This is an ecocritical analysis of the novel Glupahungern by Andrea Lundgren. I investigate how nature is viewed by looking at two things. First, I look at two functions in the novel. I analyze the function of characters that seem to be in between the human side and the animal side. I call them creatures of the border. I also analyze the function of places that can be seen as borderlands. Places between nature and society. Second, I do a small comparison between Glupahungern and the novel Hjortronlandet by Sara Lidman since they both are written by authors from the north of Sweden and the novels also takes place in the northern parts. Through this comparison I find similarities between the novel and how nature is viewed in them and I come to the conclusion that the place has an impact on the view of nature. Keywords: Nature, Border, Ecocriticism, View on nature, Northern Sweden

There is a need to change the teaching methods of the science subjects. International surveys, e.g. TIMMS and PISA, have been showing relatively declining skills for the Swedish students in the science subjects. International science education research has found good examples of teaching and learning, but the research stays within the research communities and does not reach the teachers and their teaching. The gap between research results and teachers’ practices in the classroom is the basis of this investigation. Research shows that the teacher is one of the most important factors for student learning, therefore, this study has put great emphasis on the teachers’ competencies. The focus of this investigation is the relations between teachers’ knowledge of the Nature of Science (NOS), the Nature of Science Inquiry (NOSI) and inquiry-based teaching of Science. The project follows longitudinally two teachers as they take part in a researchbased implementation process of predesigned inquiry-teaching sequences in Physics. The context is a secondary school in Sweden (grades 8–9, age 14–16 years). The project is set around group discussions between the involved teachers and the researcher on planning, implementing and analysing actual inquiry teaching. The results describe possibilities and obstacles concerning the implementation of inquiry teaching as perceived by the teachers. Having navigated obstacles the teachers saw great potential in the inquiry model based on students’ motivation and learning. The results of the project provide indications on how future in-service teacher courses in Science could be designed. / <p>The series name <em>Linköping Studies in Science and Technology Education</em> is incorrect. The correct namen is <em>Studies in Science and Technology Education</em>.</p><p>Bilaga 1-7 ej inräknade i antalet sidor.</p>

Notre travail concerne le cinéma d'Ingmar Bergman et son esthétique. en effet, si ses œuvres dont nous en analyserons que trois (des fraises sauvage, à travers le miroir et persona) parce que nous les considérons comme représentatives, sont données comme narratives, il n'en demeure pas moins qu'elles sont mises en scène de façon très particulière.c'est pourquoi nous avons formulé l'hypothèse suivante que le cadrage choisi par bergman renvoie à sa pensée intime, pensée qui a été fortement surdéterminée voire formatée par la religion protestante. nous nous attacherons tout au long de notre thèse à démontrer sa spécificité et comment l'image de dieu et la pensée religieuse font partie intégrante de ses œuvres. / The aesthetic analysis of Ingmar Bergman’s movies requires a study of the theological and iconographic signifiers. The paradoxical effects of framing and the mobility of the filmic image tell a story of the soul and make it possible to map out an intuitive route for the individuals implied in the story. The unfolding of different points of view involve the soul and give some spiritual scope to this idiosyncratic cinema. In Bergman’s style, spirituality cannot be found within a fiction, but within a form. Style comes out from thought and from the exposure of a wandering search for “the self”. This process is enriched through the shift from dramatic narration to anti dramatic pictures and from linear plot to non figurative forms. In accordance with our active existence, Bergman prefers the figures that are shut in by the edge of the frame, the dissolved images, the empty compositions and disconnected looks: man didn’t come to the world intentionally, but was thrown into it and later forsaken on earth. The framing is a space where the characters can meet with sacred things and have a spiritual experience. A contradiction between earthly matters and heavenly ones remains the main subject within the frame.The study of the relationship between the image and the film script introduces Bergman’s cosmology: it is not the script which builds up the image but the image itself which generates an idea to be developed further.The faces are transformed in portraits, in their search for human truth and, on a wider scale, for man's commitment in Creation. In this sense, nature neither embodies material reality nor serves as a mere filmic object, but it stands out as a form of the sacred.

