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<p>'!his thesis traces the political evolution of a number of Edwardian women activists. '!he careers of the three women who are central to this work, Kathleen Courtney, catherine Marshall and Helena swanwick, illustrate the developing political consciousness of this second generation of feminists who built upon the work of their Victorian predecessors. The leadership and inspiration of the three women, which began in the suffrage movement, took a new direction in 1914. With the outbreak of war, they turned their efforts to peace work. The refusal of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies to support this new cause led to a realignment of forces when the dissenting members, led by the three, joined the ranks of men and women, particularly in the labour movement and the Union of Democratic Control, dedicated to seeking the peaceful resolution of international disputes. the opportunity to combine work for peace and suffrage was provided in April 1915 with the establishment of a new women's organization at the Congress held at the Hague. the British section of this new body was the Wanen' s International League. This organization became at once an integral part of the national peace movement, while retaining its identity as an women's organization. the purpose of the WIL was two-fold: one was to secure an errluring peace; the other, to educate women for citizenship. '!his war-time advocacy of a new basis for international relations led to a life-long contentment to internationalism for Courtney Marshall and Swanwick.</p> <p>Although in the short time they failed. in their objective of revolutionizing international relations, they did effect some enduring achievements. '!hey contributed to popularizing the idea of a league of Nations. Above all, they pressed successfully, sane steps further along the road, their claim to equal--citizenship for women.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

U.S. public and private imperial interests confronted the problem of labor and labor power in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century as the U.S. empire expanded into Latin America and the Caribbean. The question of how to make an empire work spurred the creation of new labor regimes reliant on black West Indians who traveled to work in the Panama Canal Zone and on United Fruit Company (UFCO) banana plantations. Just as importantly, new labor regimes engendered new categories for troublesome laborers. One of these classifications, “tramp,” surfaced in the United States after the U.S. Civil War as a shorthand for vagrant, vagabond, and hobo. This thesis examines the so-called “tramp crisis” of the late nineteenth century to show how questions of labor invariably shaped problems of empire. As a category, the tramp moved outside of the United States where various U.S. foreign policymakers, writers, and business officials created the idea of the “tropical tramp” in U.S. imperial spaces. This label, tropical tramp, offers scholars a different starting point to analyze larger issues of whiteness, masculinity, sexuality, class, and the U.S. empire. By following discursive formations of the tramp and tropical tramp into Central and South America, this thesis argues that the figure of the tramp represented someone unbefitting the U.S. empire’s desired sociopolitical order.

This thesis elucidates new perspectives on transnational migration. The analysis draws from three oral histories that recount border-crossings and their unique impact on Salvadoran immigrant self-realization. The oral histories presented refine the study of transnational migration by providing valuable qualitative information that supplements and nuances empirical fact. The first subject, whose story takes place in the 1970s just before the outbreak of the Salvadoran civil war, constructs identity through an embrace of assimilationist practices. The second narrative, occurring just after the civil war, is of a woman who navigates hegemonic Anglo structures by appropriating a space of her own. The third subject, a man who immigrates in the wake of post-9/11 heightened security concerns, desires permanent settlement; however, his undocumented status prevents him from fully integrating into American mainstream society. Additionally, an analytical focus on transnationalism reveals an important relationship with gendered identities. Through close analysis, these narratives reveal how Salvadoran immigrants have renegotiated what it means to belong in the United States. Overall this thesis contributes to a relatively young and undeveloped line of research on Salvadoran migration, particularly through its focus on gender.

The significant role of the female printer in the American home-based print shops during the colonial and early republic periods has been documented in print history, socioeconomic, labor, and women studies, yet with the industrialization of the printing trade, women’s presence is thought to have disappeared. Contrary to the belief that industrialization of the print shop eradicated women’s involvement in skilled employments such as typesetting, the creation of the Women’s Cooperative Printing Union in California and the creation and chartering of the Women’s Typographical Union in New York, both in the late 1860s, clearly indicate that women continued to work in printing. The assumption that industrialization brought with it the unionization of the trade denies the possibility of non-union shops, as well as the continuation of home-based businesses across the ever-expanding nation as it moved westward. This research has sought to uncover and restore to history women who have been involved in the trade from the early transition of the home shop at the beginning of the 1800s to the signing of the WTU charter in 1869 by union employed compositors, as well as to identify establishments that hired female compositors. Digital newspaper databases have been used as a means of locating both women and opportunities available to them in the American printing trade between 1800 to 1869. Several women significant to this history, both those who have been found to be employed as compositors/typesetters and those who created opportunities for the employment of trained women compositors/typesetters, are discussed.

