Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:19:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006-Marcos Aurelio Campos de Queiroz.pdf: 479215 bytes, checksum: da501a36f5b471686739cc04b11bafad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-08 / This work aims to study legal entities with up to four professionals, located in Downtown Rio de Janeiro, and acting at four services segments selected in the Economic Activities National Classification (CNAE): Financial Intermediation, Computing Activities and Related Services, Services Specially Rendered to Other Enterprises and Recreative, Cultural and Sportive Activities. The research characterizes the profile of these legal entities, observing their dynamics and acting logics, from the reporting supplied by the Central Register of Enterprises (CEMPRE) of Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The random stratified sampling was selected by Excel for Windows software, and a questionnaire was elaborated to collect data so as to register the opening reasons of these legal entities, experience level of consulted professionals, business maintenance difficulties, means of rendering services, type of clients and professional performance motivation in the near future. The study shows the context of the recent economics trajectory of Rio de Janeiro, discusses the changes in the labor market which resulted in job offer decrease, the service sector characteristics and their importance in the contemporary world, entrepreneurship characteristics, the importance of very small and small businesses and the opening of legal entities as an alternative for professional performance. From the assessment of the data acquired through the research questionnaire and observations done during the investigation, there is a descriptive analysis of the present reality of each of the four researched services segments, and the motivation behind the opening of legal entities and their maintenance, either as a result of entrepreneurship spirit of the professionals and/or their adaptation to the present reality of the labor market. The study reveals a high instability of the researched legal entities, indicating that the high number of new units opening as a result of the involved professional's entrepreneurship spirit, as an adapting movement of these professionals to the scarcity of formal labor market vacancy, which has been accentuated in the last years. It has been noticed that the opening of legal entities is a means used by entrepreneurs in order to legalize their activities and to act in the formal economy, which confirms the predominance of the so-called entrepreneurship by necessity , as it is the most common modality of entrepreneurship in Brazil. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar as pessoas jur?dicas com at? quatro profissionais, localizadas no Centro do munic?pio do Rio de Janeiro e atuantes em quatro segmentos de servi?os selecionados na Classifica??o Nacional de Atividades Econ?micas (CNAE): Intermedia??o Financeira, Atividades de Inform?tica e Servi?os Relacionados, Servi?os Prestados Principalmente ?s Empresas e Atividades Recreativas, Culturais e Desportivas. A pesquisa caracteriza o perfil destas pessoas jur?dicas, observando sua din?mica e l?gica de funcionamento, a partir da rela??o fornecida pelo Cadastro Central de Empresas (CEMPRE) do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat?stica (IBGE). A amostra aleat?ria estratificada foi selecionada atrav?s do software Excel for Windows, e para a coleta de dados foi elaborado um question?rio, visando o registro dos motivos de abertura das pessoas jur?dicas, o n?vel de experi?ncia dos profissionais consultados, dificuldade de manuten??o do neg?cio, meios utilizados de presta??o de servi?os, o tipo de clientes e a motiva??o para atua??o profissional no futuro pr?ximo. O estudo contextualiza a trajet?ria econ?mica recente do Rio de Janeiro, discute as altera??es ocorridas no mercado de trabalho que resultaram na diminui??o da oferta de empregos, as caracter?sticas do setor de servi?os e sua import?ncia no mundo contempor?neo, as caracter?sticas do empreendedorismo, a import?ncia das micro e pequenas empresas e abertura de pessoas jur?dicas enquanto alternativa para atua??o profissional. A partir do processamento dos dados coletados por meio do question?rio de pesquisa e de constata??es feitas durante o trabalho de pesquisa, ? apresentada uma an?lise descritiva da realidade atual de cada um dos quatro segmentos de servi?os pesquisados, e discutida a motiva??o para abertura e manuten??o das pessoas jur?dicas, seja por esp?rito empreendedor destes profissionais e/ou por adapta??o ? realidade atual do mercado de trabalho. O estudo revela uma elevada instabilidade das pessoas jur?dicas pesquisadas, indicando que o elevado n?mero de abertura de novas unidades ? resultado tanto do esp?rito empreendedor dos profissionais envolvidos, quanto de um movimento de adapta??o destes profissionais ? escassez de vagas no mercado de trabalho formal, que tem se acentuado nos ?ltimos anos. Foi observado que a abertura de pessoas jur?dicas ? um recurso utilizado para atua??o dos empreendedores no sentido de legalizar suas atividades e atuar na economia formal, sendo confirmada a predomin?ncia do chamado empreendedorismo por necessidade , tal qual ? a modalidade de empreendedorismo mais comum no Brasil.

