[pt] Neste trabalho, faz-se estudo dos processos morfológicos presentes na formação de verbos denominais X-ar no português brasileiro e as devidas implicações sintáticas e semânticas advindas desses processos. Analisa-se aquilo que tradicionalistas, estruturalistas, historicistas e gerativistas falam sobre o processo de derivação sufixal, quer para nomes, quer para verbos. Estudam-se não só as bases nominais, que são suporte para verbos denominais, como também os processos de derivação sufixal tanto para verbos quanto para nomes para, a seguir, proceder-se ao estudo do processo de conversão na língua portuguesa. Concomitantemente, discute-se a natureza morfológica da vogal temática -a, - presente tanto em verbos de 1ª conjugação quanto em nomes temáticos de língua portuguesa -, por ser ela suscitadora da controvérsia de serem os verbos denominais X-ar casos de conversão de nome a verbo, ou serem eles formados por processo de derivação sufixal. Ao se falar de verbo denominal, fala-se também de nomes deverbais e de formas nominalizadas de verbos, e procuram-se estabelecer bases morfológicas de direcionalidade do processo de formação de verbos denominais e de formas deverbais. Estuda-se, além do aspecto morfológico na formação de verbos denominais, a condição semântica das bases nominais e dos sufixos que a elas se agregam na formação de novas lexias, uma vez existir, na língua, estreita correlação entre sintaxe, semântica e morfologia. / [en] In this work, the morphological process present in the formation of denominal verbs -ar in Brazilian Portuguese and the suitable syntactic and semantic implications that come from these process are studied. Proposals that traditionalist, structuralist, diachronically oriented and generativist linguists present about the process of suffix derivation in nouns or verbs are analyzed. Nominal bases of denominal verbs are examined, as well as the process of suffix derivation on verbs and nouns, in connection with the subsequent study of the process of conversion in Brazilian Portuguese. At the same time, the morphological nature is discussed of the thematic vowel -a, which occurs both in first conjugation verbs and thematic nouns in Portuguese, given the controversy as to whether Xar denominal verbs are formed by conversion rather than by suffix derivation. Beyond denominal verbs, deverbal nouns and nominalized forms of verbs are also analyzed, and a morphological basis of directionality for denominal verb formation and deverbal forms is proposed. Additionally to the morphological aspect of denominal verb formation the semantic condition of the nominal bases and suffixes that are embedded in the formation of new lexis is considered, since there is in language a narrow correlation between syntax, semantics and morphology.

Ce travail de thèse représente une tentative de rationalisation du lexique espagnol en accordant la priorité au signifiant. Inspiré notamment de Pierre Guiraud, nous y avons établi à la suite de Maurice Molho, Didier Bottineau, Georges Bohas ou Dennis Philps, que les mots peuvent ne référer que par la sollicitation d’une partie de leur forme, partie détectable structurellement. Nous avons pris en considération l’ensemble des capacités qualitatives (phones, formant, idéophones, graphèmes, segments) et quantitatives (duplications, répétitions, inversions, homophonies / homographies) de la forme des mots. Nous ne nous sommes donc pas limité à un support sémiologique particulier mais avons conçu le lexique, du fait de sa complexité, comme un organisme de signifiants / signifiés où chaque élément peut entrer en compte pour donner lieu à une motivation (interne ou externe). Nous avons nommé cet élément la saillance, car il s’agit d’une unité résultant d’une focalisation, d’un choix formel pour référer à telle ou telle idée. Nous avons également remarqué, notamment dans des cas d’« homonymie », que plusieurs parties pouvaient être sollicitées et que chacune permettait de renvoyer à un sens distinct. La consubstantialité du signe est donc, de notre point de vue, un principe sauf. La « synonymie » ainsi que la « polysémie » ne sont donc pas non plus des notions pertinentes car chaque terme renvoie d’une manière qui lui est propre à un sens donné. Enfin, nous avons proposé une application, avec des critères similaires, à des énoncés dit « poétiques » où plusieurs actualisations parfois insolites apparaissent mais toujours permises par le langage, par le signifiant. / This thesis represents an attempt of rationalization of the Spanish lexicon giving priority to the signifier. Inspired in particular by Pierre Guiraud, we have established in the wake of Maurice Molho, Didier Bottineau, Georges Bohas or Dennis Philps, that the words can refer by the request of a portion of their shape, detectable structurally. We considered all the qualitative capacities (phones, submorphems, graphemes, segments) and quantitative (duplications, repetitions, reversals, homophonies / homographies) forms of words. We did not thus limited to a particular semiological support but conceived the lexicon, because of its complexity, as an organism of signifiers / signifieds where every element can be important to give rise to a motivation (internal or external). We named this element salience, because it is about a unity which results from a focus, from a formal choice to refer any particular idea. We also noted, especially in cases of "disambiguation", which many parties could be sought and each allowed to refer to a distinct meaning. The consubstantiality of the sign is thus, of our point of view, a pertinent principle. The "synonymy" as well as the "polysemy" are not therefore either relevant notions because every term sends back in a way which is appropriate for its to a given meaning. Finally, we proposed an application, with similar criteria, in "poetics" utterances where several unusual actualizations appear but always permitted by the language, the signifier.

