Le commerce international est assuré, dans sa majeure partie, par voie maritime. Les navires, unités de transport maritime, sont confrontés, en permanence, aux périls de la mer. Ce péril est un élément capital qui a permis de développer des règles spécifiques à l’assistance en droit maritime, mais également, l’instinct de solidarité que l’on retrouve dans le comportement des gens de mer. En effet, le contrat d’assistance, élaboré suite à un événement maritime par excellence, est une application de ces techniques juridiques propres au droit maritime et de cette notion large d’entraide et de secours, avec les spécificités de la mer et ses dangers, des navires et les risques qu’ils représentent et affrontent en même temps. Actuellement, le Maroc est doté d’une réglementation considérée ancienne, et même caduque, par rapport à l’évolution du commerce, en général, et du transport maritime, en particulier. Ceci dit, les opérateurs maritimes nationaux et les compagnies spécialisées dans l’assistance des navires en difficulté recourent aux contrats internationaux de type « Lloyd Open Form ». Cette pratique anormale crée des difficultés entre les parties, qui sont de même nationalité, notamment avec l’accroissement des cas d’assistance maritime sur le littoral marocain et ce, dans la gestion du contrat LOF depuis son élaboration jusqu’à l’exécution détaillée de ces termes. De ce qui précède, la mise à jour et à niveau de la législation marocaine dans le domaine maritime, à l’instar des autres pays, s’impose. Le but principal est de rendre l’arsenal juridique marocain cohérent avec les conventions internationales ratifiées par l’Etat, à l’exemple de la convention de Londres de 1989, tout en tenant compte des spécificités du pays. / International trade is performed, in its most part, by sea. Ships, carrying units, deal, permanently, with perils of the sea. This risk is a key element that helped to develop specific rules to salvage in maritime law, but also the instinct of solidarity reflected in the behaviour of seamen. Indeed, the salvage agreement, drawn up consequently and often to a maritime event, is an application of these legal techniques typical to maritime law and that large concept of mutual aid and help, with the specificities of the sea and its dangers, vessels and the risks they create and face simultaneously. Currently, Morocco has an old regulation, even obsolete, compared to the evolution of trade in general and maritime transport in particular. Thus, maritime operators and national companies specialized in salvage of vessels in distress choose international agreements such as "Lloyd Open Form". This practice creates abnormal difficulties between the parties, whom have the same nationality, especially with the increase of maritime salvage events at Moroccan coast and this, in the management of LOF, from the creation to the detailed execution of these terms. From the foregoing, the updating and upgrading of the Moroccan legislation in the maritime domain, like other countries, is needed. The main challenge is to make the Moroccan legal system consistent with international conventions ratified by the state, like the London Convention of 1989, taking also into account the specificities of the country.

Cette thèse propose une repréesentation de la notion de type, avec un intérêt particulier pour les types d'ependants, en Ludique.La Ludique est une th'eorie introduite par Girard. Elle vient d'une fine analyse du fragment multiplicative, additive polarisé de la Logique Linéaire (MALL_p). Un des ses buts est de reconstruire la logique à partir de la notion d'intéraction. Un type est une classe d'objets qui se comportent de la m^eme fac{c}on par rapport aux autres objets. La notion de type est commune à plusieurs domaines comme la Théorie de la Calculabilité, la Sémantique des Jeux et la Théorie Intuitioniste de Types de Martin-Lof. Avec la terminologie de Martin-Lof, le termes canoniques d'un type sont les éléments primitives du type, c'est à dire les objets qui le caractérisent. Les termes non canoniques sont les termes obtenu appliquant une opération aux termes canoniques et une fois calculés donnent un terme canonique. Les termes sont vu comme des programmes et deux termes sont égaux quand leur calcul donne le même résultat, c'est à dire le même terme canonique. On