Climate conditions nowadays are looking critical where the construction and property sector is a major contributing factor. The construction industry stands for one third of Sweden’s total energy use, which has led to different environmental goals and energy requirements that the industry needed to adapt to reduce environmental emissions. In association with this has durability and environmental certifications become one identity marker for companies that strives to make a difference and for users who choose to support them. Growing demand and increased environmental awareness have characterized the construction industry. The most popular environmental certifications on the Swedish market today is: BREEAM, LEED, GreenBuilding and Miljöbyggnad. BREEAM and LEED are the most recognized systems internationally and considers both the building and and the surrounding area. GreenBuilding focuses only on the buildings energy consumption and how to reduce it. Miljöbyggnad is the commonly used system in Sweden and focuses on the building itself.  Miljöbyggnad is a Swedish certification system that is handled and developed by Sweden Green Building Council (SGBC) since 2011 and focuses on the building itself. The building is assessed by 15 different indicators within three segments: energy, indoor environment and material. This Work is limited to examine only Miljöbyggnad four indicators: energy consumption, solar heat load, heating needs and ventilation regarding an ongoing housing unit in cooperation with SWENCN AB.  The aim of this work was to calculate monthly energy consumption for the reference building. Furthermore, was the aim to rate the four indicators according to Miljöbyggnad grade system: bronze, silver and gold and finally see what happens if the household electricity is neglected and can energy efficiency regarding household electricity paradoxically result in that the building appears to be inferior.  The result of this thesis shows that the buildings active heating season is five out of twelve months. Solar thermal load is calculated to a value of 66 W/m2 floor area and because of that did not meet up the criteria for bronze. Heating needs meets up to the criteria for bronze with a value of 21,5 W/m2 , Aom.  and the buildings energy use for gold with a value of 49 kWh/m2, (Atemp), year. Household electricity contributes to increased passive heating and counts because of that as “free energy” which decreases the need for active heating, the building is considered as better. If the household electricity instead is neglected it will increase the heating demand and the building appears to be inferior. The conclusions of this work indicate that the big uncertainty lies in judging how people's habits affects the energy use. The building is currently under production which has led to that static average numbers have been used, and because of that margin of error can in some cases become big. As a result of that should any changes and adjustments updates when the building is put in use. It's easier and more effective to reach gold in the planning stage when there are opportunities to choose building components with lower U-value.

The importance of energy efficiency in the operation of the built environment is becoming increasingly important. Energy use in the building sector has exceeded both transportation and industry, while within buildings heating, ventilation, and air conditioning has the greatest share. In light of the recent pandemic forcing governments to issue quarantines and stay-at-home orders people are spending even more time indoors, this further emphasizes the importance of proper ventilation and the impacts on energy use. The purpose of this research was to perform a case study of a low environmental impact demonstration house to compare the energy performance of various ventilation strategies. The ventilation strategies varied by overall airflow rate, control strategy, and the presence of heat recovery. Performance was evaluated by establishing a model in IDA ICE, an equation-based modeling tool for the simulation of indoor thermal climate and energy use. The results showed energy savings due to demand-control with a reduction of 12.5%. Results also showed similar savings with a heat recovery system, indicating that any savings in heat loss due to heat recovery is at the expense of increased auxiliary energy. In this particular case, the benefit of upgrading to a heat recovery system from simple demand control set up is not readily apparent. Results also demonstrated trends and possible complications useful to future research plans that aim to measure real world ventilation performance, including how differences in the number and location of sensors impact the efficacy of the demand-controlled systems. A secondary aim was to observe how a newly constructed, low environmental impact home built in Sweden performs according the residential LEED energy budget. The results demonstrated that constructing a house using low impact materials with low embodied energy does not have to negatively impact energy performance, scoring extremely well in the Energy and Atmosphere category of a widely used sustainable building rating system.

