abstract: As wireless communication enters smartphone era, more complicated communication technologies are being used to transmit higher data rate. Power amplifier (PA) has to work in back-off region, while this inevitably reduces battery life for cellphones. Various techniques have been reported to increase PA efficiency, such as envelope elimination and restoration (EER) and envelope tracking (ET). However, state of the art ET supply modulators failed to address high efficiency, high slew rate, and accurate tracking concurrently. In this dissertation, a linear-switch mode hybrid ET supply modulator utilizing adaptive biasing and gain enhanced current mirror operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) with class-AB output stage in parallel with a switching regulator is presented. In comparison to a conventional OTA design with similar quiescent current consumption, proposed approach improves positive and negative slew rate from 50 V/µs to 93.4 V/µs and -87 V/µs to -152.5 V/µs respectively, dc gain from 45 dB to 67 dB while consuming same amount of quiescent current. The proposed hybrid supply modulator achieves 83% peak efficiency, power added efficiency (PAE) of 42.3% at 26.2 dBm for a 10 MHz 7.24 dB peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) LTE signal and improves PAE by 8% at 6 dB back off from 26.2 dBm power amplifier (PA) output power with respect to fixed supply. With a 10 MHz 7.24 dB PAPR QPSK LTE signal the ET PA system achieves adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) of -37.7 dBc and error vector magnitude (EVM) of 4.5% at 26.2 dBm PA output power, while with a 10 MHz 8.15 dB PAPR 64QAM LTE signal the ET PA system achieves ACLR of -35.6 dBc and EVM of 6% at 26 dBm PA output power without digital pre-distortion (DPD). The proposed supply modulator core circuit occupies 1.1 mm2 die area, and is fabricated in a 0.18 µm CMOS technology. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 2017

Submitted by Estagiário SPT BMHS (spt@fgv.br) on 2013-08-08T12:44:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissetação José Bruno Maciel Cornélio.pdf: 1072962 bytes, checksum: 898b1529472aef1d9b5f96cc4677ba46 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Estagiário SPT BMHS (spt@fgv.br) on 2013-08-08T12:45:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissetação José Bruno Maciel Cornélio.pdf: 1072962 bytes, checksum: 898b1529472aef1d9b5f96cc4677ba46 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Estagiário SPT BMHS (spt@fgv.br) on 2013-08-08T12:45:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissetação José Bruno Maciel Cornélio.pdf: 1072962 bytes, checksum: 898b1529472aef1d9b5f96cc4677ba46 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-08T12:46:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissetação José Bruno Maciel Cornélio.pdf: 1072962 bytes, checksum: 898b1529472aef1d9b5f96cc4677ba46 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03 / O telefone celular teve uma grande evolução nos últimos anos, o que antes era utilizado exclusivamente para transmissão de voz, hoje tem características avançadíssimas incluindo várias evoluções tecnológicas. Dentro deste aspecto, a inovação que o LTE (Long Term Evolution) vem demonstrando em suas características realmente se destacam em relação as tecnologias que a antecederam e representa grande evolução se comparada com as outras. Foi desenvolvida no âmbito do projeto 3GPP e (3rd Generation Partners Project) promovido pelo Instituto Europeu de Normalização na área de Telecomunicações ETSI (European Telecommunications Standard Institute). As operadoras que demonstram interesse em disponibilizar esta tecnologia buscam introduzir a flexibilidade do LTE para ir ao encontro dos objetivos de suas redes existentes, espectro e negócios para banda larga móvel e serviços multimídia. O LTE promete taxas de download de 326,4Mbps, taxas de upload de 86,4Mbps, RTT ( ROUND TRIP TIME ) menos de 10 mile segundos e raio das células podendo atingir até 100km. O sistema 4G (LTE) é um sistema integrado completamente baseado em IP, que é resultado de tecnologias conectadas por fios e sem fios disponibilizando um custo acessível, atendendo as exigências de uma rede de comunicação (Wireless), serviços de transferência de mensagens multimídias, conversa com vídeo, televisão móvel de alta definição, serviços mínimos como voz e dados entre outras vantagens. Desta forma, este estudo tem por objetivo analisar quais são as oportunidades e os desafios no mercado de telefonia móvel de Telecomunicações ao implantar o sistema de tecnologia LTE demonstrando o benefício dos fabricantes e operadoras no sentido econômico e tecnológico. / The mobile phone has a great development in recent years, which was previously used exclusively for transmission of voice, now has highly advanced features including many technological developments. Within this aspect, the innovation that LTE (Long Term Evolution) has demonstrated that its features really stand out in relation to the technologies that preceded it and which represents a great development compared to the others. It was developed under the project 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) sponsored by European standards institute in telecommunications, ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute). Operators who show interest in seeking to introduce this technology available LTE flexibly to meet the goals of their existing networks, and business spectrum for mobile broadband and multimedia services. LTE promises download rates of 326.4 Mbits / s and upload rates of 86.4 Mbits /s, RTT ( ROUND TRIP TIME ) of less than 10 miles per second and radius of the cells could reach up to 100km. The system 4G (LTE) is a fully integrated system based on IP, which is the result of technologies connected by wired or wireless providing affordable meeting the requirements of wireless network services, multimedia messaging, video conversation, mobile TV, high definition, minimum services such as voice and data among other advantages. Thus, this study aims to examine the impacts and opportunities in Brazil in the telecommunication Market to deploy the LTE system demonstrating the benefit of manufacturers and operators in the economic and technological sense.