introduit la notion de comportement principal, qui est bien adapté à la représentation des termes canoniques. On introduit aussi la notion de comportement séparable, qui nous donne un outil pour définir les fonctions de manière simple.On représente les nombres naturelles, les listes, les records, les fonctions dépendantes, les couples et on discutes les records dépendantes.On se focalise après sur la Théorie de Martin-Lof pour proposer une représentation de certaines types de base et constructions. / This thesis proposes a representation of the notion of type, with a particular interest on dependent types, in Ludics.Ludics is a theory introduced by Girard cite{LocSol}. It comes from a fine analysis of the multiplicative, additive fragment of polarized Linear Logic (MALL_p). One of its aim is to reconstruct logic from the notion of interaction. A type is a class of objects that behave in the same way with respect to other objects.The notion of type is common to several domains as Computation Theory, Game Semantics and Martin-Lof's Intuitionistic Type Theory.Using the terminology of Martin-Lof, the canonical terms of a type are the primitive elements of the type, that is the objects that characterize it. The non-canonical terms are the terms obtained by applying some operations on canonical terms and that once computed give a canonical term. Terms are seen as programs and two terms are equal when their computation gives the same result, that is the same canonical term.We introduce the notion of principal behaviour, that is well-suited to represent canonical terms. We introduce also the notion of separable behaviour, that gives us a tool to define functions in a simple way.We represent natural numbers, lists, records, dependent functions, pairs and discuss dependent record types. We focus then on Martin-Lof's Type Theory and propose a representation for some basic types and constructions.

Submitted by Marcia Silva (marcia@latec.uff.br) on 2016-07-15T20:00:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Luiz Claudio Dias Renato.pdf: 8269957 bytes, checksum: f96703b860281547900a8b1314416b9d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-15T20:00:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Luiz Claudio Dias Renato.pdf: 8269957 bytes, checksum: f96703b860281547900a8b1314416b9d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-18 / O presente trabalho apresenta os principais aspectos técnicos relacionados ao estudo e análise do contrato de salvamento LOF com a cláusula SCOPIC incorporada. O objetivo deste trabalho é fazer a análise do conceito de salvamento de embarcações no Transporte Marítimo, através de um contrato de salvamento Lloyd’s Open Form (LOF) com a cláusula SCOPIC (Special Conpensation P&I Clause) incorporada ao contrato. Uma vez que há um acidente que envolva um salvamento no mar, há todo um processo a ser seguido, o que envolve a retirada de declarações, a avaliação dos perigos, quer para nomear peritos, escolhendo testemunhas, cálculo dos valores do salvado, prêmio de salvamento, os valores do SCOPIC, desembolsos imediatos, a escolha do SCR (Shipowner Casualty Representative), nomeação dos advogados que representam os salvadores, seguradores de casco e máquinas, P&I e de carga, assim como, a utilização dos conceitos da Convenção Internacional de Salvamento no Mar (CISM 1989), em especial os Artigos 13 e 14. A opção metodológica adotada consistiu numa pesquisa qualitativa por instrumento de questionário eletrônico e levantamento exploratório. Como resultado da aplicação, foi possível verificar que os envolvidos em uma aventura marítima consideram o contrato de salvamento LOF, com a cláusula SCOPIC incorporada, importantíssimo para a atividade comercial de transporte marítimo. Dessa forma o trabalho contribui cientificamente para análises futuras dos valores envolvidos em um prêmio de salvamento, o problema da terceirização dos serviços de salvamento, o dilema do crescente gigantismo dos navios mercantes e suas cargas e uma possível avaliação equivocada das condições do navio na ocasião do salvamento. / This work highlights the main technical aspects related to the study and analysis of the LOF salvage contract with the SCOPIC clause. The objective of this work is to analyze the concept of salvage vessels in maritime transport through a