The proximity to nature and the importance of this A case study in Nordmalings municipality Sofia Lundqvist, Department of Geography, Umeå university, Sweden ABSTRACT In this case study, the purpose was to clarify how the prioritization of population's proximity to the natural landscape is realized in community planning. This has been done through a literature study, observations at selected affected places and personal communication. The case study takes place in Nordmalings municipality, which is a small municipality in northern Sweden located along the Bothnian Gulf. In this coastal and rural municipality there are plenty of opportunities for nature experiences. The study also highlights the interaction between municipal and regional level in terms of accessibility to protected nature.The study results are that nature is important for individuals' well-being, in forms of access to recreational and outdoor areas that increases physical activity, the possibility of fresh air and daylight. In many cases, nature is an important source for body and mind to find peace and quiet. Sustainable development of nature and population's proximity to it is therefore also an important aspect of community planning. Recreation and outdoor activities in nature increase the chances of reducing the risk of physical and mental illness. This is beneficial both to the individual and the society. Nordmaling municipality is an area with many large areas of undisturbed land and plans to increase accessibility to nature. This is to increase the population's well-being but also increase the frequency of visits by tourists.

This study investigates learners‟ understandings of the nature of scientific inquiry (NOSI) in relation to their classroom experiences. Using the constructs of nature of scientific inquiry; inquiry-based teaching and learning; and principles of scientific inquiry as theoretical lenses, the study empirically explored learners‟ (n = 120) understandings of the nature of scientific inquiry which were captured through a questionnaire called Learners‟ understanding of science and scientific inquiry (LUSSI) and interviews and their perceptions of classroom inquiry (their experiences of inquiry were elicited through a questionnaire called Principles of scientific inquiry- student (PSI-S) and interviews). The participants were one hundred and twenty learners, 60 from each of two schools in an Education District in Lesotho. Eight learners, four from each school participated in the interviews. At the centre, the investigation sought to understand whether there was any relationship between learners‟ perceptions of their experiences of scientific inquiry and their understandings of the nature of scientific inquiry. As a result, this study was guided by the following questions: what are learners‟ understandings of the nature of scientific inquiry? What are learners‟ perceptions of their experiences of scientific inquiry? Are learners‟ understandings of NOSI in any way related to their experiences of scientific inquiry? Typological approach was used to analyse the qualitative data and descriptive statistics for analysing the quantitative data. The results of this study suggest that learners hold less informed understandings of the nature of scientific inquiry and that learners are experiencing closed-inquiry in their science classroom. The results also show that other learners‟ experiences of scientific inquiry are not related to their understandings of the nature of scientific inquiry. It was recommended that teachers should engage learners in inquiry activities rather than always carrying out teacher-demonstrations. It is also recommended that further studies should be done in Lesotho to examine the relationship between learners‟ understandings of NOSI and their perceptions of their classroom experiences.

O presente trabalho busca analisar as obras de Rousseau Discurso sobre a Origem e os fundamentos da desigualdade entre os homens (Segundo discurso) e Emílio ou da Educação de forma a apresentá-las como obras complementares no que se refere aos conceitos de Natureza e educação. A hipótese central repousa na ideia de que Rousseau encontra, no Segundo discurso, um problema no desenvolvimento social da humanidade e busca, a partir da construção de um homem adequadamente educado no Emílio, concertar o erro cometido pela espécie no passado. Essa leitura nos leva a compreensão de que existe uma natureza humana dada pela natureza e uma segunda natureza construída pelo homem, a qual deve ser construída de forma a não prejudicar a primeira. A pesquisa é bibliográfica com caráter teórico e, subsidiariamente histórico. Foram consideradas em especial as duas obras clássicas tomadas como objeto de estudo. / This study seeks to analyze the works of Rousseau\'s Discourse on the Origin and Foundations of inequality among men (Second Discourse) and Emile, or on Education in order to present them as complementary works in relation to the concepts of life and education. The central hypothesis rests on the idea that Rousseau finds in his Second Discourse an issue in the social development of mankind and seek, troughout the construction of a properly educated man Emile , to fix the error comitted by our species in the past. This reading leads us to understand that there is a human nature given by Nature and a second nature built by man, which must be constructed so as not to undermine the first. This paper is based on bibliographic research with theoretical foundation and historical elements. Especial consideration was given to the two classical works subject of this study.

