Research has indicated that lesbian, gay, and/or bisexual (LGB) couples seek mental health counseling far more than heterosexual couples. Using identity development theory and family-of-choice frameworks, a review of the literature revealed that there are a multitude of considerations in working with LGB couples. The use of self-determination theory and social cognitive theory also uncovered many considerations for counselors and counselors-in-training. The purpose of the current study was to add to the lacking empirical data regarding counselors-in-training by exploring their experiences in working with LGB couples. More specifically, this study aimed to understand perceptions regarding the educational training and self-efficacy of heterosexual-identified counselors-in-training who work with LGB couples. Through the use of a phenomenological interview approach, a purposive sample of seven counselors-in-training shared their experiences of working with LGB couples as well as their perceptions of their education and self-efficacy during their postgraduate work. Data interpretation, through the use of coding and a discovery-oriented approach, uncovered 10 themes that counselors-in-training shared. While the overarching theme was that every couple is to be treated similarly, regardless of sexual orientation, there were also very definite issues that were specific to LGB couples. The study's findings and recommendations can benefit those in the mental health fields as well as educators to continue to work toward consistency in educational programs and accreditation standards. The application of these findings can aid in implementing social change that embrace student and client needs in both classroom settings and hands-on field experience.

abstract: Sociopolitical involvement has been previously shown to be associated with experiences of discrimination. Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) racial/ethnic minorities have faced multiple levels of discrimination from the mainstream community, racial/ethnic minority communities, and LGB communities. However, not many studies have investigated the association between intersectional forms of discrimination and sociopolitical involvement. The present study examines differences in perceptions of racism in the LGB community, sociopolitical involvement in racial/ethnic communities, and sociopolitical involvement in LGB communities among LGB racial/ethnic minorities (N = 203, MAge = 27.25). The sample included 107 (52.7%) men and 96 (47.3%) women; 41 (20.2%) lesbians, 89 (43.8%) gay men, and 73 (36.0%) bisexuals; 47 (23.2%) African Americans, 50 (24.6%) Asian Americans, 64 (31.5%) Latinos/as, and 42 (20.7%) from another race/ethnicity or mixed race. This study also looks at the association between perceptions of racism in the LGB community and sociopolitical involvement in racial/ethnic communities and/or LGB communities. Asian American participants reported perceiving higher levels of racism in the LGB community than Latino/a participants. No other differences in perceptions of racism in the LGB community were found between sexual orientation or by racial/ethnic group. No differences between racial/ethnic group or sexual orientations were found in sociopolitical involvement in racial/ethnic or LGB communities. When controlling for sexual orientation, gender, and race/ethnicity, perceptions of racism in the LGB community predicted sociopolitical involvement in racial/ethnic and LGB communities. By exploring correlates of discrimination from an intersectional perspective, this study provides a better understanding of the experiences of LGB racial/ethnic minorities. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Counseling Psychology 2016

abstract: Sociopolitical involvement has been previously shown to be associated with experiences of discrimination. Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) racial/ethnic minorities have faced multiple levels of discrimination from the mainstream community, racial/ethnic minority communities, and LGB communities. However, not many studies have investigated the association between intersectional forms of discrimination and sociopolitical involvement. The present study examines differences in perceptions of racism in the LGB community, sociopolitical involvement in racial/ethnic communities, and sociopolitical involvement in LGB communities among LGB racial/ethnic minorities (N = 203, MAge = 27.25). The sample included 107 (52.7%) men and 96 (47.3%) women; 41 (20.2%) lesbians, 89 (43.8%) gay men, and 73 (36.0%) bisexuals; 47 (23.2%) African Americans, 50 (24.6%) Asian Americans, 64 (31.5%) Latinos/as, and 42 (20.7%) from another race/ethnicity or mixed race. This study also looks at the association between perceptions of racism in the LGB community and sociopolitical involvement in racial/ethnic communities and/or LGB communities. Asian American participants reported perceiving higher levels of racism in the LGB community than Latino/a participants. No other differences in perceptions of racism in the LGB community were found between sexual orientation or by racial/ethnic group. No differences between racial/ethnic group or sexual orientations were found in sociopolitical involvement in racial/ethnic or LGB communities. When controlling for sexual orientation, gender, and race/ethnicity, perceptions of racism in the LGB community predicted sociopolitical involvement in racial/ethnic and LGB communities. By exploring correlates of discrimination from an intersectional perspective, this study provides a better understanding of the experiences of LGB racial/ethnic minorities. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Counseling Psychology 2016