Este trabalho pretende contribuir para a diminuição de um vão que se observa entre a formação acadêmica dos graduandos dos cursos de Tradução e a realidade do profissional após ingressar no mercado, explorando como as agências de tradução, parte significativa do mercado de trabalho na área, são vistas pelos tradutores em formação da cidade de São Paulo. Para isso, foram aplicados questionários a alunos de diferentes semestres de algumas faculdades de Tradução de São Paulo; além disso, tradutores profissionais de agências foram também entrevistados. Acima de tudo, a grande questão que este trabalho procura investigar é se os alunos estão sendo bem preparados para o mercado de trabalho de tradução / This work aims at bridging a gap observed between the education of undergraduates in translation courses and the reality faced by the professional after graduating, exploring how translation agencies, a significant part of the translation industry, are considered by these students. With this purpose, questionnaires were applied to undergraduates in different stages of some translation schools in São Paulo City. Professional translators working for agencies were also interviewed. The main issue raised by this dissertation is whether students are being well prepared to face the market after graduation

O trabalho analisa a evolução do mercado de trabalho da agropecuária nacional e regional, apresentando indicadores sobre a ocupação, o emprego, a qualificação e a remuneração de trabalhadores, de 1992 a 2007. Usando os dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostras de Domicílios - PNAD, considerou-se o conjunto de todas as pessoas ocupadas e empregadas no setor agropecuário como um todo e destacou-se as informações daqueles que exercem atividades nos segmentos pecuário e agrícola, e em culturas específicas, com ênfase na cana-de-açúcar. O trabalho também é voltado para a investigação dos diferenciais da remuneração e salários na agropecuária brasileira, por meio do ajuste de equações de rendimentos. Além dos fatores usualmente adotados em equações de rendimentos estimadas para o setor, como idade (proxy da experiência), escolaridade, sexo, posição na ocupação, situação do domicílio (rural ou urbano), cor da pele e horas semanais de trabalho, também foram incluídas como variáveis explanatórias o segmento de atividade (agrícola, pecuário, ou ramos mais específicos) e, no caso das equações dos assalariados, variáveis referentes à posse ou não de carteira de trabalho, à natureza do emprego (permanente ou temporário e especializado ou não especializado). Os resultados revelam que o mercado de trabalho agropecuário eliminou muitos postos de trabalho nos últimos 15 anos, principalmente em razão da ampliação do uso de tecnologia pelo setor. Alguns avanços no mercado de trabalho são observados, como o crescimento de postos de trabalho com vínculos empregatícios mais estáveis, e os ganhos reais na remuneração das pessoas empregadas nas diversas atividades agropecuárias. As equações de rendimentos estimadas para o conjunto das pessoas ocupadas mostram que os principais condicionantes do rendimento são a posição na ocupação e a região. Para o subconjunto de empregados, verifica-se que um empregado com carteira assinada e com vínculo permanente tende a ganhar mais dos que aquele sem registro em carteira e temporário. Nos modelos para os empregados agrícolas, como era de se esperar, o empregado não especializado (mão-de-obra comum) ganha, em média, mais do que o especializado. Ao acrescentar essas variáveis percebe-se a diminuição da influência da região na renda dos empregados na agropecuária, indicando que os diferenciais de salários estão fortemente associados aos diferentes níveis técnicos e de produtividade existentes entre os espaços geográficos do país. Em todos os modelos estimados, verifica-se que a remuneração das pessoas ocupadas (ou empregadas) em empreendimentos cuja atividade principal é a produção de canade- açúcar é a mais elevada, quando comparada com a remuneração obtida na pecuária, na agricultura e em outras lavouras selecionadas, como o arroz, a soja, o café, o milho e a mandioca. Embora se constate que os empregados na cana-de-açúcar são melhor remunerados quando são analisadas as informações de trabalhadores de várias etapas do ciclo produtivo (PNAD), quando é analisado o pagamento diário nas empreitas de colheita no estado de São Paulo, conforme dados do Instituto de Economia Agrícola - IEA, o valor pago na colheita da cana é inferior ao pago na colheita de frutas cítricas (laranja, limão e tangerina) e de café (cereja e em coco). / The thesis analyses the evolution of the job market in the agriculture and livestock sector, nationally and regionally, presenting indicators about the workers occupation, employment, qualification and earnings from 1992 to 2007. Using data from a Brazilian national household