Esta pesquisa investiga o discurso de recém-graduados de uma universidade pública. Considera, igualmente, alguns discursos correntes dos processos de qualificação e de inserção profissional, no intuito de delinear os cenários das novas ordens da subjetividade no mundo contemporâneo. Concebendo o discurso, numa perspectiva foucaultiana, como ato de produção e de legitimação de práticas sociais e de sujeitos e, partindo das referências conceituais da análise institucional de discurso, objetiva explicitar, nas falas desses recém-graduados, as relações estabelecidas entre esses atores, sua formação e o universo profissional, bem como delinear os efeitos de subjetivação produzidos em seu dizer: de si, de sua trajetória na universidade e no mundo do trabalho, de suas expectativas e projeto de vida. Para tanto, foram entrevistados 17 egressos de 8 cursos de graduação, formados num período de tempo que variou de 2 meses a 2 anos. O processo analítico, compreendido em 3 etapas distintas, evidenciou 5 categorias temáticas centrais. Nestas, atentou-se às regularidades e às singularidades na apreensão e na articulação dos temas, ao jogo de atribuição e de assunção de lugares subjetivos, às relações estabelecidas entre (e com) as práticas institucionais e aos efeitos de reconhecimento e de desconhecimento no dizer. Sua análise permitiu configurar um sujeito suporte do discurso institucional que também se constitui como um sujeito psíquico singular, corroborando a hipótese, calcada nos pressupostos do método adotado, de que a subjetividade se produz na constante tensão entre o assujeitamento na ordem institucional discursiva e a resistência nessa mesma ordem e de que, mesmo nesse assujeitar-se, há uma singularidade possível. Observou-se, também, como o contínuo arranjo dos lugares subjetivos – reconhecidos ou mostrados - produz-se nas expectativas tecidas na relação com os atores da formação e da inserção profissional, e como, lado a lado aos decantados abismos, instituídos nos discursos que relacionam essas práticas, positivam-se relações de continuidade. Além disto, verificou-se como esses recém-graduados, na cena mesma da entrevista, mostravam-se não apenas reagindo aos discursos instituídos da formação e da inserção profissional, mas, efetivamente, instituindo-os, por vezes legitimando-os, por vezes subvertendo-os. Deste modo, identificaram-se alguns vetores de resistência às imagens usualmente atribuídas à condição do recém-graduado, dentre eles, a positivação de si como alguém que se faz visível. Os modos com que tal visibilidade configurou-se nas cenas enunciativas possibilitaram incluir uma outra perspectiva de análise: a das personagens que se desenham no discurso desses recém-graduados (a saber, a do como se fosse, a do opositor e a do atleta). / The present research investigates the discourse of newly graduates from the public university. It also considers some current discourses about the processes of qualification and professional placement, in order to delineate the state of new orders of subjectivity in contemporary world. According to Foucault’s perspective, which conceives the discourse as an act of production and legitimacy of subjects and social practices, and grounded on institutional analysis’s concepts, this research intends to make explicit, in the newly-graduate speeches, the relationship established between these actors, their formation and professional universe, besides outlining the effects of subjectivity contained in their speech: concerning themselves, their graduation and work histories, their expectations and life projects. To attain our goal, were interviewed 17 graduates from 8 different courses, completed in a time period ranging from 2 months to 2 years. The three different steps of the analytical process showed 5 central thematic categories. Attention was paid to the regularities and singularities concerning theme apprehension, to the attribution games and the assumption of subjective places, to relations established between institutional practices, within them and these actors, and to the effects of acknowledgement and unacknowledgement in their speech. This analysis has allowed the outlining of a subject that gives support to the institutional discourse, and that also constitutes himself as a singular psychological subject. This corroborates the hypotheses, based on the methodological assumptions of the research, that subjectivity is produced in the constant tension between the subduing in the discursive institutional order, and the resistance into this same order. And that, even under this subduing, a singularity in speech is possible. It could also be noticed how the continuous arrangement of subjective places – recognized or shown – is produced on the expectations that emerge in their relationship with the agents of professional qualification and placement. And how, side by side with the so-called gaps established through the discourses that relate these practices, relations of continuity are revealed. Moreover, we have also verified how these newly graduates, in the same interview scene, have not only reacted to the institutional discourses about professional qualification and placement, but, in effect, have also established them, sometimes legitimating them, sometimes subverting them. Thus, we have identified some resistance vectors to the images usually attributed to the newly graduate condition – such as, the affirmation of oneself as someone who makes himself visible. The ways through which such visibility was configured in the enunciative scenes allowed the inclusion of another perspective of analysis: that of the characters revealed in the newly graduates’ discourse (namely, the as if, the oppositioner and the athlete).