Spurred by Richard Louv’s bestseller Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children from Nature Deficit-Disorder (2005), a popular movement composed of parents, educators, and researchers has increasingly called for the reconnection of children and the natural environment. This thesis interrogates the cultural assumptions at work in this call to reconnect, specifically how an American frontier imagination structures Louv’s ideal form of connection. Drawing on scholarship from the fields of ecocriticism, environmental history, and American studies I assess the implications of Louv’s frontier framing for the project of reconnecting children to nature and for the broader field of environmental education. I argue that a frontier vision of connection with nature is at times exclusionary and escapist, and more troubling, has the potential to enforce social hierarchies invested in whiteness and the U.S. settler state. / 2020-01-11

Malgré un antipsychologisme plusieurs fois réasserté, le philosophe américain Charles S. Peirce (1839-1914) maintient une dépendance ambiguë de la connaissance objective envers les états mentaux de la conscience. La thèse rend compte de ce paradoxe apparent en montrant que le projet peircien n'est pas logique mais épistémologique, et consiste en une étude critique de notre pouvoir de connaître. Peirce a cherché différentes manières de naturaliser la connaissance, c'est-à-dire de l'inscrire dans nos facultés réelles sans pour autant renoncer à son ambition fondationnelle et normative. On peut en distinguer plusieurs phases successives : la correction de la psychologie des facultés, la théorie de l'enquête, les recherches en psychologie expérimentale, la création d'un associationnisme logique, une cosmologie de la préformation de la raison, l'invention d'une phénoménologie, et finalement le dialogisme graphique. Ces tentatives plus ou moins heureuses fournissent des outils pour penser aujourd'hui une théorie de la connaissance dans un cadre naturaliste. / In spite of his several times restated antipsychologism, the American philosopher Charles S. Peirce (1839-1914) still ambiguously assumes that objective knowledge depends on the mental states of consciousness. The thesis accounts for this apparent paradox in showing that Peirce's purport is epistemological, not logical, and consists in a critical approach to our power of knowing. Peirce sought various ways of naturalizing knowledge, i.e. making it rely on our real faculties, yet without giving up a normative foundation. One can identify a sequence of such attempts : correcting faculty psychology, the theory of inquiry, experimental psychology, logical associationism, a cosmology of preformed reason, the invention of a phenomenology, and finally graphical dialogism. These more or less successful attempts provide tools to conceive today a theory of knowledge in a naturalistic frame.

Le tragique et la tragédie ont souvent été considérés, à la suite de la condamnation platonicienne, comme l’expression de l’émotion et de l’irrationnel. Le concept de rationalité tragique vise à approcher le tragique comme une forme de pensée pleinement rationnelle, quoique relevant d’une autre raison que la raison philosophique. Elle englobe des conceptions « littéraires », éthiques, politiques, théologiques voire ontologiques diverses mais relevant d’un même cadre de pensée, moins englobant que la mentalité et moins rigide que la doctrine, auquel se rapportent différents penseurs. L’enquête s’oriente à travers la critique de la tragédie et du tragique par Platon pour tenter de déterminer les caractères essentiels de cette forme de pensée à partir de l’opposition de Platon. Trois principes caractéristiques se dégagent : la Guerre, le Flux, et le Multiple. Dès lors la carte des présocratiques peut être redessinée. Non seulement on identifie une nouvelle tradition, celle de la pensée tragique, dont Héraclite est un représentant majeur, mais dont on trouve des traits aussi chez Empédocle ou Protagoras, mais cette tradition ne se limite pas aux penseurs qu’on classe comme philosophes. En plus des poètes tragiques, on peut y faire figurer un écrivain comme Thucydide. L’étude détaillée de la rationalité tragique dans son œuvre nous permet à la fois d’identifier comme des produits tragiques ses grandes réalisations que constituent sa forme littéraire originale, sa conception de la nature humaine et son réalisme politique, mais aussi de vérifier sur un exemple non tributaire de Platon la pertinence des concepts qui définissent le tragique comme rationalité / Tragic and tragedy has often been regarded, as a result of Plato's condemnation, as being the expression of emotion and irrationality. The concept of tragic rationality aims to approach tragic as a fully rational form of thought, although belonging to another type of reason than the philosophical one. It includes various «literary», ethical, political, theological or even ontological conceptions belonging to the same frame of thought that many thinkers relate to, less encompassing than mentality and less inflexible than doctrine.The inquiry makes its way through Plato's criticism of tragic and tragedy in order to determine this form of thought's essential characteristics, drawing from Plato's opposition. Three characteristic principles emerge : the War, the Flow, the Multiple.From then on, a new presocratic map can be drawn. Not only do we identify a new tradition, that of tragic thought, of which Heraclitus is a major representative and which is featured in Empedocles and Protagoras' works, but we discover that this tradition spreads beyond the group of thinkers classified as philosophers. Besides tragic poets, we can also include a writer like Thucydides. A detailled study of tragic rationality in his work enables us both to identify as tragic products the great achievements that are his original literary form, his conception of human nature and his political realism, and to verify the relevance of the concepts defining tragic as a form of rationality, using an example independant from Plato