Walton and McKersie (1965) defined relationship patterns as those shared attitudes that are important to negotiators when they are interacting together. In the case of the 2004 Japanese Professional Baseball collective bargaining negotiations, Dabscheck (2006) discussed the major issues and events that led to the two (2) day labor strike. However, his article did not describe how the relationship pattern between the Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) and the Japanese Professional Baseball Players Association (JPBPA) changed to facilitate the settlement of the conflict. Along the same vein, researchers (Adair, Brett, & Okumura, 2001; Adair & Brett, 2005; Deck, Farmer, & Zeng, 2009; and Doucet, Jehn, Weldon, & Wang, 2009; Drake, 1995; Neu, 1988; and McDaniel, 2000) attempted to show a link between negotiator behavior from cultural and communication perspectives, however, there was little empirical attention paid to the psychological process, such as thoughts, perceptions, emotions, and attitudes, and its link to negotiator behavior leaving a gap in the existing scholarly literature. To address the gap in Dabscheck's (2006) article and the existing scholarly literature, I utilized Yin's (2009) Case Study Research Approach to qualitative inquiry by analyzing document reviews and engaging collaboratively with research participants through focused interviews to investigate how the relationship pattern in the 2004 Japanese Professional Baseball collective bargaining negotiations changed from the beginning to the end of the conflict if at all. I found that the NPB and the JPBPA institutional pattern of relationship at the start of the conflict began with a containment-aggression relationship pattern, and over four (4) months, the pattern of relationship did change from containment-aggression to cooperation. Upon further investigation, I found that the NPB and the JPBPA negotiators operated initially in the distributive bargaining sub-process utilizing reinforcement tactics, but over the course of four (4) months, they began to operate in the integrative bargaining sub-process with the utilization of cognitive balance tactics even though the NPB and the JPBPA negotiators never abandoned operating in the distributive bargaining sub-process. In essence, they operated in hybrid distributive and integrative sub-processes at the same time. Moreover, I discovered that the NPB and the JPBPA moved from containment-aggression to cooperation not only because of a change in the NPB's lead negotiator position, but also because of a shared emotional moment between the NPB and the JPBPA negotiators, which initiated a shift away from stalemate. Although environmental factors, such as the media, fans, politicians, and other unions, over the course of four (4) months did not waiver in their support for the resolution of the conflict, the evidence did not directly demonstrate the way that their support and their influence manifested in the collective bargaining negotiations.

In the 1880s, capitalism as a social and economic system integrated new geographic areas of the American continent. The construction of the Duluth &amp; Iron Range Railroad (D&amp;IR), financed by a group of Philadelphia investors led by Charlemagne Tower and later owned by the US Steel was part of this emerging political economy based on the exploitation of human and material resources. Migrant labor was in demand as it came cheap and, generally, floated between various construction-sites on the “frontier” of capitalism. The Swedish immigrants were one part of this group of “floaters” during the late 1800s and made up a significant part of the force that constructed and worked on the D&amp;IR between the 1880s and the 1920s. This book deals with power relations between groups based on class and ethnic differences by analyzing the relationship between the Anglo-American bourgeois establishment and the Swedish and other immigrant workers and their children on the D&amp;IR and in the railroad town of Two Harbors, Minnesota. The Anglo-American bourgeois hegemony in Minnesota, to a large extent, dictated the conditions under which Swedish immigrants and others toiled and were allowed access to American society. I have therefore analyzed the structural subordination and gradual integration of workers and, in particular, immigrant workers, in an emerging class society. The book also deals with the political and the cultural opposition to Anglo-American bourgeois hegemony that emerged in Two Harbors and that constructed a radical public sphere during the 1910s. In this process, new group identities based on class and ethnicity emerged in the working class neighborhoods in the wake of the capitalist expansion and exploitation, and as a result of worker agency. Building on traditions of political insurgency an alliance of immigrant workers, particularly Swedes, Anglo skilled workers and parts of the local petty bourgeoisie rose to a