Le paysage renvoie d’abord à un genre pictural qui a pour objet principal la nature. En littérature, il désigne la représentation d’un pays par le biais de l’écriture. Le paysage, chez les Romantiques, est le lieu de l’expansion du sujet dans le monde. En phase avec les courants positivistes et matérialistes de l’époque, les réalistes considèrent, quant à eux, le paysage comme une représentation fidèle des choses. Pour l’école symboliste, en revanche, le paysage existe exclusivement à l’intérieur de l’esprit et ne fonctionne que comme un miroir de l’âme. En peinture, les Impressionnistes essaient de capturer en un instant les effets de lumière tels qu’ils se reflètent sur leurs yeux. Héritier des Romantiques et des Réalistes, contemporain des Symbolistes et des Impressionnistes, Proust a dû être sensible à la polyvalence du paysage. Le paysage constitue bien un motif-clef pour comprendre une esthétique qui évolue au fur et à mesure de la formation de l’écrivain. Des écrits de jeunesse à la Recherche du temps perdu, nous pouvons en effet entrevoir que le statut du paysage se complexifie, se transforme et se réforme, soit à travers ses expériences de voyage, soit à travers les rencontres avec artistes, esthètes et poètes. Notre propos est ici de mettre en valeur les tâtonnements de Proust entre le paysage intérieur et le paysage extérieur et d’associer cette dialectique au thème principal de son œuvre ultime. Dans À la recherche du temps perdu, le paysage sert de clef à la vocation littéraire qui détermine la structure romanesque. Proust y présente la saisie du paysage par le héros et, selon ce biais, réussit à rendre compte de la totalité de son cheminement perceptif. / The landscape refers firstly to a pictorial genre that has nature as its main object. In literature, it means a representation of the land by way of writing. For the Romantics, the landscape was an experience of going out of oneself and expending into the world. Motivated by the positivist and materialist current of the age, the realists considered the landscape as an accurate and faithful representation of things. On the other hand, for the Symbolist school, the landscape exists exclusively in the inside of the spirit and acts only as a mirror of the soul. Impressionist painting tries to capture in a moment the effects of light just as it reflects on the eyes. Coming after the Romantics and the Realists, contemporary with the Symbolists and the Impressionists, Proust must have been sensible of this polyvalent aspect of the landscape. The latter is thus for us a key-motif to understand the changes of Proust’s aesthetics along with the formation of the writer. Indeed, from the early writings to À la recherche du temps perdu, one can notice the inflating meanings attributed to landscape, which, in return, transforms and reforms itself under the influence of the writer’s experiences, travels and encounters with artists, aesthetes and poets. My purpose here is to evaluate how Proust progressively found his own balance between interior and exterior landscapes. Such a dialectic will finally be related to the major theme of his ultimate novel. In À la recherche du temps perdu, the landscape works as a revealing pattern of the literary vocation of the hero, which determines the very structure of the novel. Proust attempts to demonstrate how the hero comprehends landscape and successes to express his life-long groupings of perception.