A conformação do capitalismo, desde suas origens até os dias de hoje, está baseada sobretudo na apropriação privada e violenta da natureza em processos de acumulação por espoliação, mais do que na busca da valorização no processo de produção em si. A história do Brasil, desde a colonização, é marcada pela apropriação privada e indevida de suas terras e de seus recursos, incluindo o roubo/sequestro do próprio homem (também natureza). Quando a natureza é obscurecida pela forma mercadoria, perdemos sua essência e passamos a enxergá-la apenas como valor, como mercadoria que pode ser trocada pela mercadoria dinheiro. Quem não tem dinheiro para comprar passa a não ter acesso, nem direito de uso sobre a natureza. Quem pode comprar compra a propriedade privada sobre esta, que lhe confere, no caso da terra, um duplo monopólio, incluindo o direito de degradar. Contraditoriamente, no mundo das mercadorias, se algo não tem valor não tem reconhecimento social. As crises ambientais da segunda metade do século XX, levaram ao surgimento de teorias econômicas que passaram a incorporar a preocupação com a questão ambiental e a contestar o modelo neoclássico convencional. Desde então, tem-se por vezes uma tentativa de conciliar o crescimento econômico com a preservação ambiental. No campo do planejamento e do direito urbano, houve uma evolução da legislação ambiental. Passou-se a adotar, entre outras medidas, a demarcação de áreas ambientalmente mais frágeis ou de maior relevância ambiental e a regulamentar restrições no seu uso. Esses pedaços de natureza demarcados passariam a ter reconhecimento social, porém nem sempre o têm e permanecem ora como obstáculo à expansão de processos acumulativos, ora como oportunidade de potencializar capitalização de rendas. A presente tese tem como hipótese que a natureza entra como categoria importante no processo de acumulação e valorização do capital imobiliário urbano, pautado muito mais na capitalização de valor do que na produção de valor, resultando em processos espoliativos atuantes desde as origens do capitalismo até os dias de hoje. Tomando como análise o caso da cidade de Fortaleza, nosso objetivo é compreender os processos de acumulação e valorização do capital imobiliário a partir da natureza. Para isso, procuramos: 1 - Identificar e analisar os casos de acumulação por espoliação de bens comuns (natureza), no quadro da história recente de Fortaleza; 2 - Compreender o papel da mercantilização da natureza no processo de valorização imobiliária em Fortaleza; 3 - Compreender as estratégias, ferramentas e mecanismos, dentro do marco do planejamento urbano, que têm sido utilizadas para apropriação privada da natureza, bem como potencialização de processos de acumulação, valorização e capitalização. / The conformation of capitalism, from its origins to the present day, is based above all on the private and violent appropriation of nature in processes of accumulation by spoliation, rather than in the search for valorization in the process of production itself. The history of Brazil since colonization is marked by the private and undue appropriation of its lands and resources, including the robbery / abduction of man himself (also nature). When nature is obscured by commodity form we lose its essence and we see it only as value, as commodity that can be exchanged for commodity money. Once it is a commodity, access to it happens to be only by the exchange of commodity, commodity money. If you do not have the money to buy it, you do not have access or use rights over it. Whoever can buy, buys private property on this, which gives it dual monopoly, including the right to degrade. On the other hand, in the world of commodities, if something has no value, it has no social recognition. The environmental crises of the second half of the twentieth century, especially those of the 1970s, led to the emergence of economic theories that began to reincorporate concern about the environmental issue and to challenge the conventional neoclassical model. Since then, there has been an attempt to reconcile economic growth with environmental preservation. In the field of planning and urban law there has been an evolution of environmental legislation since then that has adopted, among other measures, the demarcation of environmentally more fragile areas or of greater environmental relevance and to regulate restrictions of use in these. The present thesis assumes that nature enters as an important category in the process of accumulation and valorization of urban real estate capital, based much more on the capitalization of value than on the production of value and resulting, therefore, in spoliation processes that cross from the beginning of capitalism to the present day. Taking as an analysis the case of the city of Fortaleza has as general objective to understand the processes of accumulation and valorization / capitalization of real estate capital from nature, and as specific objectives: 1 - Identify and analyze the cases of accumulation by spoliation of common goods nature), within the recent history of Fortaleza; 2 - Understand the role of the commodification of nature in the real estate valuation process in Fortaleza; 3 - Understand the strategies, tools and mechanisms, within the framework of urban planning, that have been used for the private appropriation of nature, as well as potentialization of accumulation, valorization and capitalization processes.