The present thesis investigates the demands for follow-ups determined within the largest four environmental certification systems in Sweden, BREEAM-SE, LEED, Miljöbyggnad, and GreenBuilding. This study was narrowed down to only include environmental certifications of newly developed commercial constructions. Furthermore, the different problems and risks that can occur alongside follow-up demands within an environmental certification will be discussed as well as the positive effects of such a follow-up. There has been a significant increase in the classification of constructions in the last decade. Today, the majority of large construction projects undergo an environmental certification. The certification of newly developed buildings start with the planning documents and has a large impact on how buildings are constructed, built, and maintained. The certification process is often intricate and involves many different parties such as engineers, architects, and constructions workers. Demands for follow-ups will vary in both layout and scope depending on the environmental certification system after it has been commissioned. Controlling and ensuring that the project plans have been met after commissioning allow buildings to, at a greater extent, live up to expectations and classification grades. Thereby, the risk of having a misleading certification grade even in the management phase is reduced. A supervised and planned commissioning as well as demands on a new certification of the building, which confirms an acquired grade, strengthens the recognition of the building on the market. / Denna kandidatuppsats behandlar de uppföljningskrav som ställs inom Sveriges fyra största miljöcertifieringssystem; BREEAM-SE, LEED, Miljöbyggnad och GreenBuilding. Rapporten har avgränsats till miljöcertifiering av kommersiella byggnader vid nyproduktion. Vidare behandlas olika problem och risker som kan uppstå i samband med uppföljningskrav av en miljöcertifiering, samt de positiva effekter en uppföljning bidrar till. Det har skett en betydande ökning av klassningsarbetet av byggnader det senaste decenniet, majoriteten av stora byggprojekt genomgår idag en miljöcertifiering. Certifiering av byggnader i nyproduktion utgår från projekteringshandlingar och har stor inverkan på hur byggnader konstrueras, byggs och underhålls. Certifieringsprocessen är ofta invecklad och involverar många parter såsom ingenjörer, arkitekter och byggare. Uppföljningskraven som respektive miljöcertifieringssystem ställer inom sina certifikat efter idrifttagandet varierar i både utformning och omfattning. Kontroll och säkerställning av att projekteringsvärden i drift gör att byggnader i större utsträckning lever upp till förväntningar och erhållet certifieringsbetyg. Därigenom minskar dessutom risken för att certifieringsbetyg, som kvarstår även i förvaltningsskedet, ska bli missvisande. Ett övervakat och planerat idrifttagande, samt krav på en ny certifiering av byggnader i drift som bekräftar ett erhållet betyg, stärker byggnaders erkännande på marknaden.

