Utbildning ses ofta som en nödvändighet för att kunna konkurrera på arbetsmarknaden och ha möjlighet att göra karriär. För att bli en lyckad företagare är det inte säkert att utbildning är lika nödvändigt. Tidigare forskning tyder på att utbildning minskar sannolikheten att vara företagare. Denna uppsats undersöker hur utbildning påverkar sannolikheten att vara företagare och om effekten skiljer sig mellan kvinnor och män. Resultatet tyder på ett negativt samband för både kvinnor och män. I undersökning kontrolleras även faktorer så som civilstånd och barn som enligt befintlig forskning har betydelse i valet att bli företagare.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how the Swedish laws regulate the proactive work of employers to prevent employees from getting sexual harassed or harassed on the basis of sex. The purpose is also to investigate how employers are supposed to handle employees whom have been sexual harassed or harassed on the basis of sex. Sweden has a segregated labor market which means that women and men tends to select different professions. This leaves marks on the equality for women and men, which also has effect on the fact that women and men are being harassed in the workplace or situations associated with the work. By investigating genderresearch I am hoping to find out why more employees get sexual harassed or harassed on the basis of their sex in segregated professions. The definition of sexual harassment is unwanted behavior that alludes on sex, and thereby violates the person’s dignity. Harassment on the basis of sex, on the other hand, is unwanted behavior that violates a person’s dignity on the basis of the person’s sex. The person who gets sexual harassments or harassments on the basis of sex, has an obligation to make sure that the perpetrator knows that the behavior is unwanted. This is as long as the sexual harassments or harassments on the basis of sex is not considered as a gross violation. The employer has an obligation to prevent employees from getting sexual harassed or harassed on the basis of sex. In case a employee gets sexual harassed or harassed on the basis of sex by someone whom is working for the employer, it is the employers obligation to investigate the circumstances and take necessary actions. This obligation also involves the employer to take necessary actions to prevent any future sexual harassments and harassments on the basis of sex or retaliation. It is also the employers obligation, as an effort to make working places equal, to make an effort to get the underrepresented sex to seek employment at the employer. One of the reasons that sexual harassments and harassments on the basis of sex could be explained by looking back at Sweden’s history, where women always have been in a subordinate role to men. By “doing gender” in everyday activities, stereotypical ideals of how women and men are supposed to act are being maintained. The gender segregated professions creates norms and jargon that places the underrepresented sex in an exposed role.

This dissertation explores how migration responds to economic conditions, particularly differences in responsiveness for various segments of the population. After a brief introduction and motivation of my work in Chapter One, Chapter Two estimates the responsiveness of households’ interstate migration to origin state labor market conditions and surrounding state labor market conditions. Each percentage point increase in origin state unemployment insurance claims leads to a 3.2 percent increase in household’s propensity to migrate interstate and each percentage point increase in the unemployment insurance claims rate of surrounding states reduces interstate migration propensity by 5.2 percent. I then examine how this responsiveness varies by demographics and how it has changed over time. I determine that the responsiveness of migration to labor market conditions is weaker for several groups at high poverty risk, including less educated, non-employed and rural households and households with children present. I also show that between the early 1980s and mid 1990s labor market conditions became a smaller factor in household migration decisions, but since then labor market conditions have gained in importance. While Chapter Two examines short-run migration responsiveness, Chapter Three explores the size of the long-run outflow (or inflow) of skilled labor occurring in local areas in response to economic conditions, amenities and other area characteristics. I estimate the extent of this brain gain and brain drain within localities in the United States between the early 1990s and late 2000s, describing both absolute changes (percentage growth in the stock of educated individuals) and relative changes (growth in the share of educated individuals). For each of three measures of brain gain estimated, I show substantially more positive flows of educated individuals towards local areas with strong initial economic conditions. I also show that non-metropolitan areas are more likely to experience all three measures of brain drain. I present evidence that nonmetropolitan areas’ inability to attract and retain educated individuals stems primarily from labor market disparities including the urban-rural wage differential.