A perceived opposition between 'culture' and 'nature', presented as a dominant, biased and antagonistic relationship, is engrained in the language of Western culture. This opposition is reflected in, and adversely influences, our treatment of the ecosphere. I argue that through the study of literature, we can deconstruct this opposition and that such an ‘ecocritical’ operation is imperative if we are to avoid environmental catastrophe. I examine the way language influences our relationship with the world and trace the historical conception of ‘nature’ and its influence on the English language. The whale is, for many people, an important symbol of the natural world, and human interaction with these animals is an indication of our attitudes to the natural world in general. By focusing on whale texts (including older narratives, whaling books, novels and other whale-related texts), I explore the portrayal of whales and the natural world. Lastly, I suggest that Schopenhaurean thought, which has affinities in Moby-Dick, offers a cogent approach to ecocritically reading literature.

<p>The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) promotes the Ecosystem Approach (EA). In this thesis it is analyzed how the EA approach could be applied to regional management of coastal areas in Sweden. The aim of this report is to compare management for preserving biodiversity on a landscape level in two regional coastal areas in Uppsala and Västra Götaland respectively. In Uppsala, one of the plans consists of a previous nature reserve and in Västra Götaland, a Regional landscape strategy has been established. The ecosystem approach is used as a theoretical framework in this thesis. More precisely, five EA operational guidelines have been used as analytical tools in the comparative approach adopted.</p><p>The results show that the Västra Götaland Regional landscape strategy has been most consistent with the EA framework, since it fulfills three of the five operational guidelines while Gårdsskärskusten only accomplish two of the criteria. The social aspects are more central in the landscape strategy than in Gårdskärskusten, which is the main difference between the two plans. One area of inadequacy detected in the landscape strategy was the few identified aspects on maintenance of landscape connectivity features. The Regional landscape strategy could, if established in every county in Sweden, be a way to prevent the loss of biodiversity. However the plan needs to be supported by actions where preservation and utilization are integrated in an economic context. By considering nature protection as a development opportunity in strategic planning rather than as only a cost, important steps towards a sustainable future can be taken.</p> / <p>För att implementera målsättningarna i FN:s Konvention om Biologisk Mångfald har en ekosystemansats (EA) antagits och en viktig ekosystemtyp i Sverige där EA kan appliceras är kuster. Syftet med examensarbetet är att, med ekosystemansatsen som analysverktyg, studera hur och varför två planer för att bevara biologisk mångfald på landskapsnivå i två regionala kustområden i Uppsala län respektive Västra Götalands län skiljer sig åt. Planen består i Uppsala län av ett tilltänkt naturreservat och i Västra Götalands län av en Regional landskapsstrategi. Uppsatsens teoretiska förankring sker i ekosystemansatsen, med fokus på dess fem vägledande punkter och metodvalet är en jämförande design. Inom ramen för den jämförande designen har sedan en innehållsanalys samt kompletterande semistrukturerade intervjuer utförts.