Mobile data usage has been on the rise in relation to the streaming media such as video conferencing and online multimedia gaming. As a result, Long-Term Evolution (LTE) has earned a rapid rise in popularity during the past few years. The aim of this master’s thesis is to analyze the quality of service (QoS) performance and its effects when video is streamed over a GBR (Guaranteed bit rate) and non-GBR bearers over LTE. Using OPNET (Optimized Network Engineering Tool), the performance can be simulated having Downlink (DL) and Uplink (UL) scenarios for video conferencing including web traffic. Further we also measured the performance of packet End-to-End (E2E) delay, packet loss and packet delay variation (PDV). This thesis work is an empirical work, which can be followed up by further research propositions.

Digital front-end and Turbo decoder are the two key components in the digital wireless communication system. This thesis will discuss the implementation issues of both digital front-end and Turbo decoder.The structure of digital front-end for multi-standard radio supporting wireless standards such as IEEE802.11n, WiMAX, 3GPP LTE is investigated in the thesis. A top-to-down design methods. 802.11n digital down-converter is designed from Matlab model to VHDL implementation. Both simulation and FPGA prototyping are carried out.As another significant part of the thesis, a parallel Turbo decoder is designed and implemented for 3GPPLTE. The block size supported ranges from 40 to 6144 and the maximum number of iteration is eight.The Turbo decoder will use eight parallel SISO units to reach a throughput up to 150Mits.

Since past few decades different types of cellular networks were launched and went successful on the radio links such as WiMAX, that became very popular because of its high data rate (70Mbps) and support for providing wireless internet services over 50km distance. The UMTS Long Term Evolution (LTE) is an emerging technology in the evolution of 3G cellular services. LTE runs on an evolution of the existing UMTS infrastructure already used by over 80 percent of mobile subscribers globally. We have very limited resources in cellular technologies and it is important to utilize them with high efficiency. Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) & Orthogonal Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) are major part of LTE. OFDMA was well utilized for achieving high spectral efficiency in communication system. SC-FDMA is introduced recently and it became handy candidate for uplink multiple access scheme in LTE system that is a project of Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The Multiple Access Scheme in Advanced Mobile radio system has to meet the challenging requirements for example high throughput, good robustness, efficient Bit Error Rate (BER), high spectral efficiency, low delays, low computational complexity, low Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR), low error probability etc. Error probability is playing vital role in channel estimation and there are many ways to do channel estimation, like Wiener Channel Estimation, Bayesian Demodulation etc. In our thesis, we investigate the performance of SC-FDMA and OFDMA of LTE physical layer by considering different modulation schemes (BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM) on the basis of PAPR, BER, power spectral density (PSD) and error probability by simulating the model of SC-FDMA & OFDMA. We use Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel and introduce frequency selective (multipath) fading in the channel by using Rayleigh Fading model to evaluate the performance in presence of noise and fading. A set of conclusions is derived from our results describing the effect of higher order modulation schemes on BER and error probability for both OFDMA and SC-FDMA. The power spectral densities of both the multiple access techniques (OFDMA and SC-FDMA) are calculated and result shows that the OFDMA has high power spectral density. The considered modulation schemes also have a significant impact on the PAPR of both OFDMA and SC-FDMA such that the higher order modulations increase PAPR in SC-FDMA and decrease PAPR in OFDMA. However, the overall value of PAPR is minimum in SC-FDMA for all modulation schemes. The PSD calculation results also support the remarks given on PAPR. / Author 01: Abdul Samad Shaikh, Phone # 0046-760915236 Author 02 : Khatri Chandan Kumar, Phone # 0046-762649745

A novel approach employing 4G LTE Cellular Technology for Test Range Telemetry is presented. Providing aeronautical mobile telemetry using commercial off the shelf (COTS) cellular equipment poses many challenges, including: Three-dimensional (3D) coverage, need for uninterrupted high data throughputs, and very high Doppler speeds of the Test Articles (TA). Each of these requirements is difficult to meet with a standard cellular approach. We present a novel architecture that provides 3D coverage over the span of a test range, allowing the TA to establish a radio link with base stations that have a manageable Doppler due to the reduced projected TA speed on the radio link line. Preliminary results illustrate that a variety of flight plans can be accommodated with commercial LTE technology by employing LTE’s mobility mechanisms and adding centralized control. The resulting network architecture and Radio Access Network topology allow very high throughputs to be delivered throughout the test range with a judicious placement of base stations.