salvage agreement Lloyd's Open Form (LOF) with SCOPIC clause (Special Conpensation P&I Clause) incorporated into the contract. Since there is an accident involving one salvage at sea, there is a whole process to be followed, which involves statements, the hazards assessment, in order to appoint the surveyors and experts, choosing witnesses, calculation of the saved values, salvage award, SCOPIC of values, out of pockets, the choice of SCR (Shipowner Casualty Representatives), appointment of lawyers representing the salvors, H&M insurers (Hull and machinery), P&I Clubs and cargo, as well as the use of the International Convention’s Salvage at Sea (CISM 1989), in highlight the Articles 13 and 14. The method adopted. The methodological option adopted consisted of a search for "survey" and exploratory survey. As a result of the application, it found that those involved in a maritime adventure consider the LOF salvage contract with SCOPIC clause incorporated important to the shipping industry. This work contributes scientifically to further analyzes of the amounts involved in a salvage award, the problem of outsourcing of the salvage services, the dilemma of growing gigantism of merchant ships and their

Aging sewer infrastructure is posing greater and greater risk to the health and well-being of City residents. Issues can range from pipe blockages in sewer laterals to Sanitary Sewer Overflows. This thesis develops a risk analysis method that can be used by municipalities to maintain and rehabilitate sewer assets. Risk combines the effect of Likelihood of Failure (LOF) and Consequence of Failure (COF) to perform a complete two-dimensional analysis that allows for relative comparison between different pipes in the system. The LOF rating has been equated to pipe integrity while the COF rating was related to the environmental, economic, and social consequences to pipe failure. In order to estimate pipe integrity Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) scores from the City of Santa Barbara were used in combination with spatial and physical properties associated with each pipe. The CCTV scores were simply integer values between 0 and 5 based on the National Association of Sewer Services Company’s (NASSCO) Pipeline Assessment Certification Program (PACP) results. The quantitative parameters included pipe material and age, distance from restaurants, distance from any above ground water source, pipe depth below the ground surface, pipe length, and vehicular traffic volumes. The sensitivity analysis compared the given structural integrity scores with the predicted scores based on the weighted scoring method. It isolated four out of six of the parameters tested that affected the structural integrity of sewer pipes: material and age (45%), pipe depth (20%), Vehicular Traffic (10%), and distance from an above-ground water source (25%). A program was created in the C programming language that iteratively determined the percentage for each factor. These percentage factors are used to obtain the predicted structural integrity score for all the pipes. Like the LOF rating, the COF rating consisted of scores between 0 and 5. The COF rating used pipe diameter, distance from commercial zones, distance from critical infrastructure, and vehicular traffic volume as parameters for quantifying the environmental, economic, and social consequences. These factors were determined from review of past literature and given approximately equal weighting when determining the COF rating values. The environmental factor, pipe diameter, was given a percentage factor of 30%; the economic factor, distance to commercial zones, was given a percentage factor of 30%; and the social concerns, distance to critical infrastructure and vehicular traffic volume, were given percentage factors of 20% each. Finally, the risk for each pipe was determined in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) by combining the predicted structural integrity score or LOF rating and COF rating value for each pipe. This generated color-coded maps that showed distinct pipes that had the most critical predicted structural integrity scores, highest consequence, and the pipes with the most risk. This process could be used by any City to create a maintenance and rehabilitation schedule and plan for future CCTV inspections.