Au croisement de la sociologie du changement institutionnel, du travail administratif et de l’action publique environnementale, notre thèse appréhende de façon originale la question de l’autonomie du réformateur à partir d’un suivi ethnographique sur six ans du travail quotidien de cadres intermédiaires de l’administration responsables de la mise en œuvre d’une réforme des politiques territoriales de la nature : les directeurs de parcs nationaux. Après avoir démontré empiriquement, puis théoriquement à partir de leurs spécificités, l’inertie institutionnelle particulièrement forte de ces politiques publiques, nous soutenons la thèse suivante : même dans un contexte fortement contraint, l’autonomie du réformateur existe mais n'est jamais donnée ni acquise. Elle dépend étroitement de la pratique quotidienne du travail de réforme. Le réformateur doit la construire et l’entretenir. Certaines phases de la trajectoire de transformation institutionnelle s’avèrent cruciales pour cela : son démarrage et de courtes parenthèses où le réformateur peut travailler à ce que la dynamique du processus de réforme lui-même contraste fortement avec l’inertie de la politique publique. La gestion du processus de réforme, plus que sa substance, est ainsi au cœur de la construction de l’autonomie du réformateur et de l’ouverture d’une trajectoire d’innovation. Nous en montrons les modalités pratiques autour d’un travail d’interprétation, de composition et de modélisation par lequel la lecture de l’action en cours se fait de plus en plus à travers le prisme de l’expérience collective récente (de mise en œuvre de la réforme) et moins à travers celui de l’histoire lointaine sur lequel se fonde l’inertie institutionnelle. / Our research work brings together sociology of institutional change, studies of administrative work and studies of environmental policies. Drawing on a six years ethnographical study, we document the daily activities of directors of national parks (i.e. middle managers in French administration) in charge of implementing in new law to reform this nature conservation policy. We address the issue of reformer’s autonomy. We demonstrate empirically, then theoretically, that national parks, and more generally nature conservation policies, features high institutional inertia. Then we argue that, even in a context including strong constraints, reformers have autonomy. Yet autonomy is never pre-given nor can be taken for granted. It closely depends on reformers’ daily practices. Reformers need to build and to maintain their autonomy. Certain stages in institutional change linked to the implementation of the reform are critical to achieve this : the beginning of the reform process and then short periods when reformers can work to ensure that the dynamics of the reform process itself depart strongly from the usual inertia mechanisms of the public policy. Thus, the management of the reform process, more than its substance, is at the heart of the building of reformers’ autonomy and opens up a space for institutional innovation. We document the practical modalities of reformers’ work of interpretation, of composition and of modeling which contribute to the fact that ongoing action is increasingly being considered through the lens of the recent collective experience (since the beginning of the reform) rather than through the lens of the distant history on which institutional inertia is based.

Forces vitales et organisation : vitalisme et philosophie de la nature en Allemagne (1752-1802). / In the course of the last thirty years, a considerable body of scholarship has examined the life sciences that arose in Germany at the end of the eighteenth century. This literature has shown that previous dismissals of this tradition, assumed to be infected with a pathological imagination, were unwarranted. Yet the interpretations of the period have not always been consistent with each other, and they often have been characterized by vagueness. Generally speaking, the scholarly debate has focused on the historical and conceptual relationship between three elements: (1) Kant's philosophy of biology, as it is formulated in the Critique of the Power of Judgment , (2) the biological vitalism developed at the Göttingen medical school by Blumenbach and his students Kielmeyer, Link, Reil and Treviranus, and (3) the Naturphilosophie of Goethe, Schelling, Oken and Carus. In his pioneering studies, Timothy Lenoir (1978, 1980, 1981, 1982) argues that, although the life sciences developed in Germany in the late eighteenth century have been dismissed as an era dominated by empty speculation, they were in fact the result of a coherent research program. This program was developed in Göttingen by a wellconnected group of biologists after receiving its first formulation in Kant's Critique of the Power of Judgment in 1790. In the second part of this work, Kant sees teleology as a necessary tool to understand fundamental features of living beings such as functions and development. He also considers it as a mere heuristic principle, not as a constitutive character of organized bodies. According to this account, Blumenbach was the first naturalist to accept the Kantian understanding of teleological principles and organize it as a structured research program. This program was first developed by his most distinguished students Kielmeyer, Treviranus and Reil, and then employed by Meckel, von Baer and Müller (Lenoir 1982, 54-111). The disregard of this “Kantian” tradition in life sciences has, for Lenoir, both theoretical and historical grounds. The main issue is the assumption that only reductionist models are capable of generating a quantitative account of natural phenomena. Nevertheless, the idea that biological organization is not quite reducible to the laws of physics and chemistry is fully compatible with the fidelity to quantitative rigor as a touchstone of scientific explanation. According to Lenoir, the “vitalmaterialism” of the Göttingen School accepted this challenge and developed a “teleomechanical” research program based on the Kantian distinction between constitutive and regulative understanding of teleology. […]

I believe art can offer an antidote to our numbness and rekindle a sense of childlike wonder. Reclaiming Wonder is an installation in which I aim to explore the possibility of evoking the curiosity of childhood in the viewer’s mind and transporting him or her into a dreamlike atmosphere to wander about in wonder through the use of the senses of sight, touch, and hearing. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.F.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2017. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Includes bibliographical references. / The program for a proposed nature research and education center is developed and used to generate a 3000 sq. ft. wilderness complex. Issues of inhabitation, scale, and publicness in a natural landscape are presented. The experimental orientation of the facility is expressed in the functioning and character of spaces and details. To establish the context of the design problem, the evolution of social attitudes towards nature is summarized. Ultimately the scope of architectural referencing, as determined by an objective view of the environment, is questioned. And, as a result, an effort has been made to produce an architectural presence not wholly controlled by use, but also as an "offering" to the environment. / by Donald B. Livingstone. / M.Arch.