Bewertung und Untersuchung einer Nachhaltigkeitszertifizierung im Bauwesen

In dieser Arbeit wurde erstmals die Struktur, die Morphologie und die chemische Ordnung der (113)- und der (001)-Einkristalloberfläche der Legierung Au3Pd bestimmt. Dabei wurden folgende Untersuchungsmethoden eingesetzt: AES, ISS, I(E)-LEED (nur bei der (001)-Oberfläche), LEED, NICISS, RTM. Zusätzlich wurde geklärt, ob und wie sich die genannten Eigenschaften der Au3Pd(001) im Temperaturbereich von 300K bis 775K verändern. Neben dieser Beschreibung von Oberflächen, gab es eine weitere Fragestellung im Bereich der Methodik. Da erstmals in dieser Arbeitsgruppe ein Legierungskristall mit Ionenstreuung (NICISS) untersucht wurde, mußte die für einelementige Einkristalle entwickelte Aufnahme- und die Auswertungsmethode der Daten übertragen werden. Eine angemessene Berücksichtigung der zusätzlichen Eigenschaft (chemische Zusammensetzung) der Oberfläche war dazu erforderlich. Um die Ergebnisse aus der transformierten Aufnahme- und Auswertungstechnik zu überprüfen, wurde eine neue, speziell für Legierungen geeignete Datenaufnahme und -verarbeitung entwickelt. So wurde ein Teil der NICIS-Spektren durch einen Vergleich experimenteller Spektren mit berechneten Spektren ausgewertet. Anhand der reinen Au3Pd(001)-Oberfläche wurde ein gezielter Vergleich der Ergebnisse aus unterschiedlichen Meßdatenaufnahme- und dementsprechenden Datenverarbeitungsmethoden bei der Ionenstreuung durchgeführt. Au3Pd(113)-Oberfläche: Ein Ausheilen der Oberfläche durch Heizen mit anschließendem Abkühlen ergab eine starke Goldsegregation. Eine chemische Ordnung des Kristalls in den obersten Atomlagen dieser Oberfläche kann ausgeschlossen werden. Die Au3Pd(113)-Oberfläche hat eine (1x1)-Struktur als Gleichgewichtsstruktur (NICISS, LEED, RTM) mit einer Oberflächengitterkonstanten von 3,99Å. Der Abstand zwischen erster und zweiter Lage ist, relativ zum Volumenwert, um (14,9±5,8)% kontrahiert. Die Oberfläche wurde mit dem RTM atomar aufgelöst abgebildet. Es ist kein eindeutiger chemischer Kontrast mit dem RTM feststellbar. Die Terrassen sind unrekonstruiert, schmal und länglich. Die Periodizität in [121]-Richtung (quer zu den [110]-Ketten) ist gering (LEED). Es resultierten Oberflächen-Debye-Temperaturen (Atomschwingungen senkrecht zur Oberfläche) für Gold von (80±3)K und für Palladium von (99±3)K in der [110]-Richtung. Au3Pd(001)-Oberfläche: Eine Standardpräparation (Zerstäuben mit anschließendem Ausheilen bei T=775K) der Oberfläche ergab eine starke Goldsegregation (AES, ISS). Die oberste Lage besteht nur aus Goldatomen (NICISS, I(E)-LEED, RTM). Mit Präparationen, bei denen während des Zerstäubens geheizt (Temperatur Tz) wurde ohne nachfolgendes Ausheilen, konnte Palladium in der obersten Lage angereichert werden. Mit dem Rastertunnelmikroskop ließen sich die beiden Elemente unterschiedlich abbilden (chemischer Kontrast). Die Palladiumkonzentration in der obersten Atomlage nahm mit zunehmendem Tz zu (ISS, NICISS, RTM). Bei keiner Art von Präparation wurden Hinweise auf eine chemische Ordnung in den oberen Atomlagen der Au3Pd(001)-Oberfläche gefunden. Die Au3Pd(001)-Oberfläche zeigt nach den eben beschriebenen Präparationen immer eine (1x1)-Struktur (I(E)-LEED, NICISS, RTM), mit einer Oberflächengitterkonstanten von 3,99Å (NICISS). NICIS-Spektren belegen, daß sich diese Struktur in dem Temperaturbereich (T=300-775)K nicht verändert. Bei der ausgeheilten Oberfläche ist sowohl der Abstand zwischen erster und zweiter Lage als auch zwischen zweiter und dritter Lage um (0,9±1,0)% im Vergleich zum Volumenwert kontrahiert. Bei den warm zerstäubten Oberflächen dagegen ist der Abstand zwischen erster und zweiter Lage um (3,9±1,0)%, der zwischen zweiter und dritter Lage um (5,4±1,0)% kontrahiert. Die Oberflächen nach den drei Präparationen konnten mit dem Rastertunnelmikroskop atomar und chemisch aufgelöst abgebildet werden. Wie zu erwarten war, sind die Terrassen wesentlich größer als bei der (113)-Oberfläche und unrekonstruiert. Die Periodizität in der [110]- und der [100]-Richtung ist groß (LEED). Für die ausgeheilte Oberfläche ergibt sich eine Oberflächen-Debye-Temperatur (Atomschwingung senkrecht zur Oberfläche) für Gold von (136±6)K in [100]-Richtung. Für die warm zerstäubten Oberflächen erhöht sich die Debye-Temperatur lediglich im Rahmen der Fehlergrenzen.