Mobile telecommunications belong to one of the fields which still evolves and it is expected that in the future they are going to offer great benefit to the whole world. This work focuses on current and future development of mobile Internet connection in the Czech Republic. At first the technologies used to provide mobile Internet connection are described and compared and then the situation (in terms of technologies and mobile operators) in the Czech market is outlined and its possible evolution in the near future is presented. Furthermore, the tarifs of mobile operators are compared with those in place two years ago. The strengths and weaknesses of the current mobile Internet connection are evaluated based on the conducted questionnaire survey. The latest results are then analyzed and compared with the results from a previous survey conducted in 2007 as part of a bachelor's thesis, which has been further extended in this mater's thesis.

Reliability of data transmission is a fundamental problem in wireless communications. Fading in wireless channels causes the signal strength to vary at the receiver and this results in loss of data packets. To improve the reliability, automatic repeat request (ARQ) schemes were introduced. However these ARQ schemes suffer from a reduction in the throughput. To address the throughput reduction, conventional ARQ schemes were combined with forward error correction (FEC) schemes to develop hybrid-ARQ (HARQ) schemes. For improving the reliability of data transmission, HARQ schemes are included in the present wireless standards like LTE, LTE-Advanced and WiMAX. Conventional HARQ systems use the same transmission power and the same number of channel uses in different ARQ rounds. However this is not optimal in terms of minimizing the average transmit power or the average energy spent for successful transmission of a data packet. We address this issue in the first part of the dissertation, where we consider optimal resource allocation in HARQ systems with a limit on the maximum number of allowed transmissions for a data packet. Specifically, we consider the problem of minimizing the packet drop probability (PDP) under an average transmit power constraint or equivalently minimizing the average transmit power under a fixed PDP constraint. We consider both incremental redundancy (IR)-based and Chase combining (CC)-based HARQ systems in our work. For an IR-HARQ system, for the special case of two allowed transmissions for each packet, we provide a solution for the optimal number of channel uses and the optimal power to be used in each ARQ round. For a CC-HARQ system, we solve the problem of optimal power allocation in i.i.d. Rayleigh fading channels as well as correlated Rayleigh fading channels. For the CC-HARQ case, we also provide a low complexity geometric programming (GP) solution using an approximation of the outage probability expression. HARQ systems conventionally use one bit acknowledgement (ACK)/negative ACK (NACK) feedback from the receiver to the transmitter. In the 3GPP-LTE systems, one method for sending these HARQ acknowledgement bits is to jointly code them with the other control signaling information using a specified Reed-Muller code consisting of 20 coded bits. Even though the resources used for sending this control signaling information can inherently provide a diversity gain, the Reed-Muller code with such a short block size is not good at extracting all of the available diversity. To address this issue, in the second part of this dissertation, we propose two new methods: i) based on complex-field coding (CFC), and ii) using repetition across frequency bands, to extract the inherent diversity available in the channel resources and improve the error protection for the HARQ acknowledgement bits along with the other control signaling information. In the second part of the dissertation, we also propose a new signal space diversity (SSD) scheme, which results in transmit signals having constant envelope (CE). The proposed CE-SSD scheme results in a better overall power efficiency due to the reduced back-off requirements on the radio frequency power amplifier. Moreover, the proposed CE-SSD technique can be useful for application scenarios involving transmission of small number of information bits, such as in the case of control signaling information transmission. In conventional HARQ systems, during the retransmission phase, the channel resources are exclusively used for the retransmitted data packet. This is not optimal in terms of efficient resource utilization. For efficient utilization of channel resources during the retransmissions, a superposition coding (SPC) based HARQ scheme was proposed in the literature. In an SPC based HARQ system, an erroneous packet is transmitted together with a new data packet by superposition in the Euclidean space. In the final part of this dissertation, we study performance of different bits-to-symbol mappings for such an SPC based HARQ system.