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a inserção no mercado de trabalho dos egressos do mestrado acadêmico do curso de Pós-Graduação Interunidades Bioengenharia EESC-FMRP-IQSC-USP. Foi utilizado o sistema customizado em linguagem de programação especial \"Hypertext Preprocessor\" PHP com banco de dados MySQL para avaliar os dados. Foram avaliados 276 egressos do mestrado acadêmico em bioengenharia da USP formados no período de 1980 a 2012. Para avaliar o perfil dos egressos foram identificadas: a formação acadêmica, atividades profissionais, produção cientifica, opinião dos egressos sobre o curso e mercado de trabalho. Os resultados das variáveis de desfecho: ensino médio, graduação, formação geral, avaliação do curso pelo egresso, formação acadêmica, adequação da pesquisa, adequação da orientação, contribuição para a formação profissional, avaliação pelo egresso, mercado de trabalho. Os resultados mostram que 46% dos egressos são do sexo masculino e 54% do sexo feminino; 44% cursaram o ensino médio em escola pública; 76% graduação em período integral; 35% desenvolveram atividades culturais no país; 54,3% participaram de projeto de iniciação cientifica durante a graduação; 80% consideram positivamente o PPGIB para sua formação profissional, 44% apresentaram artigos em eventos científicos; 59% publicaram durante a permanência no PPGIB; 86% utilizaram sistema informatizado de bibliotecas; 25% consideram a pesquisa do PPGIB inovadora; 55% trabalham em IES na área do programa; 14% atuam em área diferente a do Programa; 12% exercem posições de liderança e estão trabalhando em IES; 14% estão insatisfeitos com salário oferecido. Conclui-se que o PPGIB oferece boas condições aos egressos para competirem profissionalmente. / The objective of this research was to evaluate the integration in the labor market for graduates of the academic Master Course Graduate Bioengineering Interunits EESC- USP-FMRP-IQSC. The custom system in special programming language \"Hypertext Preprocessor\" PHP with MySQL database was used to evaluate the data. 276 graduates of the academic master in bioengineering at USP graduated from 1980 to 2012 were analyzed. In order to evaluate the profile of the graduates education, professional activities, scientific production, opinion over the course of the graduates and the labor market were identified. The results of the outcome variables: high school, undergraduate, general education course evaluation by the enrolled student, academic training, adequacy of research, adequacy of guidance, contribution to training, evaluation by the enrolled student, the labor market. The results show that 46% of graduates are male and 54% female; 44% attended high school in a public school; 76% full-time undergraduate; 35% developed cultural activities in the country; 54.3% participated in undergraduate research project for graduation; 80% think positively PPGIB for their training, 44% had articles in scientific events; 59% published during the permanence in PPGIB; 86% used computerized library system; 25% consider the research of innovative PPGIB; 55% work in HEls in the program area; 14% work in a different area of the program; 12% are in leadership positions and are working in HEls; 14% are dissatisfied with the salary offered. We conclude that the PPGIB offers good conditions for graduates to compete professionally.