Starting in 1952 with Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany as the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Union (EU) successively enlarged to 27 member states in 2011. Since 2004, 10 Eastern European countries have joined the EU and, at the time of writing, five countries still have official EU candidate status and may join the EU in the near future. The permanent enlargement of the EU has led, and continues to lead, to social, cultural, economic, and linguistic pluralization and heterogenization and, more and more, causes a feeling of alienation among EU citizens. This comes along with a reduced willingness to share power, labor, and money among EU states, provokes tendencies of renationalization, and the resurgence of national thinking and acting. In the European common labor market these tendencies are attended by emerging exclusive nationalistic working climates and therefore undermine the formal freedom of movement for workers within the EU. In the European markets for consumer products (especially for food) these tendencies are reflected in augmented efforts that are undertaken to accentuate the national origin of domestic products. Empirical data of several EU member states will be analyzed and discussed. As a case study, the actual nationalistic tendencies of the Austrian consumer market will be parsed and integrated in a broader European picture. (author's abstract)

Does an increase of elderly employment cause a decline in youth employment? A simplified view of a demand driven economy would give a positive answer to this question. Econometric studies based on a single equation approach deliver little support for this belief. However, these studies typically suffer from identification problems to which no attention is paid in most cases. We therefore use a general equilibrium framework when trying to quantify these effects. Using yearly and quarterly Austrian labor and gdp data, we estimate two model variants by Bayesian methods: a) a standard equilibrium model where the degree of complementarity between old, young and primary labor is crucial for the sign and strength of the relevant effects and b) a simple, solely demand driven model which always leads to a crowding out of young through an increase in employment of the old. It turned out that the demand driven model is inferior in fitting the data compared to the standard model. Further, the degree of complementarity is estimated to be strong enough to lead to a small positive effect of elderly employment on youth employment. (authors' abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

Engineers are a group of individuals who are attractive when companies are in need for competence in technology. Today it is a shortage of these competences in the labor market. Because of this there has grown a competition among companies when they strive to recruit the best engineers. Therefore companies spend more resources on marketing themselves as an attractive employer. This study was set out to find what engineers think is an attractive employer through a demographic perspective. Another objective was to understand what Employer Brand (EB) is and understand what a successful EB consists of. The study was based on a survey where 147 engineers from Umeå University participated. The study showed that age, years at work and number of terms studied plays an important role to explain how an engineer student rate as a good employer. Further on can we conclude from a theoretic perspective that EB is a complex concept when creating a brand. Although, the study shows that by interacting with the target group is a god indicator to seen as a future employer for engineer students and as a good brand.

This study has an integration policy direction as it focuses on the qualification for the new arrivals to quickly establish themselves in the labor market, and how the government's interventions, which in this case is the establishment reform, have affected municipalities and what its role is in this context. The purpose of the establishment reform is to faster the new arrivals integration in to the labor market.   The aim of this study is to analyze the interaction factors that is affecting the integration of new arrivals into the labor market by study the professionals opinions on the interplay between involved organizations in two municipalities before and after the establishment reform. Studies have shown that the establishment reform has not achieved its goal and the purpose is to analyze the aspects behind this problem.   The results of the study were analyzed with help of the interaction theory and the new institutional theory which is a part of the organization theory. An important aspect in the results of our study is the deficiency with the interaction between the participating organizations that obstruct the new arrivals path to becoming self-contained. In order to identify the problem, the study focuses on the co-operation among two communities in Sweden with the new arrivals way into the labor market. The study is based on the professional’s experience of this social context therefore we conducted seven qualitative interviews to get a reality depiction. The result showed various opinions on the advent of the establishment reform and the central deficient are co-operation difficulties and regulation limits the professional way to work. Further, the study concludes that some of the professionals assume that the establishment is an operating reform while other finds it insufficient, but what they have in common is that they find that the working methods need to be more distinct in order to achieve a better function of the establishment reform.