survey - PNAD, the analysis considers all people working and employed in the agriculture and livestock sector including the information about those who work in the livestock and agricultural segments and in specific crops, with emphasis in sugar cane. The thesis also aims to investigate the differentials of earnings of workers in the agricultural sector, through the adjustment of income equations. In addition to the factors usually included in income equations estimated for the sector, like age, schooling, gender, position in the occupation, residence\'s situation (rural or urban), skin color and weekly working hours, other explanatory variables where added: type of activity (crops, livestock or more specific branches). In the case of the equations for those who receive a salary, variables referring to possession or not of working papers, the nature of the job (permanent or temporary and specialized or not specialized) were included. The results reveal that the agricultural job market has eliminated many job positions in the last 15 years, mainly due to the increase of technology usage by the sector. Some advances in the job market are noticed, like growth of job positions with more stable employment relations and real increases of employed peoples earnings in diverse agricultural activities. The income equations estimated for all employed people show that the main determining to the income are position in the occupation and region. For the employees\' equation, it is noted that an employee registered in a permanent job tends to earn more than those unregistered and temporary. In agricultural employees models, as expected, the non-specialized employee (common work-hand) earns more than the specialized one. With the addition of these variables, a decrease of influence of region in the income from agricultural employees can be perceived, indicating that differentials of salaries are strongly attached to the different technical levels and productivity existent among the country geographical spaces. In all estimated models, it is noted that the earnings level of occupied person is higher in enterprises which main activity is sugar cane production, when compared with the earning level obtained from livestock, agriculture and other selected crops like rice, soya, coffee, corn and manioc. Although it has been verified that employees in sugar cane are better paid when consider data for all stages of the productive cycle, when the daily payment in harvest in the state of Sao Paulo is analysed, the amount paid in sugar cane is lower than the one paid in citrus harvest (orange, lemon, tangerine) and coffee.

Apesar da crescente participação das mulheres no mercado de trabalho nos últimos cinquenta anos, a baixa representatividade feminina em cargos de alto nível hierárquico persiste. Tendo em vista o papel das relações de gênero na reprodução de desigualdades no mercado de trabalho, a presente pesquisa investiga os desafios de conciliação trabalho-família de mulheres que ocupam posições de alta responsabilidade em organizações privadas sediadas em São Paulo. Com base na compreensão do Construcionismo Social do cotidiano como espaço privilegiado de análise da relação entre indivíduo e sociedade, foram realizadas entrevistas narrativas nas quais as entrevistadas falaram livremente sobre os desafios que enfrentaram ao longo da carreira por serem mulheres, mães e casadas. As entrevistas foram discutidas a partir dos seguintes aspectos das experiências compartilhadas pelas entrevistadas: a percepção de que as mulheres ainda precisam se afirmar no mundo do trabalho; a diferença de tratamento dispensada a elas nas relações de trabalho; os aspectos que parecem impactar o desenvolvimento de carreira das mulheres, mas não dos homens; o esforço diário para uma gestão eficaz do tempo; e os efeitos da insuficiência de práticas e equipamentos coletivos de conciliação trabalho-família. O equilíbrio entre trabalho e responsabilidades familiares é considerado pela Organização Internacional do Trabalho ponto chave para o estabelecimento de maior igualdade entre homens e mulheres, tanto no que diz respeito à realização profissional quanto ao direito de exercer as atividades de cuidado. Observa-se, no entanto, que as organizações se constituem como instituições atravessadas pelas relações de gênero, assim como de raça e classe, e reproduzem desigualdades à medida que operam as normas e processos internos, contribuindo para a manutenção da segregação das mulheres no mercado de trabalho. A escassez de políticas de conciliação oferecidas pelo Estado e pelas empresas perpetuam a noção de que os indivíduos devem se responsabilizar pelo equilíbrio entre as atividades produtivas e reprodutivas, favorecendo, portanto, a manutenção dos estereótipos de gênero / Despite the increasing participation of women in the labor market in the last fifty years, the low