[EN] Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT), offers greater robustness against noise and interference, more efficient use of radioelectric spectrum by the possibility of using single frequency networks (SFN) and the possibility of transmitting several television channels for the same radio channel. In addition, it is possible to provide value-added services such as HDTV and 3D. In the transition from analog to digital television, it must be perform a first stage of simulcast, where both analogue and digital signals should coexist. In this stage, a critical point is the low availability of frequencies. Therefore, first it is necessary to perform a frequency planning at regional level between the countries and internally for each country. Due to the high power that DTT transmitters normally radiate, and the locations of the transmitters at high points, frequency planning at regional level should take into account coordination areas and protection distances inside the border of each country. Finally, DTT network planning should be perform for the assigned frequencies. Additionally, the most efficient usage of the radio electric spectrum involved the introduction of the DTT, have allowed the release of certain frequency bands traditionally allocated for broadcasting. The released bands are known as Digital Dividend (DD), and correspond to the 800 MHz band (790-862 MHz) and 700 MHz (698-806 MHz) in Europe, and 700 MHz band in America. These bands have been allocated for the use of fourth generation mobile communications 4G LTE. The inclusion of LTE in the digital dividend bands, represents an additional problem for the deploy of DTT networks. Because both, DTT and LTE networks must coexist in adjacent frequency channels. Therefore, two coexistence cases must be considered. On the one hand, to the deployment of new DTT networks, must be analyzed the potential interference from LTE networks, as well the possible solutions to mitigate the interference. Moreover, for DTT networks already deployed, interference problems must be solved at the lowest possible cost and impact. This thesis deals with frequency planning for DTT networks in South America, where several DTT standards have been adopted. Most countries in the region have adopted the Japanese-Brazilian standard ISDB-Tb. However, Colombia has adopted the European second generation standard DVB-T2, with the particularity that Colombia is the first country in the world in which DVB-T2 must work with 6 MHz channelization, and must coexist with the analog TV standard NTSC. This along with the late release of the DD band in America, presents a much more complex scenario for DTT planning network in the region. First the frequency planning at the regional level for all countries of South America is studied, later the frequency planning at national level for Colombia is addressed. For this purpose, is investigated the coexistence of the European second generation standard (DVB-T2), the Japanese-Brazilian first generation standard (ISDB-Tb), the American analog TV standard NTSC and the mobile communications standard LTE working in digital dividend bands, as well as different technical solutions to mitigate interference on DTT networks. Finally, the recommendations of coexistence between analogue television networks NTSC, digital television networks ISDB-T, DVB-T2 and mobile communications networks 4G LTE are presented. These recommendations constitute a useful handbook for DTT network planning in South America. / [ES] La Televisión Digital Terrestre (TDT) con respecto a la difusión de televisión analógica ofrece, mayor robustez en la señal frente a ruido e interferencias, uso más eficiente del espectro radioeléctrico gracias a la posibilidad de utilizar redes de frecuencia única, en ingles SFNs (Single Frequency Network) y la posibilidad de transmitir varios canales de televisión por un mismo canal radioeléctrico. Además, es posible ofrecer servicios de valor añadido, tales como televisión en alta definición y programación 3D. En el proceso de transición de televisión analógica a digital, se debe llevar a cabo una primera etapa de simulcast, donde tanto señales analógicas como digitales deben convivir. En esta etapa, un punto crítico es la baja disponibilidad de frecuencias. Por tanto, en primer lugar es necesario hacer una planificación de frecuencias a nivel regional entre los países y a nivel interno de cada país. Debido a las altas potencias con que normalmente radian los transmisores de TDT, y las ubicaciones de los transmisores en puntos elevados, la planificación de frecuencias