High speed stream anomaly detection is an important technology used in many industry applications such as monitoring system health, detecting financial fraud, monitoring customer's unusual behavior and so on. In those scenarios multivariate data arrives in high speed, and needs to be calculated in real-time. Since solutions for high speed multivariate stream anomaly detection are still under development, the objective of this thesis is introducing a framework for testing different anomaly detection algorithms.Multivariate anomaly detection, usually includes two major steps: point anomaly detection and stream anomaly detection. Point anomaly detection is used to transfer multivariate feature data into anomaly score according to the recent stream of data. The stream anomaly detectors are used to detect stream anomalies based on the recent anomaly scores generated from previous point anomaly detector. This thesis presents a flexible framework that allows the easy integration and evaluation of different  data sources, point and stream anomaly detection algorithms. To demonstrate the capabilities of the framework,  we consider different scenarios with generators of artificial data, real industry data sets and time series data, point anomaly detectors of PYISC, SVM and LOF, stream anomaly detectors of DDM, CUSUM and FCWM. The evaluation results show that for point anomaly detectors, PYISC and LOF perform well when the distributions of features are known, SVM performs well even when the distributions of features are not known. For the stream anomaly detectors, DDM has some possibilities to get false anomaly detection, CUSUM has some possibilities to get failed when the stream anomalies increase slowly, while FCWM performs best with very low possibilities to get failed. / Höghastighet ström anomali detektion är en viktig teknik som används i många industriella tillämpningar såsom övervakningssystem för hälsa, upptäckande av ekonomiska bedrägerier, övervakning av kundernas ovanliga beteende och så vidare. I dessa scenarier kommer multivariat data i hög hastighet, och måste beräknas i realtid. Eftersom lösningar för höghastighet multivariat ström anomali detektion är fortfarande under utveckling, är syftet med denna avhandling att införa en ramverk för att testa olika anomali algoritmer. Multivariat anomali detektion har oftast två viktiga steg: att upptäcka punkt-avvikelser och att upptäcka ström-avvikelser.  Punkt- anomali detektorer används för att överföra multivariat data i anomali poäng enligt den senaste tidens dataström. Ström anomali detektorer används för att detektera ström avvikelser baserade på den senaste tidens anomali poäng genererade från föregående punkt anomali detektoren. Denna avhandling presenterar ett flexibelt ramverk som möjlig gör enkel integration och utvärdering av olika datakällor, punkt och ström anomali detektorer. För att demonstrera ramverkets kapabiliteteter, betraktar vi olika scenarier med  datageneratorer av konstgjorda data, verkliga industri data och tidsseriedata; punkt anomali detektorer  PYISC, SVM och Löf,  och ström anomali detektorer DDM, CUSUM och FCWM. Utvärderingsresultaten visar att för punkt anomali detektor har PYISC och LOF bra prestanda när datafördelningen är kända,  men SVM fungerar bra även när fördelningarna  inte är kända. För ström anomali detektor har DDM vissa sannolikhet att få falskt upptäcka avvikelser, och CUSUM vissa sannolikhet att misslycka när avvikelser ökar långsamt. FCWM fungerar bäst med mycket låga sannolikhet för misslyckande.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第20886号 / 理博第4338号 / 新制||理||1623(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科数学・数理解析専攻 / (主査)教授 長谷川 真人, 教授 向井 茂, 准教授 照井 一成 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

For many companies in the manufacturing industry, attempts to find damages in their products is a vital process, especially during the production phase. Since applying different machine learning techniques can further aid the process of damage identification, it becomes a popular choice among companies to make use of these methods to enhance the production process even further. For some industries, damage identification can be heavily linked with anomaly detection of different measurements. In this thesis, the aim is to construct unsupervised machine learning models to identify anomalies on unlabeled measurements of pumps using high frequency sampled current and voltage time series data. The measurement can be split up into five different phases, namely the startup phase, three duty point phases and lastly the shutdown phase. The approach is based on clustering methods, where the main algorithms of use are the density-based algorithms DBSCAN and LOF. Dimensionality reduction techniques, such as feature extraction and feature selection, are applied to the data and after constructing the five models of each phase, it can be seen that the models identifies anomalies in the data set given.​ / För flera företag i tillverkningsindustrin är felsökningar av produkter en fundamental uppgift i produktionsprocessen. Då användningen av olika maskininlärningsmetoder visar sig innehålla användbara tekniker för att hitta fel i produkter är dessa metoder ett populärt val bland företag som ytterligare vill förbättra produktionprocessen. För vissa industrier är feldetektering starkt kopplat till anomalidetektering av olika mätningar. I detta examensarbete är syftet att konstruera oövervakad maskininlärningsmodeller för att identifiera anomalier i tidsseriedata. Mer specifikt består datan av högfrekvent mätdata av pumpar via ström och spänningsmätningar. Mätningarna består av fem olika faser, nämligen uppstartsfasen, tre last-faser och fasen för avstängning. Maskinilärningsmetoderna är baserade på olika klustertekniker, och de metoderna som användes är DBSCAN och LOF algoritmerna. Dessutom tillämpades olika dimensionsreduktionstekniker och efter att ha konstruerat 5 olika modeller, alltså en för varje fas, kan det konstateras att modellerna lyckats identifiera anomalier i det givna datasetet.