Rápidos avanços da tecnologia e desenvolvimentos em diversos campos da ciência têm provocado mudanças profundas no mercado de trabalho. Nesse contexto, é bem documentado o papel relevante das competências socioemocionais no desenvolvimento de competências para o trabalho, sugerindo que os retornos do mercado de trabalho para habilidades não cognitivas têm aumentado ao longo do tempo e que os retornos são particularmente fortes para indivíduos que possuem habilidades cognitivas e não cognitivas. Nosso estudo busca trazer evidências do retorno associado às competências socioemocionais no mercado de trabalho brasileiro. Encontramos evidências de que existe um retorno positivo associado às competências socioemocionais e que esse retorno é diferente entre grupos de ocupação. Acreditamos que este conhecimento possa incentivar e reforçar as parcerias entre governos, educadores, formadores, trabalhadores e empregadores, a fim de gerir melhor o impacto transformador da Quarta Revolução Industrial no emprego, nas competências e na educação do Brasil. / Rapid advances in technology and developments in various science fields are driving deeply changes in the labor market. In this context, the relevant role of social-emotional skills in the development of job skills is well documented, suggesting that labor market returns to non-cognitive skills have been increasing over time and the pay-offs are particularly strong for individuals who have both cognitive and non-cognitive skills. Our study seeks to bring evidence of the return associated with social-emotional skills in the Brazilian labor market. We found evidence that there is a positive return associated with socialemotional skills and that this return is different between occupation groups. We believe that this knowledge can encourage and strengthen partnerships between governments, educators, trainers, workers and employers in order to better manage the transformative impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on employment, skills and education in Brazil.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar a participação das mulheres arquitetas e urbanistas na produção do projeto arquitetônico e analisar seu percurso profissional, procurando entender as formas de inserção dessas mulheres no mercado de trabalho de arquitetura no Brasil, enfatizando sua participação na produção de edificações. O objeto da pesquisa foi elaborado a partir de depoimentos e entrevistas junto a profissionais selecionadas a partir de projetos publicados em dois periódicos especializados brasileiros as revistas AU Arquitetura e Urbanismo e Projeto Design em edições da década de 1990. A hipótese desta pesquisa é que a mulheres vivenciam maiores dificuldades no processo de inserção profissional do que os profissionais masculinos no mercado de trabalho de arquitetura. A base para desenvolvimento desta análise foi construída a partir da bibliografia sobre o tema disponível no Brasil, tendo também como referência exemplos internacionais. / The goal of this study was to identify the role of women architects in the development of architecture projects, as well as analyze their professional careers and how they insert themselves in the architecture labor market, with special regard to their participation in the production of buildings. Interviews were conducted with professionals selected on the basis of projects published in two major specialized Brazilian architecture periodicals AU Arquitetura e Urbanismo and Projeto Design during the 1990s. The assumption underlying this study is that women have to face harsher conditions to insert themselves in the architecture labor market. This study was also based on the literature on this theme available in Brazil, as well as on examples from abroad.

Este texto faz uma re-leitura do modelo dual proposto por Lewis em 1954 (1) adicionando considerações sobre a competição entre firmas, o progresso tecnológico e sobre alguns outros elementos do comportamento mercado de trabalho (mobilidade, qualificação e dinâmica salarial). O texto tem como objetivo é propor elementos à serem incorporados a dinâmica original, de forma a tentar entender se, em uma dinâmica de desenvolvimento como esta, existe possibilidade de que excessos de oferta de mão-de-obra persistam, resistindo a acumulação de capital. / This dissertation reviews the dual economy model presented by Lewis in 1954 (1), adding to the discussion aspects about the competitive dynamics between firms, technological progress, and other elements of the labor market (labor mobility, qualification and wage dynamics). Its goal is to propose new elements that could, once incorporated into the original model, explain the possibility of a persistent labor surplus (a surplus that would be resistant to the accumulation process).