a nivel regional debe tener en cuenta zonas de coordinación y distancias de protección dentro de la frontera de cada país. Finalmente se debe planificar las redes de TDT a las frecuencias asignadas. Adicionalmente, la utilización más eficiente del espectro radioeléctrico que conlleva la introducción de la TDT, ha permitido la liberación de ciertas bandas de frecuencia asignadas tradicionalmente a radiodifusión. Las bandas liberadas son conocidas como Dividendo Digital (DD), y corresponden a la banda de 800 MHz (790-862 MHz) y 700 MHz (698-806 MHz) en Europa, y la banda de 700 MHz en América. Dichas bandas han sido asignadas para la utilización de servicios de comunicaciones móviles de cuarta generación 4G LTE. La inclusión del estándar LTE en las bandas de dividendo digital, representa un problema adicional para el despliegue de las redes de TDT. Debido a que tanto la TDT como las redes LTE deben coexistir en canales adyacentes en frecuencia. Por tanto, dos casos de convivencia deben ser considerados. Por un lado, para el despliegue de nuevas redes de TDT, se deben analizar las posibles interferencias desde las redes LTE, así como las posibles soluciones para mitigar dichas interferencias. Por otra parte para redes de TDT ya desplegadas, los problemas de interferencias deben ser resueltos con el menor impacto y costo posibles. La presente tesis aborda la planificación de frecuencias para las redes de TDT en Sudamérica, donde varios estándares de TDT han sido adoptados. La mayoría de los países de la región han adoptado el estándar Japones-Brasileño ISDB-Tb. Sin embargo, Colombia ha adoptado el estándar europeo de segunda generación DVB-T2, con la particularidad de ser el primer lugar en el mundo en que DVB-T2 debe trabajar con canalización de 6 MHz, y debe convivir con el estándar de televisión analógica NTSC. Esto junto con la tardía liberación del Dividendo Digital (DD) en América, presentan un escenario mucho más complejo para la planificación de las redes de TDT en la región. En primer lugar se estudia la planificación de frecuencias a nivel regional para todos los países de Sudamérica, para posteriormente abordar la planificación a nivel nacional para Colombia. Con tal fin, se investiga la convivencia entre el estándar de TDT europeo de segunda generación (DVB-T2), el estándar Japones-Brasileño de primera generación (ISDB-Tb), el estándar americano de televisión analógica NTSC y el estándar de comunicaciones móviles LTE en las bandas del dividendo digital, así como las diferentes soluciones técnicas para mitigar interferencias sobre las redes de TDT. Finalmente, se presentan las recomendaciones de convivencia entre redes de televisión analógica NTSC, redes de televisión digital ISDB-T, DVB-T2 y redes de comunicaciones móviles 4G LTE, que constituyen un útil manual para la pl / [CAT] La Televisió Digital Terrestre (TDT) respecte a la difusió de televisió analògica oferix, major robustesa en el senyal enfront de soroll i interferències, ús més eficient de l'espectre radioelèctric gràcies a la possibilitat d'utilitzar xarxes de freqüència única, en engonals SFNs (Single Frequency Networks) i la possibilitat de transmetre uns quants canals de televisió per un mateix canal radioelèctric. A més, és possible oferir servicis de valor afegit, com ara televisió en alta definició i programació 3D. En el procés de transició de televisió analògica a digital, s'ha de dur a terme una primera etapa de simulcast, on tant senyals analògics com digitals han de conviure. En esta etapa, un punt crític és la baixa disponibilitat de freqüències. Per tant, en primer lloc és necessari fer una planificació de freqüències a nivell regional entre els països i a nivell intern de cada país. A causa de les altes potències amb què normalment radien els transmissors de TDT, i les ubicacions dels transmissors en punts elevats, la planificació de freqüències a nivell regional ha de tindre en compte zones de coordinació i distàncies de protecció dins de la frontera de cada país. Finalment s'ha de planificar la les xarxes de TDT a les freqüències assignades. Addicionalment, la utilització més eficient de l'espectre radioelèctric que comporta la introducció de la TDT, ha permés l'alliberament de certes bandes de freqüència assignades tradicionalment a radiodifusió. Les bandes alliberades són conegudes com a Dividend Digital (DD), i corresponen a la banda de 800 MHz (790-862 MHz) i 700 MHz (698-806 MHz) a Europa, i la banda de 700 MHz a Amèrica. Les dites bandes han sigut assignades per a la utilització de servicis de comunicacions mòbils de quarta generació 4G