Digitization of the energy industry, introduction of smart grids and increasing regulation of electricity consumption metering have resulted in vast amounts of electricity data. This data presents a unique opportunity to understand the electricity usage and to make it more efficient, reducing electricity consumption and carbon emissions. An important initial step in analyzing the data is to identify anomalies. In this thesis the problem of anomaly detection in electricity consumption series is addressed using four machine learning methods: density based spatial clustering for applications with noise (DBSCAN), local outlier factor (LOF), isolation forest (iForest) and one-class support vector machine (OC-SVM). In order to evaluate the methods synthetic anomalies were introduced to the electricity consumption series and the methods were then evaluated for the two anomaly types point anomaly and collective anomaly. In addition to electricity consumption data, features describing the prior consumption, outdoor temperature and date-time properties were included in the models. Results indicate that the addition of the temperature feature and the lag features generally impaired anomaly detection performance, while the inclusion of date-time features improved it. Of the four methods, OC-SVM was found to perform the best at detecting point anomalies, while LOF performed the best at detecting collective anomalies. In an attempt to improve the models' detection power the electricity consumption series were de-trended and de-seasonalized and the same experiments were carried out. The models did not perform better on the decomposed series than on the non-decomposed. / Digitaliseringen av elbranschen, införandet av smarta nät samt ökad reglering av elmätning har resulterat i stora mängder eldata. Denna data skapar en unik möjlighet att analysera och förstå fastigheters elförbrukning för att kunna effektivisera den. Ett viktigt inledande steg i analysen av denna data är att identifiera möjliga anomalier. I denna uppsats testas fyra olika maskininlärningsmetoder för detektering av anomalier i elförbrukningsserier: densitetsbaserad spatiell klustring för applikationer med brus (DBSCAN), lokal avvikelse-faktor (LOF), isoleringsskog (iForest) och en-klass stödvektormaskin (OC-SVM). För att kunna utvärdera metoderna infördes syntetiska anomalier i elförbrukningsserierna och de fyra metoderna utvärderades därefter för de två anomalityperna punktanomali och gruppanomali. Utöver elförbrukningsdatan inkluderades även variabler som beskriver tidigare elförbrukning, utomhustemperatur och tidsegenskaper i modellerna. Resultaten tyder på att tillägget av temperaturvariabeln och lag-variablerna i allmänhet försämrade modellernas prestanda, medan införandet av tidsvariablerna förbättrade den. Av de fyra metoderna visade sig OC-SVM vara bäst på att detektera punktanomalier medan LOF var bäst på att detektera gruppanomalier. I ett försök att förbättra modellernas detekteringsförmåga utfördes samma experiment efter att elförbrukningsserierna trend- och säsongsrensats. Modellerna presterade inte bättre på de rensade serierna än på de icke-rensade.

Purpose – This study aims to look into how foreignness and outsidership affect the market entry of a SME and the individual firm's ability to access the correct network as well as look at which support structures are available for the individual firms entering into a new market. Theory/Design & Research Questions – By looking through the lens of Social Network theory, aspects of trust, legitimacy, nodes, foreignness and outsidership, this study has looked into the journey of a large hamburger chain in Sweden that has successfully entered into different markets outside of Sweden. The research questions explored were (i) how SMEs can overcometheir liabilities and leverage network connections to form strategic partnerships with other firms or organizations, and (ii) how centrality of nodes can be utilized by SMEs to gain access to valuable information and resources, and (iii) how intermediary networks can support SMEs in their efforts to enter new markets, and what policies and programs have proven effective in this regard. Methodology – The data was gathered using a non-probability sampling by conducting a semi-structured qualitative interview and was complemented with secondary sources from the company profile. Findings – Depending on the size of the firm the level of ability to access networks can differ. Smaller firms are more inclined to seek help from intermediaries compared to larger firms. Furthermore actors that are more central have been found to have a key role for firms entering foreign markets.