position of political and cultural power in the local community. This coalition was held together by the language of class that became the basis of a local multi-ethnic working class identity laying claim to its own version of Americanism. The period of preparedness leading up to the Great War, the war itself, and its aftermath, produced a reaction from the Anglo American bourgeoisie which resulted in a profound change in the public sphere as a coalition between “meliorist middle class reformers”, represented primarily by the YMCA and local church leaders and the D&amp;IR and its program of welfare capitalism launched a broad program to counter socialism locally, and to forge new social bonds that would cut across class lines and ethnic boundaries. By this process, the ethnic working class in Two Harbors was offered entry into American society by acquiring citizenship and by their inclusion in a broader civic community undifferentiated by class. But this could only be realized by the workers’ adoption of an Anglo-American national identity based on identification with corporate interests, a new local solidarity that cut across class lines and a white racial identity that diminished the significance of ethnic boundaries. By these means the Swedish immigrants, or at least a portion of them, became Americans on terms established by the D&amp;IR and its class allies.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-02-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:27:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rezende_vd_me_fran.pdf: 10856254 bytes, checksum: 7ae4a41ce86bb84b4d1892369dd74407 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A cidade de Franca tem na indústria calçadista sua principal atividade econômica, sendo um dos maiores centros produtores de calçados do país. A partir da década de 1950 ocorreu a intensificação do processo de industrialização do setor, com a implantação de modernas técnicas de produção, voltadas para o aumento da produtividade. Essas transformações acarretaram um significativo crescimento populacional, destacando-se a migração de mineiros, em grande parte ex-trabalhadores rurais. O parque industrial é marcado pela heterogeneidade, englobando grandes indústrias com mais de mil trabalhadores, até pequenas oficinas de conserto. Estudos recentes buscaram analisar as experiências dos trabalhadores do setor no cotidiano de trabalho e extrafábrica. Abriram novas perspectivas de análise, dentro das quais se insere o presente trabalho. Ao longo do processo de formação e consolidação da indústria calçadista no município as mulheres ocuparam posição de destaque, compondo cerca de 40% da força de trabalho empregada nesse setor produtivo. Contudo, verificou-se que a história da classe operária do município havia sido escrita sobretudo no masculino, desconsiderando-se as experiências das trabalhadoras do calçado. Assim, tivemos como principais objetivos analisar o processo de formação das mulheres enquanto operárias, as relações de trabalho e as expressões de ação política de um conjunto de sapateiras que fizeram parte do processo de industrialização entre as décadas de 1950 e 1980. Trabalhou-se com um corpus documental composto por fontes orais, documentos sindicais e outras fontes impressas. Foi possível constatar que as trabalhadoras vivenciaram um processo de sociabilização caracterizado pela divisão sexual do trabalho e subordinação aos homens desde os anos iniciais de suas vidas, características persistentes... / The city of Franca - Brazil has in the shoemaker industry its main economic activity, being one of the biggest producing centers of footwear of the country. From the decade of 1950 the intensification of the process of industrialization of the sector occurred with the modern implantation production techniques, guided toward the increase of the productivity. These transformations had caused a significant population growth, putting in relief the migration of “mineiros”, mostly agricultural former-workers. The industrial park is marked by the heterogeneity, agglomerating great industries with more than a thousand workers, even small repair shops. Recent studies had searched to analyse the experiences of the workers of the sector in the daily of work and the extra-factory. They had opened new perspectives of analysis, inside of which it inserts the present work. Along of the process of formation and the consolidation of the shoemaker industry in the city the women had occupied distinction position, composing about 40% of the force of work used in this productive sector. However, it occurs that the history of the working class of the city had been written principally in the masculine, it ignoring the experiences of the workers-women of the footwear. Thus, we had as main objectives to analyse the process of formation of the women being workers, the relations of work and the expressions of politic actions of a set of women-shoemaker that had been party of the proceeding of industrialization between the decades of 1950 and 1980. We worked with a corpus documental composed for verbal sources, trade union documents and other sources printed. It was possible to verify that the workers had lived deeply a process of socialization characterized for the sexual division of the work and subordination to the men since the initial years of its lives, persistent characteristics in its experiences as workers...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