LTE. La inclusió de l'estàndard LTE en les bandes de dividend digital, representa un problema addicional per al desplegament de les xarxes de TDT. Pel fet que tant la TDT com les xarxes LTE han de coexistir en canals adjacents en freqüència. Per tant, dos casos de convivència han de ser considerats. D'una banda, per al desplegament de noves xarxes de TDT, s'han d'analitzar les possibles interferències des de les xarxes LTE, així com les possibles solucions per a mitigar les dites interferències. D'altra banda per a xarxes de TDT ja desplegades, els problemes d'interferències han de ser resolts amb el menor impacte i cost possibles. La present tesi aborda la planificació de freqüències per a les xarxes de TDT a Sud-amèrica, on diversos estàndards de TDT han sigut adoptats. La majoria dels països de la regió han adoptat l'estàndard Japones-Brasileño ISDB-Tb. Sin embargo, Colòmbia ha adoptat l'estàndard europeu de segona generació DVB-T2, amb la particularitat de ser el primer lloc en el món en què DVB-T2 ha de treballar amb canalització de 6 MHz, i ha de conviure amb l'estàndard de televisió analògica NTSC. Açò junt amb el tardà alliberament del DD a Amèrica, presenten un escenari molt més complex per a la planificació de les xarxes de TDT en la regió. En primer lloc s'estudia la planificació de freqüències a nivell regional per a tots els països de Sud-amèrica, per a posteriorment abordar la planificació a nivell nacional per a Colòmbia. Amb tal fi, s'investiga la convivència entre l'estàndard de TDT europeu de segona generació (DVB-T2), l'estàndard Japones-Brasileño de primera generació (ISDB-T), l'estàndard americà de televisió analògica NTSC i l'estàndard de comunicacions mòbils LTE en les bandes del dividend digital, així com les diferents solucions tècniques per a mitigar interferències sobre les xarxes de TDT. Finalment, es presenten les recomanacions de convivència entre xarxes de televisió analògica NTSC, xarxes de televisió digital ISDB-T, DVB-T2 i xarxes de comunicacions mòbils 4G LTE, que constituïxen un útil manual per a la planificació de les xarxes de / Ribadeneira Ramírez, JA. (2016). Planificación de Frecuencias para Televisión Digital Terrestre (TDT) en Sudamérica [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/63669 / TESIS

Products related with Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are becoming a reality on our roads. All car manufacturers are starting to include Internet access in their vehicles and to integrate smartphones directly from the dashboard, but more and more services will be introduced in the near future. Connectivity through "vehicular networks" will become a cornerstone of every new proposal, and offering an adequate quality of service is obviously desirable. However, a lot of work is needed for vehicular networks to offer performances similar to those of the wired networks. Vehicular networks can be characterized by two main features: high variability due to mobility levels that can reach up to 250 kilometers per hour, and heterogeneity, being that various competing versions from different vendors have and will be released. Therefore, to make the deployment of efficient services possible, an extensive study must be carried out and adequate tools must be proposed and developed. This PhD thesis addresses the service deployment problem in these networks at three different levels: (i) the physical and link layer, showing an exhaustive analysis of the physical channel and models; (ii) the network layer, proposing a forwarding protocol for IP packets; and (iii) the transport layer, where protocols are proposed to improve data delivery. First of all, the two main wireless technologies used in vehicular networks where studied and modeled, namely the 802.11 family of standards, particularly 802.11p, and the cellular networks focusing on LTE. Since 802.11p is a quite mature standard, we defined (i) a propagation and attenuation model capable of replicating the transmission range and the fading behavior of real 802.11p devices, both in line-of-sight conditions and when obstructed by small obstacles, and (ii) a visibility model able to deal with large obstacles, such as buildings and houses, in a realistic manner. Additionally, we proposed a model based on high-level performance indicators (bandwidth and delay) for LTE, which makes application validation and evaluation easier. At the network layer, a hybrid protocol called AVE is proposed for packet forwarding by switching among a set of standard routing strategies. Depending on the specific scenario, AVE selects one out of four different routing