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Considerando que no Brasil o uso de diÃxido de cloro no tratamento de Ãgua à ainda pouco adotado em funÃÃo tanto de seu alto custo quanto da dificuldade de sua quantificaÃÃo, pretendemos comparar trÃs metodologias usadas para quantificar esse produto. Escolhemos a metodologia LGB (Lissamine Green B) e a comparamos com a metodologia EPA 327.0 ((Environmental Protection Agency) e a TitulaÃÃo AmperomÃtrica (referenciadas), ambas analisadas sob a mesma diluiÃÃo. Isso posto, visamos tambÃm comparar os efeitos da variaÃÃo da diluiÃÃo especificamente na metodologia TitulaÃÃo AmperomÃtrica. Para a metodologia de anÃlise, utilizamos o teste F, para analisar a precisÃo; o teste de ponto de HipÃtese, para analisar a exatidÃo entre as metodologias e a possÃvel existÃncia de tendÃncia entre elas; o teste T, para analisar a existÃncia de erros sistemÃticos entre as metodologias; o teste ANOVA one-way, para determinar os efeitos de diluiÃÃo na TitulaÃÃo AmperomÃtrica. A comparaÃÃo realizada nos permite concluir que a metodologia LGB nÃo apresentou variÃncia de repetibilidade e precisÃo intermediÃria pior que a apresentada na metodologia EPA 327.0 e na metodologia TitulaÃÃo AmperomÃtrica no nÃvel de confianÃa de 95%, apesar da dispersÃo em relaÃÃo à mÃdia e à mediana. / Considering that in Brazil the use of chlorine dioxide in water treatment is still not adopted due to both its high cost and difficulty of its quantification, we intend to compare three methods used to quantify this product. We chose the methodology LGB (not referenced) and compared with the EPA method 327.0 (Environmental Protection Agency () and amperometric titration (referenced), both analyzed under the same dilution. With that in mind, we aim to also compare the effects of varying the dilution specifically the methodology amperometric titration. for the analysis methodology, we use the F test to determine the accuracy, the test point hypothesis, to determine the accuracy of the methodologies and the possible existence of a tendency among them, the t test to analyze the existence of systematic errors among methods, the one-way ANOVA test to analyze the effects of dilution in the amperometric titration. The comparison allowed us to conclude that the methodology did not provide LGB variance of repeatability and intermediate precision worse than the one presented in the methodology EPA method 327.0 and the amperometric titration level of 95%, despite the dispersion from the mean and median.