This essay investigates how certain word-final Swedish rimes are integrated phonologically into Turkish by means of suffixation. Specific Swedish rimes have been selected for their unusual characteristics from the perspective of Turkish phonology such as vowel and consonant quantity as well as coda phonotactics. The data have been collected in an experiment, which involved the oral translation of a Swedish text including potential borrowings such as proper names and place names. The participants were advanced bilingual speakers of the standard varieties of Turkish and Swedish living in Stockholm. Two phonological properties of Turkish are relevant for this essay. Firstly, every word-final rime must have a vocalic, palatal and labial classification in order to be licensed for suffixation. Secondly, Turkish has a large and diverse periphery in its phonological lexicon due to faithful or partially faithful adaptation of a plethora of historical loanwords. The focus of the investigation is if the new borrowings are integrated into the core or into the periphery of the Turkish phonological lexicon or alternatively how faithful their integration is to the Swedish originals. In terms of resolving j-final coda cluster problems, the popular strategies are found to be palatalization, deletion and metathesis. The main body of data displays low faithfulness to the Swedish originals as well as an underutilization of the Turkish periphery. The participants are found to use the periphery of their phonological lexicon to a high degree for established words in Turkish but only to a limited extent when adapting new borrowings from Swedish into Turkish. This finding is explained by the fact that the structural and sociolinguistic conditions are not conducive to periphery maintenance in the present context in contrast to the historical context during the inflow of Arabic and Persian loanwords.

Sentiment analysis concerns the computational study of opinions expressed in text. Social media domains provide a wealth of opinionated data, thus, creating a greater need for sentiment analysis. Typically, sentiment lexicons that capture term-sentiment association knowledge are commonly used to develop sentiment analysis systems. However, the nature of social media content calls for analysis methods and knowledge sources that are better able to adapt to changing vocabulary. Invariably existing sentiment lexicon knowledge cannot usefully handle social media vocabulary which is typically informal and changeable yet rich in sentiment. This, in turn, has implications on the analyser's ability to effectively capture the context therein and to interpret the sentiment polarity from the lexicons. In this thesis we use SentiWordNet, a popular sentiment-rich lexicon with a substantial vocabulary coverage and explore how to adapt it for social media sentiment analysis. Firstly, the thesis identifies a set of strategies to incorporate the effect of modifiers on sentiment-bearing terms (local context). These modifiers include: contextual valence shifters, non-lexical sentiment modifiers typical in social media and discourse structures. Secondly, the thesis introduces an approach in which a domain-specific lexicon is generated using a distant supervision method and integrated with a general-purpose lexicon, using a weighted strategy, to form a hybrid (domain-adapted) lexicon. This has the dual purpose of enriching term coverage of the general purpose lexicon with non-standard but sentiment-rich terms as well as adjusting sentiment semantics of terms. Here, we identified two term-sentiment association metrics based on Term Frequency and Inverse Document Frequency that are able to outperform the state-of-the-art Point-wise Mutual Information on social media data. As distant supervision may not be readily applicable on some social media domains, we explore the cross-domain transferability of a hybrid lexicon. Thirdly, we introduce an approach for improving distant-supervised sentiment classification with knowledge from local context analysis, domain-adapted (hybrid) and emotion lexicons. Finally, we conduct a comprehensive evaluation of all identified approaches using six sentiment-rich social media datasets.

This thesis investigates the relationship between speech production and speech perception in the early stages of phonological and lexical acquisition. Previous studies have mainly focused on independent investigations of speech production and perception abilities in language acquisition. This thesis connects the individual speech production capacities to the child's perception and is organized around three major studies: Study I explores methodological alternatives such as the combination of EEG and eye-tracking in different Swedish participant groups: adults, 17-month-olds, and 24-month-olds. Visual and auditory stimuli, as well as the connection between word production and word perception are explored. Study II investigates phonological capacities in terms of consonant inventory, percentage of correctly pronounced words, segmental errors, as well as phonological templates in relation to vocabulary size in a group of Swedish 18-month-olds. Study III studies the influence of the children's individual phonological and lexical capacities in speech production on their word recognition in a group of Swedish toddlers with a productive vocabulary size above 100 words. The general results show that children accept mispronounced word forms as appropriate word candidates when the word forms are related to their individual word production. The occurrence of segmental errors increases with vocabulary size, and phonological templates are more likely to be observed in children with a productive vocabulary size above 100 words. The results thus indicate an influence of the individual child's production on word recognition, and a relationship between phonological capacities and lexical knowledge. These insights contribute to theoretical debates in linguistics regarding the abstractness of phonological word form representations and reveal a closer relationship between production and perceptual abilities in toddlers than what has previously been shown.