solutions: a) two-hop direct delivery, b) Dynamic MANET On-demand (DYMO), c) greedy georouting, and d) store-carry-and-forward technique, to dynamically adapt its behavior to the specific situation. At the transport layer, we proposed a content delivery protocol for reliable and bidirectional unicast communication in lossy links that improves content delivery in situations where the wireless network is the bottleneck. It has been designed, validated, optimized, and its performance has been analyzed in terms of throughput and resource efficiency. Finally, at system level, we propose an edge-assisted computing model that allows reducing the response latency of several queries by placing a computing unit at the network edge. This way, traffic traversal through the Internet is avoided when not needed. This scheme could be used in both 802.11p and cellular networks, and in this thesis we decided to focus on its evaluation using LTE networks. The platform presented in this thesis combines all the individual efforts to create a single efficient platform. This new environment could be used by any provider to improve the quality of the user experience obtainable through the proposed vehicular network-based services. / Los productos relacionados con los Sistemas Inteligentes de Transporte (ITS) se están transformando en una realidad en nuestras carreteras. Todos los fabricantes de coches comienzan a incluir acceso a internet en sus vehículos y a facilitar su integración con los teléfonos móviles, pero más y más servicios se introducirán en el futuro. La conectividad usando las "redes vehiculares" se convertirá en la piedra angular de cada nueva propuesta, y ofrecer una calidad de servicio adecuada será, obviamente, deseable. Sin embargo, se necesita una gran cantidad de trabajo para que las redes vehiculares ofrezcan un rendimiento similar al de las redes cableadas. Las redes vehiculares quedan definidas por sus dos características básicas: alto dinamismo, pues los nodos pueden alcanzar una velocidad relativa de más de 250 km/h; y heterogeneidad, por la gran cantidad de propuestas diferentes que los fabricantes están lanzando al mercado. Por ello, para hacer posible el despliegue de servicios sobre ellas, se impone la necesidad de hacer un estudio en profundidad de este entorno, y deben de proponerse y desarrollarse las herramientas adecuadas. Esta tesis ataca la problemática del despliegue de servicios en estas redes a tres niveles diferentes: (i) el nivel físico y de enlace, mostrando varios análisis en profundidad del medio físico y modelos derivados para su simulación; (ii) el nivel de red, proponiendo un protocolo de difusión de la información para los paquetes IP; y (iii) el nivel de transporte, donde otros protocolos son propuestos para mejorar el rendimiento del transporte de datos. En primer lugar, se han estudiado y modelado las dos principales tecnologías inalámbricas que se utilizan para la comunicación en redes vehiculares, la rama de estándares 802.11, en concreto 802.11p; y la comunicación celular, en particular LTE. Dado que el estándar 802.11p es un estándar bastante maduro, nos centramos en crear (i) un modelo de propagación y atenuación capaz de replicar el rango de transmisión de dispositivos 802.11p reales, en condiciones de visión directa y obstrucción por pequeños obstáculos, y (ii) un modelo de visibilidad capaz de simular el efecto de grandes obstáculos, como son los edifcios, de una manera realista. Además, proponemos un modelo basado en indicadores de rendimiento de alto nivel (ancho de banda y retardo) para LTE, que facilita la validación y evaluación de aplicaciones. En el plano de red, se propone un protocolo híbrido, llamado AVE, para el encaminamiento y reenvío de paquetes usando un conjunto de estrategias estándar de enrutamiento. Dependiendo del escenario, AVE elige entre cuatro estrategias diferentes: a) entrega directa a dos saltos, b) Dynamic MANET On-demand (DYMO) c) georouting voraz, y d) una técnica store-carry-and- forward, para adaptar su comportamiento dinámicamente a cada situación. En el plano de transporte, se propone un protocolo bidireccional de distribución de contenidos en canales con pérdidas que mejora la entrega de contenidos en situaciones en las que la red es un cuello de botella, como las redes inalámbricas. Ha sido diseñado, validado, optimizado, y su rendimiento ha sido analizado en términos de productividad y eficiencia en la utilización de recursos. Finalmente, a nivel de sistema, proponemos un modelo de computación asistida que permite reducir la latencia en la respuesta a muchas