female representation in positions of high hierarchical level persists. Considering the role of gender relations in the reproduction of inequalities in the labor market, the present research investigates the challenges of work-family conciliation of women occupying positions of high responsibility in private organizations based in São Paulo. Based on the understanding of Social Constructionism of everyday life as a privileged space for analyzing the relationship between individual and society, narrative interviews were conducted in which the interviewees spoke freely about the challenges they faced during their career as women, mothers and married women. The interviews were discussed based on the following aspects of the experiences shared by the interviewees: the perception that women still need to affirm themselves in the working world; the difference of treatment given to them in the labor relations; the aspects that seem to impact the career development of women, but not of men; the daily effort for effective management of time; and the effects of the inadequacy of policies and collective practices for work-family conciliation. The balance between work and family responsibilities is considered by the International Labor Organization as a key point in establishing greater equality between men and women, both with regard to professional fulfillment and the right to exercise care activities. It is observed, however, that organizations are constituted as institutions crossed by gender relations, as well as by race and class, and reproduce inequalities as internal norms and processes are operated, contributing to the maintenance of the segregation of women in the labor market. The small presence of conciliation policies offered by the state and by private companies perpetuates the notion that individuals should be responsible for the balance of productive and reproductive activities, thus favoring the maintenance of gender stereotypes

Research Report Global Labour University, Department of Sociology University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg September 26th, 2014 / This research report looks at the historic farm worker strikes and protests that took place during late 2012 and early 2013, involving thousands of farm workers and the rural poor in the Western Cape, with a view to answering: 1) why did the protests take place when they did; 2) how did the protests spread across the Western Cape; and 3) did the mass participation of the protests turn into formal organisation. The research was conducted primarily through in-depth interviews with participants and observers of the protests during field visits to the Western Cape in late 2013 and early 2014. The findings of the report suggest that farm owners, responding to top-down pressures of shifting global production standards and competition, along with increased government regulation and worker protections, continue to move toward a more seasonal, outsourced, and off-farm labour force; the transformation of the workforce is leading to a breakdown or re-negotiation of two of the major impediments to overt, confrontational, and collective action, namely paternalistic social construction and farm worker isolation. These longer-term trends combined with the spark of a small, successful strike and an increasing sense of tactics, strategy, and possibility to ignite a large-scale strike in one of the major farming towns in the area. With the help of television coverage featuring scenes of this protest and a clear demand by protestors themselves for an increase in the minimum wage, local organisations then served as “coordinating” units, alongside a range of more informal networks, to spread the protest and its easily replicable tactics to towns around the region. In part because farm workers do not have meaningful access to the more institutional vehicles for expressing their grievances, the protests took on a more bottom-up, “spontaneous” nature and spread, with the strategy of disruption and its emerging repertoires of contention serving as key sources of power. Because of the unique nature of the protests and the shifting nature of farm worker identities, most of the participating organisations were unsuccessful at translating the mass participation of the protests into greatly expanded levels of formal organisation. This challenge of turning participation into organisation was exacerbated by a major backlash by farm owners after the protest, as well as by some of the organising approaches of these organisations during and after the protests. The report concludes that there may be reasons for hope as the protests seem to have created some expanded confidence and leadership among farm workers, even if they did not primarily challenge power on the farms; the question remains as to whether this historic uprising can lead to further transformation from below.