Thesis advisor: Sanjay K. Chugh / Thesis advisor: Fabio Schiantarelli / My doctoral research focuses on the role of labor market frictions in shaping macroeconomic outcomes. I am currently pursuing three main lines of research that constitute the three chapters of this dissertation. The first chapter focuses on involuntary part-time employment as an additional margin used by firms to adjust to business cycle fluctuations. The chapter documents empirical regularities of involuntary part-time employment in the U.S. and furnishes a tractable analytical framework for studying this phenomenon that has gained so much attention in the years that followed the Great Recession. In the second chapter, which is joint work with Sanjay Chugh, Ryan Chahrour and Alan Finkelstein-Shapiro, we study the labor market wedge in the context of a search and matching model to understand how static and dynamic inefficiencies change over the business cycle. Measuring the labor market wedge and understanding its sources of movement is of great importance from a macroeconomic point of view, as existing research shows it holds a prominent place in explaining fluctuations in aggregate output. Finally, in the third chapter I study empirically the determinants of the job finding probability, a key object in the context of frictional labor markets. More specifically, I analyze how decisions on time allocation by the unemployed affect their chances of finding a job, and identify the activities that make more likely for an unemployed individual to receive and accept a job offer. Chapter 1. In recent years researchers and policymakers have shown renewed interest in involuntary part-time employment as a crucial indicator of labor market health. The fact that individuals have part-time jobs even though they would be willing to work more hours is evidence that resources in the economy are not employed at full capacity. This group represents almost 40 percent of total underemployment. Despite its large size and importance to policy-makers, surprisingly little literature addresses the empirical regularities or economic role this margin plays in determining labor market outcomes. In "Underemployment and the Business Cycle" I address several questions regarding involuntary part-time employment. First, how does involuntary part-time employment differ from the standard extensive and intensive margins? Second, what factors influence the choice of firms to use involuntary part-time workers? Third, how might economic policy contribute to the existence of involuntary part-time employment in the economy? And, fourth, have there been any changes over time in the response of involuntary part-time employment to changes in aggregate economic conditions and, if so, what explains them? To describe the empirical regularities of involuntary part-time employment, I use detailed micro-level data from longitudinally-linked monthly files of the Current Population Survey. A novel finding that emerges from the analysis of this dataset is that wages of involuntary part-time workers display higher volatility and lower persistence than those of their full-time counterparts, thus indicating a higher degree of flexibility. In addition, I find that changes in involuntary part-time employment are mostly explained by reallocation of workers from full-time to part-time positions within the firm, which involves more than just a mere reduction in hours worked. I then aggregate the data and compute business cycle statistics. Surprisingly, I find that the behavior of involuntary part-time employment resembles the behavior of unemployment more than the one of full-time employment. In fact, the results indicate that involuntary part-time employment is very volatile and strongly countercyclical. To understand the evidence I find at the micro and macro levels, I build an augmented search and matching model of the labor market featuring full-time and part-time employment, and a production function that combines both types of workers. The decision of whether a worker is full-time or part-time is made entirely by the firm, depending on the realizations of both aggregate and idiosyncratic productivity processes. The model is able to deliver the countercyclicality of involuntary part-time employment found in the data. The key mechanism to obtain this result is the relatively higher flexibility of part-time contracts that makes it more profitable for the firm to reallocate workers from full-time to part-time arrangements during recessions. Based on the model that captures key empirical facts, I conduct policy analysis to evaluate the effect of an increase in the cost of health insurance on involuntary part-time employment. The policy experiment predicts that an increase in the cost of health insurance provided by the firm to its full-time workers, such that their share in average full-time wages goes up by 1 percentage point, leads to an increase of steady state involuntary part-time employment by 10 percent, which nowadays would be equivalent to half a million additional involuntary part-time workers. I find evidence that involuntary part-time employment has become more volatile and persistent in the last 25 years. I study the impact that innovation in workforce management practices, a process that started in the 1990s and that has increased the degree of