn atoms arranged in a honeycomb pattern. Mn-Ge films grown at a lower annealing temperature, 260 °C, showed a continuous film at lower coverages, with a film structure that is different compared to the structure of the Mn5Ge3 film. XMCD studies showed that the low-temperature films are ferromagnetic for 16 ML Mn coverage and above, with a Curie temperature of ~250 K.

No description available.