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published_or_final_version / Business / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Many professionally trained immigrant applicants receive high marks in the selection process for their perceived value to the host Canadian society and economy. Upon arrival, however, many new immigrants find that employers and industry-regulated accreditation boards do not recognize their foreign degrees and work experience. In this thesis, I interview 25 underemployed or unemployed foreign-trained engineers in Vancouver to investigate the diversity of their experiences in the labour market. I focus on how they perceive the obstacles they are facing and how they are responding to these barriers in seeking employment. This thesis is situated in a growing body of literature that considers labour markets as complex, place-contingent, socially and institutionally embedded constructs. Using a "socio-institutionalist" approach, which refutes conventional neoclassical economics' theories of labour markets as free, self-equilibrating, and uninterrupted markets, enables me to compose, then put to work, a multilogical theoretical model that examines the ways in which various institutions control, shape, and govern access to professional engineering jobs in Vancouver. In particular, I draw upon theories of regulatory, social and cultural institutions in the labour market. I find that regulatory institutions, such as the Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of British Columbia (APEGBC), create licensing obstacles that are indeed profound for new immigrants. In addition, many recent immigrants are excluded from local social networks that diffuse information about professional job availabilities; assistance is provided through inclusive immigrant and ethnic networks, but this rarely leads to professional employment. Lastly, many newcomers perceive their cultural institutional affiliation to be wanting, and so pursue Canadian academic credentials in an attempt to gain entrance into the market.

Income support programs constitute an integral component of modern labour markets and represent significant fiscal commitments on the part of governments. This thesis examines two key income support programs in Canada and their impact on labour market outcomes, namely employment insurance (EI) and social assistance (SA). Together expenditures on EI and SA represented approximately 2 per cent of Canadian GDP in 1998-99 and influenced a range of labour market decisions relating to labour force participation, employment and unemployment spells. The analysis in this thesis provides new evidence on the role of the EI and SA programs on labour market outcomes by examining the interface between the programs and labour market behaviour. An analysis of the take-up of SA amongst a sample of SA eligible individuals is also undertaken that provides new evidence on the determinants of participation in the SA program in Canada. The analysis in this thesis uses the 1997 Canadian Out of Employment Panel dataset, a unique dataset that provides detailed information on the use of income support programs and employment patterns, and detailed information on a rich set of personal and household characteristics. The approach adopted in this thesis is to use a generalized probability transition model to examine the nature of the interface between income support programs and their effect on labour market outcomes. This approach allows the implications of changes in either program for use of the other program, and overall labour market outcomes, to be identified. The analysis of the SA take-up decision uses a discrete choice framework that explicitly takes account of the potential endogeneity of benefit levels available to the individual. A number of conclusions can be drawn from the analysis undertaken in this thesis. First, when the generosity of the SA program is reduced, individuals decrease use of both the SA and EI programs. Conversely, reducing the generosity of the EI program results in an increase in the use, albeit relatively small, of the SA program. The results of the analysis of the take-up decision of the SA program point to the key role of benefit levels and previous use of the program as determinants of the likelihood that an individual takes up SA.