</p><p>Resultatet visar att den Regionala landskapsstrategin i dagsläget är mer i linje med ekosystemansatsen, eftersom den uppfyller tre av fem vägledande punkter medan processen med Gårdsskärskusten enbart uppfyller två av fem vägledande punkter. I landskapsstrategin är sociala aspekter centrala och det är en förklaring till varför de olika planerna skiljer sig åt. Intressant är dock att betoningen på aktörsinvolvering verkar leda till att vissa ekologiska grundprinciper som konnektivitet i landskapet tonas ned, vilka är framträdande i processen med Gårdskärskusten. Regionala landskapsstrategier kan enligt min mening innebära ett stort steg mot att hindra förlusten av biologisk mångfald i Sverige om de uppförs i varje län. Inom landskapsstrategierna är det vidare essentiellt att skyddade områden, som exempelvis Gårdsskärskusten, också inkorporerar ett landskapsstrategitänk och i många fall innebär det att skötselåtgärder fortsätter att utföras. Svårigheten kan dock vara hur finansieringen av skötseln skall ske men där finns alternativa inkomstmöjligheter, från exempelvis naturturism och stresshantering på företag, som behöver utvecklas ytterligare.</p>

Urban nature provides local ecosystem services such as absorption of air pollutants, reduction of noise, and provision of places for recreation, and is therefore crucial to urban sustainable development. Nature conservation in cities is also part of the global effort to halt biodiversity decline. Urban landscapes, however, display     distinguishing social and ecological characteristics and therefore the implementation of nature conservation frameworks into cities, requires reconsideration of what nature to preserve, for whom and where. The aim of this thesis was to examine the current urban nature conservation with special focus on formally protected areas, and discuss their future role in the urban landscape. A social-ecological systems approach was used as framework and both quantitative and qualitative methods were applied. The studies were performed at local to regional scales in the southern part of Sweden. Four key questions were addressed: i) What are the characteristics of nature conservation in urban landscapes? ii) How does establishment of nature conservation areas affect the surrounding urban landscape? iii) In what ways are spatial and temporal scales recognized in practical management of nature conservation areas? and iv) How can the dichotomy of built up and nature conservation areas be overcome in urban planning? Nature reserves in urban, compared to rural landscapes were in general fewer, but larger and included a higher diversity of land covers. They were also based on a higher number and different kinds of objectives than rural nature reserves. Urbanisation adjacent to nature reserves followed the general urbanisation patterns in the cities and no additional increase in urban settlements could be detected. In general, there was a lack of social and ecological linkages between the nature conservation areas and the urban landscape and practical management showed a limited recognition of cross-scale interactions and meso-scales. Such conceptual and physical isolation risks decreasing the public support for nature conservation, cause biodiversity decline, and hence impact the generation of ecosystem services. A major future challenge is therefore to transform current conservation strategies to become a tool where urban nature is perceived, planned and managed as valuable and integrated parts of the city. To enable social-ecological synergies, future urban planning should address proactive approaches together with key components like active enhancement of multifunctional landscapes, cross-scale strategies and border zone management. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Submitted. Paper 5: Manuscript.