En étudiant les textes du débat sur la Révolution française qui ont été publiés entre 1789 et 1815, cette thèse montre comment les métaphores naturelles ont servi à configurer des relations nouvelles entre la politique, la science et la littérature.La première partie étudie les métaphores naturelles en tant qu’instruments du débat sur la Révolution, envisageant successivement quatre fonctions rhétoriques : non seulement émouvoir et argumenter, mais aussi faire connaître et faire agir. La seconde partie étudie les relations entre les sciences de la nature et la politique. Elle porte sur les tentatives d’établir une véritable science politique à partir du modèle des sciences naturelles, sur les liens entre Révolution française et révolution scientifique ainsi que sur les stratégies discursives de promotion de la figure du savant. La troisième partie traite du débat sur la littérature qui se développe au cœur du débat sur la Révolution. Si les métaphores naturelles y sont remarquables pour leur force rhétorique et parce qu’elles mettent la littérature en tension avec la science et la politique, elles sont aussi des marqueurs littéraires : à travers elles, les écrivains légitiment leur œuvre, définissent leur rôle et s’inscrivent dans des traditions poétiques. Deux chapitres étudient spécifiquement les premières histoires de la Révolution.L’invention de la littérature comme usage fondamentalement esthétique du langage écrit est le résultat paradoxal de cette période où les liens entre la littérature, la politique et les sciences ont été particulièrement riches. / By studying a series of texts that debate the French Revolution between 1789 and 1815, this thesis aims to show how natural metaphors played a part in creating new relationships between politics, science and literature.The first part focuses on the rhetorical uses of natural metaphors in the debate. It studies how they were used not only to arouse emotions and to convince the reader, but also to produce knowledge and drive people to action. The second part deals with the relationships between the natural sciences and politics: first examining the attempt to create a new political science based on the model of the natural sciences, then analysing the relationship between the French Revolution and the scientific revolution, before finally considering the textual strategies used to create and promote the new figure of the scientist. The third part studies the debate about literature that developed at the centre of the debate on the French Revolution. In this context, natural metaphors are interesting not only because of their rhetorical power or because they create tensions between literature, science and politics, but also because they are used as indications of literariness: by using natural metaphors, writers legitimized their works, defined their social function and took their place in a literary tradition. Two chapters focus specifically on the first written histories of the French Revolution.The idea of literature as an essentially aesthetic use of written language is the paradoxical result of this period of deep and intensive interaction between literature, politics and sciences.