Oficiali statistika skelbia, kad Lietuvoje gyvena daugiau nei 253 159 neįgaliųjų, tai sudaro 9 proc. visų gyventojų. Asmenys su negalia dėl fizinių ar psichinių sutrikimų negali pasirūpinti savo asmeniniu ir socialiniu gyvenimu, realiai pasinaudoti savo teisėmis. Esant sudėtingai ekonominei situacijai, bendram nedarbui, neįgaliųjų integracija į darbo rinką yra didelė problema, nes darbas neįgaliam žmogui yra būtinybė. Jau pripažįstama, kad negalia yra konflikto su gyvenimu priežastis, kuri stipriai riboja žmogaus psichines ir socialines funkcijas, dėl ko žmogus praranda savarankiškumą, fizinę jėgą, galimybę judėti orientaciją, netenka draugų, nebegali dirbti mėgstamo darbo. Tai paveikia ir asmenybę: suardo jos vientisumą, susilpnina aktyvumą ir dinamiką. Asmenų su negalia užimtumas yra vienas iš pagrindinių neįgaliųjų integracijos į visuomenę rodiklis. Neįgaliųjų įsidarbinimą lemia ne vien tik įstatyminė bazė garantuojanti įdarbinimą. Kiekvienas neįgalus asmuo, bandantis konkuruoti darbo rinkoje, susiduria su keliamais gana aukštais reikalavimais: išsilavinimas, įgyta profesija, darbo patirtis, amžius, darbingumo lygis, negalia. Tinkamo neįgaliųjų užimtumo problemų sprendimo laidas – nuolatinė, aktyvi, integrali veikla, į kurią turi būti įtraukta kuo daugiau įvairaus lygio valstybės, savivaldos ir socialinių partnerių. Valstybė turi sudaryti sąlygas, kad visi neįgalieji, galintys ir norintys dirbti, turėtų darbą. Šis tyrimas turėtų atkreipti dėmesį į neįgaliųjų bedarbių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / According to official statistics, the number of the disabled counts more than 253 159 people in Lithuania and that accounts for 9 percent of the country’s population. Persons with various disabilities, physical or mental disorders, tend not to lead normal personal as well as social lives, and their basic rights are violated on a daily basis. Taking into consideration the severe economic situation, the prevailing level of unemployment and other consequences of the crisis, integration of the disabled into the work market is vitally important as work has become the only source of income. It has been proved that disability causes conflicts with one‘s life since disability limits the person‘s psychological and social functions, and this results in the loss of autonomy, physical strength, the ability to move, orientation, the loss of friends and, eventually, work. The disability affects one‘s personality: it erodes the sense of integrity, affects one‘s activity, mobility and dynamics. The number of disabled people employed in the labor market is a major indicator of their integration into the society. Unfortunately, legal system and laws do not guaranty smooth employment for the disabled. In fact, disabled people face various obstacles and high requirements while trying to compete in the labor market such as required education, proper training, work experience, preferable age, the level of work performance at work and the level of disability. A solution to the existing problem... [to full text]

Lietuvoje šiuo laikmečiu labai aktualus suaugusiųjų profesinis tobulinimasis, kadangi sparčiai kinta darbo rinka bei informacinės technologijos, sparčiai vystosi šalies ūkis. Vykstantys socialiniai ir ekonominiai pokyčiai verčia suaugusius nuolat tobulintis, įgyjant naujų žinių ir patirties. Suaugusiųjų profesinis tobulinimasis kyla ne tik dėl darbo rinkos kaitos ar informacinių technologijų kaitos, jis sudaro sąlygas suaugusiųjų bendrosios kultūros ugdymuisi bei suaugusiojo asmenybės socialinio statuso kilimui. Todėl labai svarbu aiškintis suaugusiųjų motyvus ir galimybes profesiniam tobulinimuisi, šioje gan sparčiai besikeičiančioje visuomenėje. Lietuvoje suaugusiųjų švietimu rūpinasi Švietimo ir mokslo ministerija, Socialinės apsaugos ir darbo ministerija. Suaugusiųjų mokymusi rūpinasi ne tik valstybė, bet ir nevyriausybinės organizacijos. Nemenką indėlį į suaugusiųjų mokymosi visą gyvenimą plėtotę, įdeda Lietuvos suaugusiųjų švietimo asociacija. Ši asociacija rūpinasi informacinės medžiagos leidimu, metodinės medžiagos leidimu. Informuoja visuomenę apie mokymosi visą gyvenimą prieinamumą. Remia ir organizuoja mokymo programas, tyrimų programas. Tyrimo probleminiai klausimai: - kokie suaugusiųjų profesinio tobulinimosi motyvai planuojant karjerą, - kokios suaugusiųjų profesinio tobulinimosi galimybės planuojant karjerą. Tyrimo objektas: suaugusiųjų profesinis tobulinimasis planuojant karjerą. Tyrimo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The society and its values are changing. Scientific discoveries which occur everyday and the changes of the economy and labor market are forcing us to change ourselves and strive for the new competencies. Europe is going towards the knowledge based society and economy. The term “Life long learning” is like a motto towards the new society – to the creation of the knowledge based society. The accessibility to the newest information and knowledge, motivation and skills to use wisely those resources in favor of whole society become a factor more than ever which rise the competence of Europe, people’s working capacity and applicability (the Life long learning Memorandum, 2001, p. 10) Lithuania hasn’t stayed apart when Lithuania joined the modern society of Europe which popularizes the life long learning. A lot of attention is devoted to the comprehensive adults‘ professional training in Lithuania as well as in other European countries. The adults‘ professional training is very urgent issue of nowadays in Lithuania when the labor market and information technologies are changing rapidly and the economy of the country is developing fast. The adults show the interest to be the modern and educated part of the society while accepting such a comprehensive and fast change. The adults are forced to train themselves continually and to acquire new knowledge and experience because of social and economic changes. The necessity of the adults‘ professional training rises not only because of the... [to full text]