Submitted by Andre Nunes Fernandes (nf.anfernandes@gmail.com) on 2018-07-16T20:53:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_TA_AndreNFernandes_FGV_VF_16072018.pdf: 3458661 bytes, checksum: caf980aaf795fc2244f0c84a491ceaa1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Simone de Andrade Lopes Pires (simone.lopes@fgv.br) on 2018-07-16T23:55:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_TA_AndreNFernandes_FGV_VF_16072018.pdf: 3458661 bytes, checksum: caf980aaf795fc2244f0c84a491ceaa1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-07-17T13:02:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_TA_AndreNFernandes_FGV_VF_16072018.pdf: 3458661 bytes, checksum: caf980aaf795fc2244f0c84a491ceaa1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-17T13:02:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_TA_AndreNFernandes_FGV_VF_16072018.pdf: 3458661 bytes, checksum: caf980aaf795fc2244f0c84a491ceaa1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-13 / O setor bancário brasileiro nos últimos vinte anos passou por um processo de mudanças profundas com uma onda de fusões, aquisições e a entrada de novas instituições estrangeiras. O Liability da Foreignness (LOF) postula que as empresas estrangeiras tendem a estar em desvantagem em relação às empresas locais advindas da distância espacial, desconhecimento do ambiente local, discriminação enfrentada por empresas estrangeiras e restrições do país de origem. A teoria também postula a existência de vantagens para empresas multinacionais oriundas do seu tamanho, abrangência internacional e capitalização. O mercado bancário tem sido palco de uma forte competição aonde alguns bancos estrangeiros de varejo recentemente optaram por deixar o pais por conta de estarem em desvantagem. Com esta pesquisa buscamos evidências que esse LOF pode se manifestar em instituições financeiras através de um conjunto de variáveis que impactam nos seus indicadores de performance medidos através do seu ROA e ROE. Para medir essa evidencia analisamos uma amostra de 114 instituições, 57 nacionais e 57 estrangeiras. Os resultados dos retornos médios (ROE e ROA) da estatística descritiva estão em linha com a teoria do LOF, porém o modelo de análise da regressão do conjunto de variáveis e suas interações propostas que explicam as diferenças de performance para o mercado londrino não se mostraram aderentes para o mercado brasileiro. Buscamos testar como tentativa uma hipótese adicional através da introdução de uma variável relacionando o tempo de atuação da instituição no Brasil e se esta poderia explicar as performances medidas dos indicadores de ROA e ROE e respectivo LOF, e que também não se mostrou aderente. / The Brazilian banking sector in the last twenty years underwent a process of profound changes with a wave of mergers, acquisitions and the entry of new foreign institutions. The Liability of Foreignness (LOF) argues that foreign firms tend to be at a disadvantage relative to local firms as a result of spatial distance, lack of knowledge of the local environment, discrimination faced by foreign firms and restrictions of the country of origin. The theory also postulates the existence of advantages for multinational companies stemming from their size, international reach and capitalization. The banking market has been the scene of a strong competition where some foreign retail banks have recently chosen to leave the country because they are at a disadvantage. Studies seek evidence that this LOF can manifest itself in financial institutions through a set of variables that impact on their performance indicators measured through their ROA and ROE. To measure this evidence, we analyzed a base comprised of 130 institutions, 57 national and 57 foreign. The results of the mean returns (ROE and ROA) of the descriptive statistics are in line with the LOF theory, but the regression analysis model of the set of variables and their proposed interactions that explain the performance differences for the London market did not show suitable for the Brazilian market. We sought to test an additional hypothesis by introducing a variable involving the institution's time in Brazil and whether this could explain the measured performances of the ROA and ROE indicators and their LOF, and that was not adherent either.