Cette recherche s’inscrit dans le vaste champ de l’Anthropologie des vins "nature", la réhabilitation du sensiblepar Christelle Pineaue. Elle vise spécifiquement les domaines des techniques et des savoirs, ainsi que celui du sensoriel, (l’analyse croisée de ces deux univers permettant de saisir les systèmes de représentation sous les angles à la fois pragmatique et perceptif.). Un courant émergeant prend place dans le paysage vitivinicole - en France notamment : celui de professionnels s’engageant dans la production et la diffusion de vins biologiques, biodynamiques, naturels (certains ayant réalisé leur révolution « culturale », d’autres ayant bifurqué professionnellement). Dans ces trois démarches, différents degrés d’investissement existent, et les pratiques peuvent s’interpénétrer, conduisant à un corpus d’actions et de références syncrétiques, d’où la difficulté, pour les non-initiés, à définir ces vins dits « libres » et hors norme. Néanmoins tous ces vignerons conservent une base de rhétorique commune, fondée sur le mythe du retour à la « nature » (plus exactement à un milieu au sein duquel tous les êtres vivants sont en interrelation), au nom d’une certaine moralité à son égard. Les questions de santé publique et de préservation de la pluralité des saveurs et des cépages les animent tout autant. Ils entendent mettre au jour des produits « nus » et limitent leurs actions directes sur la nature (action indirecte négative, Haudricourt - 1962), à l’heure de l’Anthropocène (Bonneuil-Fressoz - 2013). Les intrants chimiques de synthèse, alliés objectifs de la majorité des producteurs de vin aujourd’hui dans le monde, ont chez les "natures", le statut d’ennemi. Aux vins "conventionnels" corsetés par la technique et une certaine idée du progrès, s’opposent des vins qualifiés de vivants, difficiles à apprivoiser. La description de la praxis basée sur des savoir-faire anciens met en lumière un réseau à la fois homogène et hétéroclite, dans lequel chacun travaille sa propre voie. Dans le même temps, ces vignerons adoptent une posture de chercheur, au travers d’expérimentations qui peuvent emprunter à des modèles de pensée en apparence opposés, auprès de Rudolf Steiner (fondateur de l’anthroposophie et de la biodynamie) aussi bien que de Jules Chauvet (auteur de travaux scientifiques en chimie et microbiologie), deux figures tutélaires. Ce désir de dialogue avec le milieu se comprend comme une demande de sens dans un univers de vivants privés de sensibilité après que l’ère cartésienne a pris l’avantage dans les différentes façons de se représenter le monde. La vision naturaliste qui marque nos sociétés (Descola - 2005) induit une scission entre le moi et la « nature », elle a de fait contribué à repousser les rôles et les frontières du sensible. Le sujet moderne a ainsi été coupé de son milieu (Berque - 2000, 2010). Ces vignerons tentent de remédier à cette situation par le biais d’un dialogue ininterrompu entre les deux pôles, intelligible et sensible. / This research belongs to the vast field of the anthropology of nature. It specifically targets techniques and knowledge, as well as sensory perception. The joint analysis of these spheres enables an understanding of the ways they are represented both from a practical and perceptional angle. A new movement is establishing itself in the field of wine production, in particular in France, as producers move towards the production and distribution of organic, biodynamic and natural wines, either as a result of a ‘cultural’ revolution or professional reconversion. These three approaches are applied to varying degrees and may be used in conjunction with one another, resulting in a syncretic body of reference and actions, which makes it difficult for non-specialists to define these wines, described as ‘free’ and unconventional. Nevertheless, these wine producers all refer to their approach in the same way, based on the idea of a return to ‘nature’, (that is to say, an environment in which all living beings are interconnected) and a particular form of moral respect for that nature. They are equally inspired by public health issues and a concern for the preservation of a diversity of flavours and grape varieties. They aim to highlight the use of ‘raw’ produce and restrict direct action on the natural environment (action indirecte negative, Haudricourt – 1962) in the Anthropocene era (Bonneuil-Fressoz – 2013). Synthetic chemical inputs, the logical allies of the majority of wine producers, are perceived as enemies by the ‘naturals’. ‘Conventional’ wines, restricted by technique and a certain idea of progress, contrast with wines described as alive and difficult to control. The description of usage based on traditional skills reveals both a collective and composite network within which all tread their own path. Simultaneously, these wine producers assume the role of researchers, through experimentation with ways of thinking which may seem contradictory, inspired by figureheads Rudolf Steiner (the founder of anthroposophy and biodynamic agriculture) and Jules Chauvet (the author of scientific works on chemistry and microbiology). This desire to communicate with the “natural” world may be interpreted as a search for meaning in a world of sentient beings deprived of their sensitivity since the Cartesian age came to dominate the ways in which the world is represented. The naturalist vision which characterizes our societies (Descola – 2005) creates a divide between the self and ‘nature’ and, in doing so, pushes back the boundaries of sensitivity. The modern subject has thus been disconnected from the milieu (Berque – 1987, 2010). These wine producers seek to resolve this situation through a constant dialogue between the two opposites, the intellectual and the sensible .