Magistro darbo tema yra aktuali, nes dėl emigracijos Lietuvoje išryškėjo darbo jėgos trūkumas. Siekiant efektyvesnio darbo rinkos subalansuotumo, vienas svarbus kelias – kuo daugiau į darbo rinką įtraukti neaktyvių ir prarandamų asmenų, t. y. vyresnio amžiaus bedarbių. Nedarbas mažėja, tačiau nepaisant mažėjančio nedarbo, vyresnio amžiaus bedarbių integravimasis į darbo rinką yra sudėtingesnis nei kitų amžiaus grupių. Šis faktas reikalauja gilesnės vyresnio amžiaus bedarbių padėties darbo rinkoje analizės. Tyrimo problema. Vyresnio amžiaus bedarbių integravimasis į darbo rinką yra sudėtingesnis nei kitų amžiaus grupių. Tyrimo objektas. Vyresnio amžiaus bedarbių integracija į darbo rinką. Tyrimo tikslas. Atskleisti vyresnio amžiaus bedarbių integracijos į darbo rinką problemas. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Apžvelgti vyresnio amžiaus bedarbių integravimo į darbo rinką teisinius ir institucinius aspektus; 2. Apibūdinti vyresnio amžiaus bedarbių socialinės atskirties ypatumus; 3. Atskleisti vyresnio amžiaus bedarbių įsidarbinamumo tendencijas Lietuvos darbo rinkoje; 4. Nustatyti vyresnio amžiaus bedarbių motyvaciją dirbti ir nedarbo priežastis; 5.Atskleisti vyresnio amžiaus bedarbių motyvaciją mokytis ir galimybes integruotis į darbo rinką. Tyrimo metodai: mokslinės literatūros analizė, įstatymų ir dokumentų analizė, anketinė apklausa. Vyresnio amžiaus bedarbių integracija darbo rinkoje yra sudėtinga ir prieštaringa problema nes visų pirma būtina skatinti šios bedarbių grupės bendrą... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The theme of master degree is actual, because changes in labor force supply were influanced by emigration factors. Lithuania experience a lack of labor force. Integration of passive, elder unemployed into the labor market, is one of the measures strengthening the policies for equal opportunities. Unemployment rate is decreasing, however the integration of elder unemployed into the labor market is more difficult comparing with ather age group. This factor require a deep analysis of equal opportunities and support of elder unemployed implementing active labor market policy measures. The problem of research. Integration of elder unemployed into the labor market is more complicated that unemployment of other age group. Aim of research. To reveal the problems related to elder people integration into the labor market measures. Objectives of research: 1. Overview legal and institutional aspects of integration of elder unemployed into the labor market; 2. Describe features of social separation of elder unemployed; 3. Show employment possibilities for elder unemployed in Lithuanian labor market; 4. Determine motivation for work and causes of unemployment of elder unemployed; 5. Reveal motivation for training and possibilities to integrate into the labor market. Methods of research: analysis of scientific literature, analysis of law and documents, questionnaire survey. Integration of elder unemployed into the labor market is controversial and complicated problem, because, first of all... [to full text]

The object of research is to create the integrated analysis model of population employment based on theoretical – methodological approaches to population employment, and serving as a macro-economic indicator and as a means of presenting a complex assessment of population employment; to propose the development model of population employment integrating micro- and macro- level factors.