substitutability between full-time and part-time workers, may have had in changing the response over time of involuntary part-time employment to business cycle fluctuations. Impulse response analysis from the model indicates that an increase in the degree of substitutability makes involuntary part-time employment more sensitive to aggregate productivity shocks. Chapter 2. In "The Labor Wedge: A Search and Matching Perspective" we define and quantify static and dynamic labor market wedges in a search and matching model with endogenous labor force participation. Existing literature has generally centered on Walrasian labor markets in characterizing the inefficiencies, or ``gaps'', between labor demand and labor supply. However, given the conventional view in the profession that the matching process plays an important role in the labor market, the neoclassically-measured labor wedge suffers from a misspecification problem as it ignores the role of long-lasting relationships in explaining the cyclical pattern of the labor wedge. To construct the wedge we use a rigorously defined transformation function of the economy, which contains both the matching technology and the neoclassical production technology. Both technologies are primitives of the economy in the sense that a Social Planner must respect both processes. Given the model-appropriate transformation frontier and the household's static and dynamic marginal rates of substitution, we use data on the labor force participation rate, the employment rate, the vacancy rate, real consumption, real government spending, and real GDP to construct static and dynamic labor wedges. We find that, in a version of the model where all employment relationships turn over every period, the static labor wedge is countercyclical, a result that is consistent with existing literature. Once we consider long-lasting employment relationships, we can measure both static and dynamic wedges separately. We then find that, while the static wedge continues to be countercyclical, the dynamic (or intertemporal) wedge is procyclical. Since the latter is associated with the vacancy-posting decision of the firm, this result suggests that understanding the behavior of labor demand may be crucial to explaining the dynamic wedge. Our focus so far has been on obtaining a quantitative measure of both the static and dynamic wedges, and on analyzing their business cycle properties. Now we are working on extending this framework to provide a micro-founded explanation of the forces that could be driving the cyclical movements of the wedges. Chapter 3. Recent research has found that individuals who become unemployed allocate most of their forgone working hours into leisure rather than increasing the time devoted to job search activities. What is the rationale behind this decision? There are many factors that may affect the job search behavior of the unemployed. However, in this study I focus on a particular channel: the decision on how unemployed individuals allocate their time could be biased towards activities that increase their probability of finding a job. They might find more valuable to increase their social activities rather than looking formally for a job because this enhances their network, which could increase their chances of finding a job, even with less search effort. In "The Time Use Decisions of the Unemployed: A Survival Analysis", I conduct a duration analysis to estimate the effect of different time use allocations on the unemployment hazard rate using time use data from the Survey of Unemployed Workers in New Jersey. Defining "finding a job" as a failure, I estimate a single-spell, discrete-time duration model of unemployment with time-varying covariates using semi-parametric techniques. Given that I work with interval-censored data, I conduct the analysis using discrete time survival analysis techniques. The results indicate that education/training activities have a significant and positive impact on the hazard rate, i.e. they increase the probability that an unemployed worker finds a job, while leisure has the opposite effect. Furthermore, neither job-search nor networking have a significant effect on the hazard rate in the baseline specification. However, this result changes when incorporating into the regression interaction terms of these variables with a dummy that takes the value one if the individual is a long-term unemployed and zero otherwise. In this case, the coefficient associated with networking becomes positive and significant, while the coefficient of the interaction term is negative. This implies that networking has a positive effect on the hazard rate for short unemployment spells, but this effect weakens if the individual has been unemployed for a longer period. On the other hand, even after incorporating the interaction term, job search remains insignificant. These findings shed light on why individuals may not want to devote additional time to formal job search: it does not pay off with a higher likelihood of receiving a job offer, regardless of the length of the unemployment spell. On the other hand, other activities, such as investing in education or networking, are positively related to the probability of finding a job -- at least for short unemployment spells -- and thus it makes more sense for these individuals to devote more time to them.