CAPES / A presente pesquisa analisa as construções discursivas do trabalho em quatro contos de Roniwalter Jatobá (1979) na obra Crônicas da vida operária: “A mão esquerda”; “Alojamento”; “O pano vermelho”; “Trabalhadores”. Roniwalter Jatobá constrói uma visão de trabalho crítica em relação ao trabalhador migrante que não se adapta e não se realiza na grande São Paulo das décadas de 1960 e 1970. Interpretar e problematizar a visão de trabalho em Jatobá é o objetivo da presente pesquisa. Para tanto, parte-se aqui de uma abordagem interdisciplinar que leva em conta as áreas da Literatura, da História Social, da Sociologia e da Filosofia da linguagem. A discussão em torno da linguagem e do trabalho como constitutivos do ser social leva em consideração as contribuições de um conjunto de autores que problematiza o que é a linguagem e o trabalho respectivamente. No campo da linguagem, as contribuições de Bakthin (2003) e Bakhtin/Voloshinov (2004) ajudam a refletir criticamente acerca da construção sócio-ideológica da consciência e das relações dialógicas presentes em qualquer construção discursiva, seja no trabalho e no trabalhador, nas teorias explicativas que tratam do ser social e da sociedade contemporânea. No campo do trabalho, as contribuições de Marx (2013), Lukács (2012; 2013), Engels (2013), Gorz (2007), Lafargue (1980) e Sennett (2006) ajudam a problematizar o que é o trabalho e sua importância para os dias atuais. A breve abordagem de alguns discursos sobre o trabalho no Brasil do século XX parte das contribuições da História Social do Trabalho, De Decca (1995), Fontes (2004), Mattos (2009) e Chalhoub (2012). O estudo do contexto de produção do discurso de Roniwalter Jatobá mais o conjunto de suas obras e a sua biografia foram imprescindíveis para a análise do corpus literário. A temática do trabalho em Jatobá, sob a ótica do discurso literário, traz um outro ponto de vista crítico a partir do próprio trabalhador migrante, e para isso o autor explora a singularidade desse trabalhador dentro de uma dimensão humana que se dá dentro e fora do trabalho, no local de origem e de destino, nos sonhos e frustrações alimentados pelo trabalhador migrante que não se realiza na grande São Paulo. Dentro de uma perspectiva compromissada social e politicamente, conclui-se que a obra Crônicas da vida operária aponta para outras interpretações críticas do trabalho e do trabalhador urbano na grande São Paulo das décadas de 1960 e 1970. / This dissertation analyzes the discursive constructions on work in four tales of Roniwalter Jatobá (1979): “The Left hand”; “Accommodation”; “The red cloth”; “Workers “. Jatobá creates a critical vision of work in relation to migrant workers unsuitable in São Paulo during the 1960s and 1970s. Interpret and discuss the work of vision in Jatobá is the objective of the dissertation. This dissertation part of a multidisciplinary perspective of Literature, Sociology, Social History and Philosophy of language. The discussion on the language and work as constitutive of the social considers the contributions of several authors that question what is the work and the language. In the area of language, the contributions of Bakhtin/Voloshinov (2004) help think critically about the social and ideological construction of the existing awareness and dialogical relations in any discursive construction. In the area of work, the contributions of Marx (2013), Lukács (2012; 2013), Engels (2013), Gorz (2007), Lafargue (1980) and Sennett (2006) help to question what is the work and its importance for today. The brief discussion of some of the discourses in the work of the twentieth century Brazil comes from the Social Work History, De Decca (1995), Fontes (2004), Mattos (2009) e Chalhoub (2012). The study Roniwalter Jatoba speech context more the set of his works and his biography were essential for the analysis of literary corpus. The subject of the work, from the perspective of literary discourse, brings another critical point of view from the migrant worker himself. For this, Jatoba explores the worker's uniqueness in its human dimension in and out of work, the place of origin and destination, in dreams and frustrations created by the migrant worker unsuitable in São Paulo. In a social perspective and politically committed, it is concluded that Crônicas da vida operária allows other critical interpretations of the work and the urban worker in São Paulo of the 1960s and 1970s.