A busca por produtos fabricados com matéria prima renovável e cuja transformação não cause impactos ambientais motivou a presente pesquisa que se refere à utilização do colmo de bambu como material lenhoso na fabricação de painéis estruturais, para uso na construção civil. O Bambu apresenta algumas vantagens em relação a outras matérias primas, pois além de ser renovável, como a madeira e crescer mesmo em área marginais, apresenta um crescimento tão rápido que permite sua utilização estrutural já a partir de 3 anos de idade. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar as propriedades físico-mecânicas de painéis à base de bambu da espécie Dendrocalamus giganteus e compará-los entre si. A variação radial dos feixes fibrovasculares dentro da parede do colmo motivou a obtenção de lâminas de duas posições consideradas anatomicamente discrepantes, próxima à epiderme e próxima à lacuna do centro do colmo. Os colmos foram processados mecanicamente de tal forma a produzirem-se lâminas externas e internas que foram coladas e prensadas, originando os painéis BLCe (Bambu laminado colado com lâminas externas) e BLCi (lâminas internas). Amostras foram retiradas desses compósitos e observadas no microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV) para avaliar variáveis da matéria prima e do processo de fabricação que influenciam na qualidade do painel, principalmente a adesão entre as lâminas constituintes. A resistência ao cisalhamento no plano de cola foi a propriedade mais crítica, dentre as estudadas na presente pesquisa, porque sendo baixa, influenciou negativamente no módulo de elasticidade e, mais intensamente ainda, no módulo de ruptura, ambos na flexão estática. O inchamento, que se refere à variação da espessura do painel por absorção de água, foi considerado a propriedade desfavorável do painel de bambu, pois acumulou ao inchamento das lâminas individuais afastamentos indesejados que ocorreram as camadas constituintes do painel. / The search for products manufactured with renewable raw material which can be produced through an industrialization which does not cause environmental impacts led this research work to considerate the use of bamboo culm as woody material to manufacture structural panels that can be used as construction material. Bamboo presents some advantages over other materials, because beside of being renewable as wood is and growing even in poor sites, presents so fast growth that allows the culm to be used for structural purposes from 3 years old. This study was carried out to evaluate physical and mechanical properties of bamboo based panels produced with Dendrocalamus giganteus bamboo species and comparing themselves with each other. The radial variation of fibre vascular bundles inside the bamboo culm wall had motivated taking laminas from two different positions considered anatomically discrepant, next to the epidermis and by the culm center. The culms were mechanically processed in a way to produce external and internal laminas that were glued and pressed originating the GLBe (Glued Laminate Bamboo with external laminas) and GLBi (internal laminas) panels. Specimens were taken from the composites and observed in a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to evaluate raw material variables and manufacturing process variables that influence the panel quality especially the adhesion between component laminas. The shear strength on glued surface was the critical property among those studied in this research, because being low did affect the modulus of elasticity and, even more intensively, the modulus of rupture both in bending test. Swelling that refers to panel thickness variation due to absorption of water, was considered the most unfavorable property of the panel because accrued to the individual laminas swelling the unexpected displacement that pull apart the panel component layers.

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Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals are often exposed to stressors based on their nonheterosexual status; they may have unique needs related to help-seeking for mental health in a rural area where more people identify as religious or as politically conservative. To date, there have been no studies on the mental health help-seeking experiences of LGB individuals in rural Northern Michigan. This qualitative, single case study was completed to explore the help-seeking experiences of 10 LGB individuals who were recruited through criterion and snowball sampling. In-depth, semi structured interviews were conducted. Transcribed interview data were entered into Nvivo software for coding and then examined through two perspectives: Meyer's minority stress theory and Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory. Thematic analysis identified three themes: (a) reasons for seeking treatment, which included experiences of distal stressors and proximal stress reactions, (b) experiences with the help-seeking process, and (c) suggestions for improving the help-seeking process. Findings of the study were that distal stressors increased feelings of isolation and 'otherness' When individuals sought help, they encountered barriers related to lack of resource options, lack of acceptance or feelings of passivity. This created a sense of distrust with providers, thus affecting future help-seeking. The results of this study draw attention to LGB population in rural Northern Michigan, who may be inadequately treated based on little community acceptance, few provider options, and negative provider reactions. The knowledge generated from this study could lead to improved services and reduce the aforementioned disparities for this population.

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<p>While literature on sexual minority issues is limited, there is evidence supporting poor retention rate among lesbian, gay, and bisexual students (LGB) studying science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). STEM fields often have heterosexist environments that present unique barriers to LGB individuals, though, more must be done to understand factors that deter sexual minorities from entering and remaining in the field. I aim to contribute to the scarce LGB scholarship by examining the STEM climate and exploring factors related to persistence.</p><p> This dissertation is composed of two independent articles that each investigate the issue of underrepresentation of LGB individuals in STEM fields. The first article analyzes existing literature and calls on counseling psychologists to address the problem through using queer theory. I identify various factors that make sexual minorities a difficult population to research, note the additional challenges heterosexism creates for LGB individuals, and recommend counseling psychologists use queer theory to research the systems within STEM. I conclude with recommendations for clinicians and universities.</p> The second article includes an empirical study examining factors related to poor persistence in STEM among LGB undergraduates. Using a mediation model, I hypothesized burnout and the imposter phenomenon would mediate the relationships between stereotype threat and STEM identity, as well as the relationship between STEM identity and persistence. Results indicated stereotype threat was a significant positive predictor of burnout and imposter phenomenon, while STEM identity was a significant predictor of persistence. Results also suggested the effect of stereotype threat on STEM identity is explained better using burnout and imposter phenomenon.

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