A regulamentação da terceirização pela lei 13.429 de 2017 consolidou o forte avanço desse tipo de vínculo empregatício no mercado de trabalho brasileiro. Demandada desde os anos 1960 por setores da administração pública, a subcontratação de mão de obra por empresa interposta cresceu lentamente nas décadas seguintes em algumas atividades dos setores de comércio e serviços, chegando de modo avassalador, nos anos 1990, ao setor industrial. Desse modo, a terceirização passou a abranger uma importante parcela do mercado de trabalho formal, pois, no final dos anos 2000, já representava cerca de 30% dele. Essa transformação do mercado de trabalho impactou o contexto da ação sindical, de modo geral. O surgimento de uma massa de trabalhadores terceirizados cobrou representatividade pelo sindicalismo nacional. Nesta dissertação, refletimos acerca de alguns impactos da terceirização no sindicalismo brasileiro por meio da consideração sobre a trajetória de um sindicato de trabalhadores terceirizados, o SINDEEPRES (Sindicato dos Empregados em Empresas de Prestação de Serviços a Terceiros, Colocação e Administração de Mão de Obra, Trabalho Temporário, Leitura de Medidores e Entrega de Avisos do Estado de São Paulo.) a maior organização de interesses dos trabalhadores desse segmento no Estado de São Paulo. Como esse sindicato apresentava uma taxa de sindicalização incomum (30%), desafiando a bibliografia sobre o tema, estabelecemos como objetivo principal compreender sua ação sindical, uma vez que essa engloba o fenômeno da filiação. No decorrer da pesquisa, o SINDEEPRES revelou-se como uma entidade poderosa. Mostrou-se articulada com os interesses políticos e econômicos que estiveram engajados para legalizar a terceirização. No contorno da ação desse sindicato ganha destaque o auxílio prestado aos trabalhadores filiados por meio da oferta de serviços e de proteção jurídica. Contudo, a pronunciada estratégia cooperativa que mantém com o sindicato patronal é o que melhor qualifica o perfil da atuação do SINDEEPRES. Essa relação constitui-se em fonte de poder decisiva para a realização dos interesses desse sindicato de trabalhadores terceirizados. / The outsourcing regulation by law 13.429 of 2017 bolstered the growth of that sort of employment relationship in Brazilian labor market. Since 1960s, public administration has been demanding subcontracting, which slowly expanded in the following decades over certain activities in commerce and services sector, disastrously reaching industrial sector. Nevertheless, outsourcing begun to include a meaningful share of formal labor market, representing around 30% of that by the end of 2000s. Overall, such adjustment had further impact over the work of trade unions for the emergence of massive outsource employees sought for national representability. Therefore, in this master thesis deals with consequences of outsourcing over Brazilian trade unions by analyzing the path of a trade union for outsource employees named SINDEEPRES (Trade union for representing employees of outsourcing, labor placement, temporary job, meter reading and delivery of notifications companies in São Paulo state.) the largest organization to support that labor segment in São Paulo state. As SINDEEPRES unionization rate was uncommon (of 30%), challenging the bibliography on the theme, our main goal was to understand its syndical action, since that embraces the phenomenon of affiliation. Our investigation has shown that SINDEEPRES is a powerful organization, which is interconnected with political and economic interests engaged in legalizing subcontracting. Regarding its syndical action, we highlighted the assistance offered to affiliated workers through services and legal protection. Nevertheless, the cooperative strategy between SINDEEPRES and the employer union is the most striking feature of SINDEEPRES action profile, consisting of the major power source for achieving its interests.

Este trabalho se constitui em uma contribuição à análise empírica da discriminação salarial contra as mulheres que possuem ao menos o nível superior completo no Brasil e no México. A escolha do tema deve-se ao fato de que a discriminação salarial negativa contra as mulheres no mercado de trabalho diminuiu lentamente nos últimos 20 anos, mas persiste na maioria dos países a despeito do aumento expressivo de mulheres no mercado de trabalho, inclusive ocupadas que possuem formação educacional de nível superior. Os países em tela, por sua vez, foram selecionados por dois motivos. O primeiro em virtude de ambos apresentarem economias dinâmicas e estruturas produtivas diversificadas, mas com elevadas desigualdades sociais e de gênero. O segundo motivo refere-se à disponibilidade de fontes de microdados compatíveis que permitem a construção de amostras comparáveis entre os dois países, em período e categorias de análise similares - da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) e Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo (ENOE) no ano de 2008. Esse fato possibilitou mensurar os determinantes e impactos da discriminação por sexo no mercado de trabalho. Aplicou-se a técnica de Oaxaca-Blinder para a estimativa do grau de discriminação em cada um dos países, e os principais resultados revelam que, para ambos os países, o componente de discriminação é menor entre os trabalhadores com ensino superior completo do que para o restante da população, apesar dessa categoria apresentar hiatos de renda superiores perante os demais trabalhadores. Ademais, verificou-se que a discriminação entre os trabalhadores ocupados em postos compatíveis com sua qualificação é relativamente inferior, sobretudo no México. / This work constitutes a contribution to the empirical analysis of wage discrimination against women who have at least a bachelor\'s degree in Brazil and Mexico. The choice of this issue was due to the fact that the negative wage discrimination against women in the labor market slowly declined over the past 20 years, but persists in most countries despite the significant increase of women in the labor market, including who have higher educational level. The countries, in turn, were selected for two reasons. The first one is because both exhibit dynamic economies and diversified production structures, but with high social and gender inequalities. The second reason relates to the availability of compatible sources of microdata that allow the construction of samples comparable between the two countries in the same period and similar categories of analysis Pesquisa Nacional de Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) and Encuesta Nacional de Occupación y Empleo (ENOE) in 2008. This fact made it possible to measure the determinants and impacts of sex discrimination in employment. The method applied to estimate the degree of discrimination in each country, was based on the Oaxaca-Blinder technique and the main results show that for both countries the discriminations coefficient is lower among workers with higher educational level, although they have a higher wage differential. Moreover, it was found that discrimination is lower among the workers in occupations compatible with their academic degree, especially in Mexico.