SUMMARY Topic: Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education (LAPE) tourism and sport management speciality valedictorian‘s supply and demand in the labor market Keywords: expectations, supply, demand, labor market. Research problem: is there any causal relationship between LAPE tourism and sport management speciality valedictorian‘s supply and demand in their labor market? The subject of the research: valedictorian‘s supply and demand in the labor market. The objective of the research: to examine LAPE tourism and sport management speciality valedictorian‘s supply and demand in the labor market. Goals of the research: 1. To analyze theoretical aspects of expectations, suply and demand. 2. To analyze specialist‘s of Lithuania with university education situation in labor market. 3. To analyze conception and purport of manager work. 4. To analyze LAPE tourism and sport management speciality valedictorian‘s expectations and their supply and demand in the labor market. 5. To compare the rezults of the research with the investigation „Career progression of Irish tourism and hospitality managment graduates“ done by Limerick University (Ireland) in the year 2005. The hypothesis of the research: LAPE tourism and sport management speciality valedictorian‘s supply does not correspond with theirs demand in labor market. After the analysis of scholarly literature and after the research, it was judged that: 1. The facts of the research „Competitivness in labor market of Higher schools... [to full text]

Atlikus empirinį tyrimą nustatyta, kad dešimtadalis absolventų pasirengę profesinei veiklai labai gerai. Agronomijos absolventai savo pasirengimą profesinei veiklai įvertino geriausiai, o studentų tarpe gerai pasirengę žemės ūkio technologijų ir jų vadybos studijų programos studentai. Nustatyta, kad dauguma studentų ir absolventų savo specialybę vertina kaip paklausią darbo rinkoje, tačiau įsidarbinimo galimybes - mažos. Sodininkystės ir apželdinimo bei žemės ūkio technologijų ir jų vadybos absolventams rasti darbą nėra sunku, o biosocialinio ūkio ir mitybos ir agronomijos absolventams sudėtinga. Pagrindinėmis neįsidarbinimo priežastimis, tiek studentai, tiek absolventai įvardina darbo patirties neturėjimą, nepakankamą praktinį pasirengimą, darbo neradimą pagal įgytą kvalifikaciją.Daugumos darbdavių nuomone, absolventai profesinei veiklai yra pasiruošę patenkinamai. Teorines žinias vertina kaip daugiau pakankamas nei nepakankamas. Studijų metu įgytus praktinius įgūdžius daugelis vertina kaip nepakankamus. Absolventų neįsidarbinimo priežastimis darbdaviai įvardina darbo patirties neturėjimą, nepakankamą teorinį pasirengimą, praktinių įgūdžių neturėjimą, taip pat nenorą dirbti pagal įgytą profesiją.Tyrimo hipotezė, kad AF absolventai sunkiai integruojasi į darbo rinką, pasitvirtino iš dalies. / The data of empirical research showed that one tenth of the graduates are ready for the professional activity very well. The graduates of agronomy evaluated their readiness for professional activity the best; the graduates of agricultural technologies and their management were prepared well as well. It was determined, that most of the students and graduates see their profession as requested in labor market, but the possibilities of employment were evaluated as low. It is not difficult to find a job to the graduates of gardening and planting or agricultural technologies and their management specialties, but it is very complicated for the graduates of biosocial farm and nutrition or agronomy specialties. Students and graduates named the lack of experience, not sufficient practical training, and incapacity to find the work by their qualification as the main reasons of unemployment. Most of the employers think that the graduates are suitably ready for the professional activity. The theoretical knowledge was evaluated more sufficient than insufficient, but the practical skills from the studying were evaluated as insufficient. The employers see the following reasons why graduates are unemployed: lack of experience, insufficient theoretical preparation, lack of practical skills and indisposition to the profession.