Master of Science / Department of Human Nutrition / Koushik Adhikari / The cosmetic industry is growing rapidly, and one popular category is lip products. Women consider lip products a necessity and many would not leave home without it. Though the bigger cosmetic companies may have internal cosmetic lexicons, they are not available in the public domain. The purpose of this study was to develop a lexicon for descriptive sensory testing of lip products. Lip balms, lip glosses, and lipsticks were tested in this study. In part 1 (EXPERIMENT 1), two focus groups were conducted to understand women's perceptions of lip products, and also to elicit desirable and undesirable characteristics in the products. The women's idea of a perfect lip product was: clear/sheer/neutral color, smooth, not sticky, moisturizing and flavorless/tasteless. In part 2 (EXPERIMENT 2), a lexicon was developed for the lip products. Attributes were categorized under "Initial Texture", "Initial Appearance", "After Appearance" and "After Texture." In part 3 (EXPERIMENT 3) of the study, the lexicon was validated by testing various lip products using lexicon developed in part 2. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) results by product type indicated that the lexicon was able to differentiate among the lipsticks, lip balms and lip glosses. The lexicon was further able to show similarities and differences within a product type. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis, which are both multivariate techniques, validated the inferences from the univariate analysis (ANOVA). The two panelist groups (three panelists from the lexicon development panel – group 1, and three new panelists – group 2) showed no differences (P > 0.05) in attribute evaluations for all the samples tested. The lexicon developed in this study could be used to identify similarities and differences in other lip products such as lip plumper, lip liners and multi-use products. The authors hope that this research is extrapolated to other aspects of the personal care industry, such as hair care and skin care, and can aid in product development, product optimization, and claim substantiation.

Au Cambodge, des patrimoines archéologiques exceptionnels ont été révélés. Matériels et immatériels, leur préservation s'avère délicate. Dès le XIXème siècle, des travaux savants ont constitué une mémoire sur la culture, l’histoire, l’archéologie, l’évolution de l’architecture et des styles. Ensuite, des années de guerre ont détruit une grande partie des structures sociales du pays. L’Éducation est aujourd'hui confrontée au défi contemporain de stabiliser une identité nationale, autour d’une mémoire, d’une culture et d’une langue communes. Dans cette logique, cette thèse tente de contribuer à la préservation de ces patrimoines et leur transmission aux jeunes générations. Elle est consacrée au vocabulaire de l’architecture khmère. Elle en caractérise des spécificités constructives, spatiales religieuses, à travers des temples brahmaniques ou bouddhiques et monastères, et spatiales civiles, à travers des édifices traditionnels. Elle traite des difficultés méthodologiques sur la fiabilité des informations liées à des terminologies anciennes. Elle questionne les logiques de choix, de définition, d'acceptions et de niveau de précision des notions. Elle aborde l'adossement de la culture architecturale à la langue, fortement enracinée dans la culture khmère, ainsi que le lien étroit entre l’histoire de la construction et celle de la société. Sans prétendre à une exhaustivité, de nombreux termes littéraires ou familiers à l’abandon, de nombreux mots perdus et liés à la conception architecturale, à la caractérisation spatiale, au chantier et aux usages sont révélés ou rétablis. Un effort d'illustration, sous la forme de dessins et croquis originaux, aident mieux saisir les techniques et contextes d'intervention. L'accent a été mis sur la précision et la clarté du texte, en français et en khmer. / In Cambodia, exceptional archaeological heritage site was revealed. Tangible and intangible, preservation proves difficult. From the nineteenth century, scientists have established a work memory on culture, history, archaeology, evolution of architecture and styles. Then the years of war have destroyed much of the social structure in the country. Actually, education faces the challenge of stabilizing a contemporary national identity around a memory, a culture and a common language. In this logic, this thesis tries to contribute to the preservation of this heritage and its transmission to the young generations. It is devoted to the vocabulary of Khmer architecture. It characterizes the specificities of various construction and religion space, through Brahman or Buddhist temples and monasteries, then the civil space, through traditional housing. It discusses the methodological difficulties on the reliability of information related to the ancient terminology. It issues the logical choice, the meaning and the precision of the notions. It addresses the backing of architectural culture to language, strongly rooted in Khmer culture, as well as the close relationship between the history of the building and that the society. Without pretending to exhaustive, many literary and familiarly words abandoned, lost and many words related to architectural design, spatial characterization, and usages on site were found or recovered. An illustrations effort, in the form of drawings and original sketches, help better understanding of the technical and operational contexts. The focus was placed on the precision and clarity of text, in French and Khmer.