In 2007, Mayor Thomas Menino and the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA) implemented an amendment to the Boston Zoning Code Article 37 (Green Buildings) requiring new construction approved under Article 80B (Development Review and Approval: Large Project Review) be designed and built to meet the United States Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (USGBC LEED) certification. This amendment is intended to promote green building practices in the city and reduce the environmental impacts of buildings larger than 50,000 square feet. Article 37 does not require that the buildings actually achieve LEED certification, but they need to be LEED certifiable as determined by an interagency review committee and with the endorsement of a LEED Accredited Professional. This study examines how environmental goals have been translated into policy and how this policy has affected building practice in the City of Boston. The Green Buildings amendment was enacted to help curb greenhouse gas emissions by reducing the energy consumption of the building stock and is expected to help achieve the City’s goal of reducing carbon emissions by 25% by the year 2020 and 80% by the year 2050. This is not possible without a shift in the current building and construction paradigm. Through interviews with building professionals we assess whether this building code amendment has resulted in any necessary changes in practice and whether or not those working under the standard of LEED certifiability believe it to be an effective policy.

Part I of the study examines the differences between two environmental assessment methods for the K‐12 education sector: the United States Green Building Council’s (USGBC) LEED Schools Version 3.0 and the British Research Establishment’s (BRE) BREEAM Education issue 2.0. Credit requirements are compared side‐by‐side and against recommendations from researchers in areas such as acoustics, lighting and indoor environment quality. Strengths in the two schemes and areas for improvement are highlighted, with acknowledgement that each scheme offers components and techniques from which the other could benefit. Part II of the study introduces the Howard C. Reiche Community School in Portland, Maine. Designed as an open‐plan school in the 1970’s this configuration is currently seen as a barrier to teaching and learning in the school which is slated for renovation by the Portland Public School District. Part III of the study looks towards precedents in education which have followed either the LEED or BREEAM assessment methods and Part IV of the study provides a design proposal for the Howard C. Reiche Community School’s renovation.

The building sector is one of the largest energy consumers and there are global efforts toward sustainable and energy-efficient new buildings and existing buildings retrofit. The application of Building Information Modelling (BIM) in environmental assessment was practiced and studied following the increasing number of projects adopting the BIM workflows and pursuing green building certifications. The interest of this thesis is to study the use of different Building Information Modelling tools used globally for energy and environmental assessment to examine their practical benefits and challenges. Case studies of two primary school buildings that achieved the Swedish Miljöbyggnad system were used to compare what could have been achieved with Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) categories of energy and atmosphere and indoor environmental quality to what has been achieved in similar Miljöbyggnad areas. A review and summary of energy and atmosphere and indoor environmental categories in the LEED version 4 user’s guide is presented to evaluate the case study potential score in them. The early adoption of modeling in the evaluation from the conceptual design is the best approach to achieve better performance. It will improve the way of working and result in a more efficient and sustainable building. The Building Information Modelling software can be used directly in assessment using the integrated modules within the popular authoring tools such as Revit’s lighting and Insight the cloud base service or by transferring the model data to a stand-alone tool like IDA-ICE. The energy plug-ins of the authoring tools such as Revit are still lacking full control over the analytical model and the limited input options. The identified and discussed advantages of Building Information Modelling implementation are collaboration, accuracy, time, and cost saving. Data exchange issues, knowledge, and the differences in assessment tools were discussed as implementation barriers. Although the full comparison of certification systems is difficult, the comparison between the potential LEED score and achieved Miljöbyggnad rating showed some differences and similarities in the rating systems. The comparison requires rearranging the rating system indicators into unified categories. The framework that compares the scope, structure, content, and aggregation, would give a meaningful comparison. The way that the LEED and Miljöbyggnad are rewarding the indicators and the aggregation of aspects towards the final rating is totally different.

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