consultas colocando una unidad de computación en el borde de la red, i.e., la red de acceso. Este esquema podría ser usado en redes basadas en 802.11p y en redes celulares, si bien en esta tesis decidimos centrarnos en su evaluación usando redes LTE. La plataforma presentada en esta tesis combina todos los esfuerzos individuales para crear una plataforma única y eficiente. Este nuevo entorno puede ser usado por cualquier proveedor para mejorar la calidad de la experiencia de usuario en los servicios desplegados sobre redes vehiculares. / Els productes relacionats amb els sistemes intel · ligents de transport (ITS) s'estan transformant en una realitat en les nostres carreteres. Tots els fabri- cants de cotxes comencen a incloure accés a internet en els vehicles i a facilitar- ne la integració amb els telèfons mòbils, però en el futur més i més serveis s'hi introduiran. La connectivitat usant les xarxes vehicular esdevindrà la pedra angular de cada nova proposta, i oferir una qualitat de servei adequada serà, òbviament, desitjable. No obstant això, es necessita una gran quantitat de treball perquè les xarxes vehiculars oferisquen un rendiment similar al de les xarxes cablejades. Les xarxes vehiculars queden definides per dues característiques bàsiques: alt dinamisme, ja que els nodes poden arribar a una velocitat relativa de més de 250 km/h; i heterogeneïtat, per la gran quantitat de propostes diferents que els fabricants estan llançant al mercat. Per això, per a fer possible el desplegament de serveis sobre aquestes xarxes, s'imposa la necessitat de fer un estudi en profunditat d'aquest entorn, i cal proposar i desenvolupar les eines adequades. Aquesta tesi ataca la problemàtica del desplegament de serveis en aquestes xarxes a tres nivells diferents: (i) el nivell físic i d'enllaç , mostrant diverses anàlisis en profunditat del medi físic i models derivats per simular-lo; (ii) el nivell de xarxa, proposant un protocol de difusió de la informació per als paquets IP; i (iii) el nivell de transport, on es proposen altres protocols per a millorar el rendiment del transport de dades. En primer lloc, s'han estudiat i modelat les dues principals tecnologies sense fils que s'utilitzen per a la comunicació en xarxes vehiculars, la branca d'estàndards 802.11, en concret 802.11p; i la comunicació cel · lular, en partic- ular LTE. Atès que l'estàndard 802.11p és un estàndard bastant madur, ens centrem a crear (i) un model de propagació i atenuació capaç de replicar el rang de transmissió de dispositius 802.11p reals, en condicions de visió directa i obstrucció per petits obstacles, i (ii) un model de visibilitat capaç de simular l'efecte de grans obstacles, com són els edificis, d'una manera realista. A més, proposem un model basat en indicadors de rendiment d'alt nivell (ample de banda i retard) per a LTE, que facilita la validació i l'avaluació d'aplicacions. En el pla de xarxa, es proposa un protocol híbrid, anomenat AVE, per a l'encaminament i el reenviament de paquets usant un conjunt d'estratègies estàndard d'encaminament. Depenent de l'escenari , AVE tria entre quatre estratègies diferents: a) lliurament directe a dos salts, b) Dynamic MANET On-demand (DYMO) c) georouting voraç, i d) una tècnica store-carry-and- forward, per a adaptar-ne el comportament dinàmicament a cada situació. En el pla de transport, es proposa un protocol bidireccional de distribució de continguts en canals amb pèrdues que millora el lliurament de continguts en situacions en què la xarxa és un coll de botella, com les xarxes sense fils. Ha sigut dissenyat, validat, optimitzat, i el seu rendiment ha sigut analitzat en termes de productivitat i eficiència en la utilització de recursos. Finalment, a nivell de sistema, proposem un model de computació assistida que permet reduir la latència en la resposta a moltes consultes col · locant una unitat de computació a la vora de la xarxa, és a dir, la xarxa d'accés. Aquest esquema podria ser usat en xarxes basades en 802.11p i en xarxes cel · lulars, si bé en aquesta tesi decidim centrar-nos en la seua avaluació usant xarxes LTE. La plataforma presentada en aquesta tesi combina tots els esforços indi- viduals per a crear una plataforma única i eficient. Aquest nou entorn pot ser usat per qualsevol proveïdor per a millorar la qualitat de l'experiència d'usuari en els serveis desplegats sobre xarxes vehiculars. / Báguena Albaladejo, M. (2017). Design and implementation of simulation tools, protocols and architectures to support service platforms on vehicular networks [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/85333 / TESIS