O agronegócio brasileiro está em crescente ascensão, com evolução evidente nas últimas décadas e conquistas importantes nos mercados interno e externo. Diante disso, as exigências da demanda do mercado de trabalho deste segmento estão cada vez mais altas, principalmente no tocante à qualificação dos profissionais contratados. No contexto de formação profissional qualificada para o atendimento das demandas do mercado de trabalho do agronegócio brasileiro, inserem-se as Instituições de Ensino Superior, voltadas para a formação em Ciências Agrárias, incluída nesta grande área a formação de Zootecnistas. A FZEA/USP é uma destas IES formadoras de Zootecnistas, e grande parte destes profissionais atua no mercado de trabalho do agronegócio, sendo relevante, portanto, conhecer a trajetória profissional dos egressos, mesmo que de forma amostral e qualitativa, visando fomentar as discussões sobre a aproximação das IES à realidade do mercado de trabalho. O objetivo desta pesquisa é a promoção da identificação e diversidade de características determinantes da trajetória profissional de egressos do curso de Zootecnia da USP, com foco na formação empreendedora. A pesquisa foi realizada com abordagem qualitativa, de caráter exploratório e descritivo, com a utilização do estudo de caso como metodologia fundamental. O conjunto de informações que suporta esta pesquisa foi obtido através da coleta de dados primários e secundários. Como fontes básicas de dados primários, especificamente desta pesquisa, pode-se citar os próprios pesquisados, egressos do curso de Zootecnia da USP, onde foram coletadas informações através de entrevistas semiestruturadas, que incluíram questões que giravam em torno de quatro pontos principais: a) dados pessoais do entrevistado; b) percepções do egresso com relação à educação ofertada durante o curso de graduação; c) trajetória profissional, desde a formação acadêmica; e d) principais complementações na formação para inserção ou manutenção de sua trajetória profissional. As fontes básicas dos dados secundários desta pesquisa incluem a própria USP, os sistemas que nela se inserem e que foram passíveis de coleta de dados, além de publicações, dados do governo, de instituições não governamentais e serviços padronizados de informação de marketing. Após a coleta de dados e desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, pode-se observar que nas trajetórias profissionais analisadas, foi observada uma busca pela construção de carreiras motivadas por demandas empreendedoras ou intraempreendedoras, com uma constante de educação continuada (não necessariamente antecipando a construção das carreiras), majoritariamente realizadas nas áreas de gestão/business. Diante do exposto, concluiu-se que é preciso que as IES trabalhem no sentido de modernizar seus enfoques de formação incorporando uma abordagem de ensino-aprendizagem que estimule a iniciativa e a busca de soluções baseadas no desenvolvimento de habilidades pessoais (incluindo a capacidade empreendedora) para seus egressos no próximo futuro. / Brazilian agribusiness is increasing with evident evolution in the last decades and important achievements for the domestic and foreign markets. Therefore, the demands of the labor market are higer and higer in this business area, mainly regarding the qualification of the hired professionals. Inserted in the context of qualified professional training to supply the demands of the Brazilian agribusiness labor market are the Higher Education Institutions, focused on the training in Agricultural Sciences, included in this large area, the Animal Science professionals. Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos of Universidade de São Paulo is one of these HEI training providers, and most of these professionals work in the agribusiness labor market. It is therefore relevant to know the professional trajectory of the graduates, even in a sampling and qualitative way, in order to promote discussions about the approach of the HEI to the reality of the labor market. The objective of this research is to identify and knowthe diversity of the key features of the professional trajectory that graduates in Animal Science at USP, focusing on entrepreneurship training. The research was carried out with a qualitative, exploratory and descriptive approach, with the use of the case study as a fundamental methodology. The set of information that supports this research was obtained through the collection of primary and secondary data. As basic sources of primary data, specifically from this research, one can cite the researched ones, graduates of the course of Animal