CAPES / A presente pesquisa analisa as construções discursivas do trabalho em quatro contos de Roniwalter Jatobá (1979) na obra Crônicas da vida operária: “A mão esquerda”; “Alojamento”; “O pano vermelho”; “Trabalhadores”. Roniwalter Jatobá constrói uma visão de trabalho crítica em relação ao trabalhador migrante que não se adapta e não se realiza na grande São Paulo das décadas de 1960 e 1970. Interpretar e problematizar a visão de trabalho em Jatobá é o objetivo da presente pesquisa. Para tanto, parte-se aqui de uma abordagem interdisciplinar que leva em conta as áreas da Literatura, da História Social, da Sociologia e da Filosofia da linguagem. A discussão em torno da linguagem e do trabalho como constitutivos do ser social leva em consideração as contribuições de um conjunto de autores que problematiza o que é a linguagem e o trabalho respectivamente. No campo da linguagem, as contribuições de Bakthin (2003) e Bakhtin/Voloshinov (2004) ajudam a refletir criticamente acerca da construção sócio-ideológica da consciência e das relações dialógicas presentes em qualquer construção discursiva, seja no trabalho e no trabalhador, nas teorias explicativas que tratam do ser social e da sociedade contemporânea. No campo do trabalho, as contribuições de Marx (2013), Lukács (2012; 2013), Engels (2013), Gorz (2007), Lafargue (1980) e Sennett (2006) ajudam a problematizar o que é o trabalho e sua importância para os dias atuais. A breve abordagem de alguns discursos sobre o trabalho no Brasil do século XX parte das contribuições da História Social do Trabalho, De Decca (1995), Fontes (2004), Mattos (2009) e Chalhoub (2012). O estudo do contexto de produção do discurso de Roniwalter Jatobá mais o conjunto de suas obras e a sua biografia foram imprescindíveis para a análise do corpus literário. A temática do trabalho em Jatobá, sob a ótica do discurso literário, traz um outro ponto de vista crítico a partir do próprio trabalhador migrante, e para isso o autor explora a singularidade desse trabalhador dentro de uma dimensão humana que se dá dentro e fora do trabalho, no local de origem e de destino, nos sonhos e frustrações alimentados pelo trabalhador migrante que não se realiza na grande São Paulo. Dentro de uma perspectiva compromissada social e politicamente, conclui-se que a obra Crônicas da vida operária aponta para outras interpretações críticas do trabalho e do trabalhador urbano na grande São Paulo das décadas de 1960 e 1970. / This dissertation analyzes the discursive constructions on work in four tales of Roniwalter Jatobá (1979): “The Left hand”; “Accommodation”; “The red cloth”; “Workers “. Jatobá creates a critical vision of work in relation to migrant workers unsuitable in São Paulo during the 1960s and 1970s. Interpret and discuss the work of vision in Jatobá is the objective of the dissertation. This dissertation part of a multidisciplinary perspective of Literature, Sociology, Social History and Philosophy of language. The discussion on the language and work as constitutive of the social considers the contributions of several authors that question what is the work and the language. In the area of language, the contributions of Bakhtin/Voloshinov (2004) help think critically about the social and ideological construction of the existing awareness and dialogical relations in any discursive construction. In the area of work, the contributions of Marx (2013), Lukács (2012; 2013), Engels (2013), Gorz (2007), Lafargue (1980) and Sennett (2006) help to question what is the work and its importance for today. The brief discussion of some of the discourses in the work of the twentieth century Brazil comes from the Social Work History, De Decca (1995), Fontes (2004), Mattos (2009) e Chalhoub (2012). The study Roniwalter Jatoba speech context more the set of his works and his biography were essential for the analysis of literary corpus. The subject of the work, from the perspective of literary discourse, brings another critical point of view from the migrant worker himself. For this, Jatoba explores the worker's uniqueness in its human dimension in and out of work, the place of origin and destination, in dreams and frustrations created by the migrant worker unsuitable in São Paulo. In a social perspective and politically committed, it is concluded that Crônicas da vida operária allows other critical interpretations of the work and the urban worker in São Paulo of the 1960s and 1970s.