Notre étude porte sur l’organisation du lexique des verbes chez l’aphasique, d’une part à travers une étude exploratoire en dénomination orale d’action sur support vidéo, et d’autre part à partir d’une investigation en IRMf chez le sujet sain. D’après nos résultats, les aphasiques de différents types ont des difficultés à produire des verbes, et on observe une production importante d’énoncés non conventionnels à pivot verbal : les approximations sémantiques. En aphasiologie, l’étude de ces énoncés, qu’on associe à des paraphasies sémantiques, se limite à un cadre nominal et sont considérés comme des erreurs. Nous soulignons qu’elles manifestent un mode de structuration du lexique des verbes par proximité sémantique et marquent l’existence d’une flexibilité cognitive dans la structuration du lexique mental. Dans la littérature, les troubles spécifiques du verbe, chez l’aphasique, sont associés à des lésions du lobe frontal, mais ces données sont controversées. En IRMf, nous obtenons des activations fronto-pariétales, des régions plus postérieures, et des activations de la boucle fronto-thalamo-striée. Nos résultats sont en faveur d’un recrutement d’un ensemble de régions cérébrales. Le support que nous avons utilisé permettrait d'accéder par deux voies à la représentation de la nature sensori-motrice du verbe, par le gyrus temporal moyen gauche et les aires prémotrices. Le mode vidéo semblerait être un outil d’évaluation plus écologique que le support imagé pour l’étude du traitement du lexique des verbes. / Our study deals with the organisation of verb lexicon in aphasics, partly through an exploratory study of oral action naming using a video stimulus, and partly through an fMRI investigation in healthy subjects. According to our results, patients with different types of aphasia experience verb production difficulties. We observed a high rate of non conventional utterances, mainly verbal, in the form of semantic approximations. In aphasiology, the study of these utterances, which are associated with semantic paraphasia and are considered as errors, is limited to a nominal framework. We emphasise that these utterances demonstrate a verb lexicon structure based on semantic proximity, and signal the existence of a cognitive flexibility in the structure of the mental lexicon. In the literature, specific verb difficulties in aphasics are associated with frontal lobe lesions, but these data have been disputed. Using fMRI, we obtained fronto-parietal activations in the more posterior regions as well as activations in the thalamo-fronto-striate loop. Our results support the recruitment of all the cerebral regions. The stimulus used in our study may have enabled access via two pathways to the representation of the sensorimotor nature of verbs via the left middle temporal gyrus and the premotor areas. Videos appear to be a more ecological evaluative tool than images for studying the lexical processing of verbs.

The sentiment analysis of a text is getting more focus nowadays from different entities for a variety of reasons. Emotions mining (sentiment analysis) is a very interesting subject to explore thus the research question is How can a module for sentiment analysis be designed to classify tweets about Covid-19. The dataset used for this project was taken from Kaggle and preprocessed with various methods such as Bag of Words and term frequency-inverse document frequency. The models are based on the following algorithms: KNN, SVM, DT, and NB. Some models are also based on the combination of ML and Lexicon. The outcome of the experiment showed that the lexicon method with an accuracy of 87% exceeded the machine learning methods implemented in this thesis and the experiments done by the ML community in Kaggle. This implies that the traditional lexicon approach is still considered a fit choice in the sentiment analysis field. / På senaste tiden har sentimentanalyser av text fått ett större fokus. Känsloutvinning (Emotions mining) är ett väldigt intressant ämne att utforska, Forskningsfrågan är då Hur kan man designa en modul inom sentimentanalys för att klassificera tweets om covid19. Datasetet som används är hämtat från Kaggle och sedan preprocesserat med hjälp av olika metoder såsom Bag of Words och term frequency-inverse document frequency. Modellerna är baserad på följande algoritmer: KNN, SVM, DT, och NB. Vissa modeller är baserad på en kombination of ML och Lexicon. Slutresultatet av experimentet visade sig vara att lexikon metoden med en prestanda av 87% översteg maskin inlärningsmetoderna som utfördes i denna uppsatsen och övriga experiment från ML gemensamhet i kaggle. Detta antyder att lexikon metoden är fortfarande ett bra val inom sentimentanalys området.

The dictionary compiles lexical items related to animals, domestic and wild, their anatomy and use, and human activities related to them. The lexical entries are given according to IPA conventions with all tones marked, followed by indication of grammatical category, definition (French and/or Latin scientific taxonomy), with occasional detailed annotations. The main part “Lexique beria – français” is followed by an “Index français – beria” and “Index latin – français – beria”.