Science at USP, where information was collected through semi structured interviews, which included questions that revolved around four main points: a) personal data of the interviewee; b) perceptions of the egress in relation to the education offered during the undergraduate course; c) professional trajectory, from the academic formation; and d) main complements in training for insertion or maintenance of their professional trajectory. The basic sources of secondary data from this survey include USP itself, the systems that are in place and that could be collected, as well as publications, government data, non-governmental institutions and standardized marketing information services. After the data collection, it was observed that in the analyzed professional trajectories, a search for the construction of careers motivated by entrepreneurial or intra-entrepreneurial demands was noticed, with a continuous education constant (not necessarily anticipating the construction of careers) , mostly carried out in the areas of management / business. In view of the above, it was concluded that HEIs need to work towards modernizing their training approaches by incorporating a teaching-learning approach that stimulates initiative and the search for solutions based on the development of personal skills (including entrepreneurship) for their graduates in the near future.

Políticas habitacionais para melhorar a qualidade de vida dos mais pobres têm sido empregadas há muito tempo. Em países em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil, a urbanização aumentou o número de favelas, incentivando a criação de programas habitacionais. Esse é o caso do Minha Casa Minha Vida (MCMV), lançado em 2009 no Brasil. Por mais que a provisão de moradias de qualidade tenda a aumentar o bem-estar das famílias beneficiadas, estudos têm criticado a má localização dos empreendimentos do programa, gerando dúvidas sobre o impacto da política. A seleção dos beneficiários do Minha Casa Minha Vida enquadrados na Faixa I, destinada aos mais pobres, é feita por sorteio. Isso permitiu dividir os indivíduos em grupos de tratamento e controle para os municípios do Rio de Janeiro e de São José do Rio Preto, no interior de São Paulo. Ao combinar bases de dados que contêm os indivíduos sorteados e não sorteados para o programa com o Relatório Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS) e o Cadastro Único, estimou-se o efeito do MCMV sobre a participação no mercado de trabalho formal para os dois grupos. Além disso, também verifica-se o impacto sobre a participação no Bolsa Família, principal programa social do país. Os resultados indicam que o programa afetou negativamente a oferta de trabalho, reduzindo a probabilidade de o beneficiário estar empregado formalmente. Além disso, também aumentou a proporção dos beneficiários que recebem o Bolsa Família. Esse é um dos primeiros artigos a analisar micro-dados do Minha Casa Minha Vida, fornecendo uma importante medida de impacto do programa. / Housing policies to improve the quality of life of the poorest have been employed for a long time. In developing countries, such as Brazil, urbanization has increased the number of slums, encouraging the creation of housing programs. This is the case of the Minha Casa Minha Vida program, launched in 2009 in Brazil. Although the provision of quality housing tends to increase the welfare of the beneficiary families, studies have criticized the poor location of the program\'s houses, generating doubts about the impact of the policy. Since the demand for housing is much larger than the supply, the poorest families in Minha Casa Minha Vida are randomly selected. This allowed us to divide individuals into treatment and control groups for the municipalities of Rio de Janeiro and São José do Rio Preto, in the state of São Paulo. By combining databases containing the individuals that were randomly selected and those who were not with administrative data from the Relatório Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS) and the Cadastro Único we were able to measure the changes in the formal labor market for both groups. In addition, we also check the impact on participation in Bolsa Família, the country\'s main social program. The results indicate that the program has negatively affected the labor supply, reducing the likelihood that the recipient will be formally employed. In addition, the program increased the proportion of families receiving the Bolsa Família program. This is one of the first articles to analyze microdata from Minha Casa Minha Vida, providing an important measure of the program\'s impact