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the academic requirements for the degree of Masters in Development Theory and Policy Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management School of Economic and Business Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, South Africa February 2016 / In this report, the individual and household circumstances which influence the probability of a person having a certain labour market outcome, and how these outcomes differ by gender, will be investigated. While a number of similar studies have been conducted, this report contributes to the South African literature by investigating, using more recent data from the National Income Dynamics Study, what the determining factors are that drive women and men to the labour market, and determine employment outcomes. Furthermore, the investigation is extended by exploring whether these factors differ for men and women by age cohort. The main hypothesis of the study is that the determinants, which impact labour market outcomes and a successful transition from being not economically active or unemployed in a given period, to becoming employed in another period, differ for males and females; with factors such as education, labour market experience, and other household factors like marital status and children in the home being more important for women than for men. The results of the econometric analysis suggest that education is important for both sexes, but is of particular importance in determining the labour force participation and employment probabilities of women and the youth cohort. Furthermore, the location in which an individual resides is an important determinant of the labour market outcomes of women, with women in urban areas having the most favourable labour market outcomes. Having pensioners in the home has an adverse effect on the employment probabilities of men, while it is positively related to the employment probabilities of young women. Children in the home reduce the labour force participation of both men and women, but have a negative effect on the employment probabilities of women. / MT2017

A gravidez na adolescência é um fenômeno complexo, associado a inúmeros fatores econômicos, educacionais e comportamentais. Muitos estudos realizados no Brasil e em outros países preocupam-se em apresentar a forte associação entre a idade em que a mulher tem seu primeiro filho e indicadores sociais e econômicos relativos aos seus resultados futuros. Na maioria destes estudos, encontram-se evidências de que a gravidez precoce prejudica o desempenho escolar dificultando a inserção das jovens mães no mercado de trabalho. Tal desvantagem socioeconômica pode estar associada à potencialização do círculo vicioso da pobreza e ao aumento das desigualdades de gênero no mercado de trabalho. O objetivo dessa pesquisa é analisar o impacto da presença de filho sobre os resultados econômicos e sociais de curto prazo das adolescentes brasileiras. Para tratar do problema de endogeneidade presente na relação entre filhos e resultados socioeconômicos, este trabalho propõe o uso da ocorrência de natimortos para a construção do contrafactual de interesse. Os resultados obtidos mostram que jovens que têm filho estão mais propensas a estabelecer um relacionamento conjugal, têm 18,4 pontos percentuais a mais de chances de terem cônjuge. Há também evidências de impactos negativos significativos deste evento sobre o desenvolvimento educacional da adolescente. Estima-se uma redução em 18,8 pontos percentuais da probabilidade de frequentar a escola e em 10 pontos percentuais da probabilidade da adolescente possuir pelo menos o Ensino Fundamental completo. Ademais, foram encontradas evidências de que a presença de filho também reduz em 13,7 p.p as chances da jovem participar do mercado de trabalho. / Teenage pregnancy is a complex phenomenon associated with numerous economic, educational and behavioral aspects. Many studies in Brazil and in others countries are concerned to present a strong association between the age at which women have their first child and the social and economic indicators relating to future results. In most of these studies, there are evidences that early pregnancy affects school performance hindering the inclusion of young mothers in the labor market. Such socioeconomic disadvantage may be associated with potentiation of the vicious poverty circle and with increasing gender inequalities in the labor market. The objective of this research is to analyze the impact of early motherhood on the short-term socioeconomic results of Brazilian adolescents. To address the problem of endogeneity in the relationship between children and socioeconomic outcomes, this study proposes the use of stillbirth for the construction of the counterfactual of interest. The results show that teenagers who have child are more likely to establish a marital relationship, have 18.4 percentage points more likely to have a spouse. There is also evidence of significant negative impacts of this event on the development of schooling. It is estimated a reduction by 18.8 percentage points in the probability of attending school and by 10 percentage points in the probability of have complete at least the primary education. Furthermore, evidence was found that the presence of child also reduces in 13.7 p.p the chances of adolescents participate in the labor market.

Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’agency (capacité d’agir) telle qu’elle se manifeste dans la vie quotidienne des migrants chinois en situation défavorable en France. Les enquêtes ont été effectuées dans deux quartiers en banlieue parisienne qui accueillent de nombreux nouveaux arrivants « par le bas », et qui commencent leur vie migratoire par une période irrégulière. En dépit d’une double exclusion dans la société d’accueil à la fois de la part des politiques migratoires et du marché, les immigrés chinois réussissent généralement à sortir de l’ornière. Comment y parviennent-ils ?En s’appuyant sur l’accès au logement et au travail, deux domaines essentiels dans l’expérience migratoire, cette thèse tente de répondre à cette problématique en se focalisant sur les marchés ethniques. Non seulement les liens interpersonnels, mais aussi les liens communautaires basés principalement sur l’ethnicité, sont mobilisés comme ressources.Cette thèse entend d’abord mettre en lumière les marchés ethniques du logement et du travail, afin de mieux comprendre le mécanisme qui fait fonctionner cette économie ethnique. D’autre part, elle entend mettre en relief trois questions essentielles autant bien sur le plan académique que sur le plan politique : l’approche émique, en insistant sur les perspectives des migrants eux-mêmes, la tension entre l’importance des ressources communautaires dans la vie quotidienne des migrants chinois et ses contraintes éventuelles, et le faux dilemme entre communauté et intégration. / This thesis has as its main object of interest the forms of agency manifested in the everyday life of Chinese migrants in disadvantaged situations in France. This is studied through fieldwork conducted in two neighborhoods in Paris suburbs, which received a great number of arrivals “from the bottom”, who began their life as migrants through an undocumented period. Despite a double exclusion in the host society from migration policies and from the market, Chinese immigrants usually manage to pull themselves out. How did they achieve this?By investigating the access to housing and work, two essential domains in the migration experience, this thesis attempts to address this problem with a focus on ethnic markets. In those markets, both interpersonal relationships and community bonds based on ethnicity are mobilized as resources.This thesis aims first to bring to light ethnic markets in housing and work, in order to achieve a better understanding of the mechanisms that enable this ethnic economy to function. Both in scholarly and political perspectives, this thesis emphasizes three essential questions: the emic approach, in which the perspectives of migrants themselves are privileged, the tension between the importance of community resources in the everyday life of Chinese immigrants and their constraints, and finally the false dilemma between community and integration.

A current topic that is being discussed in education is the opportunity to work after graduation. The thesis strives to investigate what kind of competence is being created in higher education in order to determine the employability of the student and to clarify what educational support that is available. The study was conducted through semi-structured interviews with seven student counselors who shared their views on the correlation between education and the labor market in order to explore how to work with employability. The result shows that there is a lack of work-related learning in higher education that increases the gap between education and the labor market. The student indicates stress and anxiety about the future of the labor market and feels lost in what the education generates for type of competence. To avoid this problem, information about the skills that the labor market is demanding should be implemented in education and the opportunity to assign internships in the general programs.

Workers whose credentials and skills do not meet or exceed the required competencies for their jobs have been of interest to scholars investigating the transition from school to jobs. To understand how such mismatch arises in the transitional period, some scholars emphasize that the labor market cannot keep up with the pace of educational expansion. Thus, many highly educated workers do not find jobs that fit their schooling and skill level. Others locate the source of mismatch in the inability of education to produce enough workers with the desired skill levels in the labor market. By focusing on this mismatch, this dissertation aims to provide a better understanding of the relationship between education and work. In particular, this study examines data covering the past two decades to see how the number of workers with skill and educational mismatch has changed and how educational expansion and transformations in the labor market have contributed to the change. The results indicate that workers with such mismatch have generally increased over the past two decades, but educational expansion has minimally contributed to this change. Rather, it is more likely caused by business cycles or job characteristics. The study also explores how the practices applied to select suitable workers in the hiring process affects workers’ job matching. This study suggests that workers are classified into various types depending on strategies by which employers use to determine workers’ degree of fit. Subsequently, their earnings and job satisfaction vary according to workers’ membership in these types of groups.