Visuomenėje šalia įvairių socialinių grupių egzistuoja specifinė grupė – neįgaliųjų mažuma. Anksčiau visuomenėje neįgaliųjų lyg ir nebuvo, nes jie gyveno uždarose institucijose, už socialinio gyvenimo ribų. Lietuvai atkūrus nepriklausomybę įvyko daug esminių pokyčių. Demokratiniams procesams atvėrus uždarų specialiųjų institucijų duris, nuo užuojautos neįgaliesiems pereita prie praktinės socialinės integracijos. Nors visoje Lietuvoje galioja palankūs neįgaliųjų įdarbinimą reglamentuojantys teisės aktai, o darbdaviams sudaromos sąlygos neįgaliųjų įdarbinimui, ryškėja nauja neįgaliųjų mažos motyvacijos dirbti problema, kuri iki šiol nebuvo nagrinėta ir yra neabejotinai aktuali. Magistro darbe teoriškai analizuojama neįgalių asmenų integracijos samprata, apžvelgiami neįgaliųjų integraciją darbo rinkoje reglamentuojantys teisės aktai. Pristatomas tyrimas, kuriuo nustatytos neįgalių asmenų mažos motyvacijos dirbti priežastys ir darbdavių požiūris į neįgalų darbuotoją Vilniaus mieste. Tyrimo hipotezė, kad neįgaliųjų integraciją į darbo rinką Vilniaus mieste riboja pačių neįgaliųjų motyvacijos dirbti stoka, pasitvirtino iš dalies. Daugumos darbdavių nuomone, neįgalieji stokoja motyvacijos dirbti, kvalifikacijos ir kompetencijų, bijo būti atstumti ir neįvertinti. Tačiau išaiškėjo, kad daugelis neįgaliųjų jau yra bandę dirbti ir save realizuoti profesinėje veikloje, dirbti jiems yra svarbu. Integruojantis į darbo rinką neįgaliesiems nėra svarbiausi tik finansiniai motyvai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In the society among various social groups there is a specific group – the disabled minority. Previously, people with disabilities in society lived in closed institutions for social life outside. After restoration of independence took place in a number of significant changes. From compassion disabled transition to practical social integration. Throughout Lithuania in favor of persons with disabilities is valid legislation, and employers to employ people with disabilities. However, people with disabilities, a new low motivation to work for a problem that so far has not been considered and is certainly relevant. Ihe Master work theoretically analyzes the concept of the integration of people with disabilities and this people an overview of labor market legislation. The survey, which provides people with disabilities to work in low motivation and reasons, analyzed employers' attitudes to disabled worker in Vilnius. The research hypothesis, that the people with disabilities integration into the labor market in Vilnius limited by the disabled lack of motivation to work, proved in part. Most of the employers says, that people with disabilities lack the motivation to work, skills and competencies that are afraid of being rejected and unappreciated. However, it turned out that many people with disabilities are already trying to work and realize their professional life, their work is important. Integration into the labor market for disabled people is not only the most important... [to full text]

Our aim of this study was to investigate barriers and opportunities for people with mental disorders getting in to the labor market. This from experiences by people whose daily job contains work rehabilitation for this group in particular. On the basis of five qualitative interviews the results showed that prejudices towards people with mental disorders are a barrier for them to get a wage labor. Furthermore the results showed that low self-esteem within the target group and also high educational demands becomes a barrier to a wage labor. The results also showed that to focus on the healthy aspects may serve as an opportunity for people with mental disorders to get in to the labor market and be able to have a paid job. Another opportunity for this particular group consists of getting a subsidized employment. An increased knowledge among employers about the difficulties and strengths people with mental disorders may have to execute a job, can also serve as an opportunity for them to get an employment. / Vi har haft som syfte att undersöka hinder och möjligheter för personer som har ett psykiskt funktionshinder att få tillträde på den reguljära arbetsmarkanden. Detta utifrån upplevelser hos personer vars arbetsroll har inslag av arbetlivssinriktad rehabilitering för vår undersökta målgrupp.  Studien grundade sig på fem stycken kvalitativa intervjuer och resultaten visade på att fördomar som finns mot personer med ett psykiskt funktionshinder kan utgöra ett hinder för dem att få ett lönearbete. Vidare kunde även hinder kopplas till låg självkänsla hos målgruppen samt ökade krav till högre utbildning för att kunna få ett lönearbete. Resultaten visade även på att ha fokus på det friska i sig kan utgöra en möjlighet till lönearbete för personer med ett psykiskt funktionshinder. En annan möjlighet för den här målgruppen utgjordes av att få en anställning med lönebidrag.  En ökad kunskap bland arbetsgivare om vilka svårigheter samt styrkor personer med ett psykiskt funktionshinder kan ha i förhållande till att utföra ett arbete, kan också utgöra en möjlighet för dessa personer att få en anställning.

Denna studie handlar om invandrare med olika akademisk bakgrund såsom exempelvis läkare, ingenjörer, jurister, lärare, revisorer och sjuksköterskor. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka upplevelser hos invandrare med akademisk utbildning, i vilken de har fått med sig från sina hemländer. Vi vill således se hur deras situation ser ut på den svenska arbetsmarknaden, avseende inkludering och strategi. Därtill vill vi ta reda på informanternas synpunkter på möjligheterna att lyckas eller misslyckas med att etablera sig inom ett kvalificerat yrkesområde. Vi har använt oss utav en kvalitativ metod. Valda teorier lyfter upp relevanta synpunkter för inkludering på arbetsmarknaden hos invandrarakademiker i denna studie. I teorikapitlet redovisas Stigma- inkludering, och Strategier för kapitalökning.  I vår studie visar resultatet på att våra informanter upplever svårigheter i sin strävan att nå en optimal arbetsposition som är i linje med deras tidigare utbildning från sitt hemland, och där de många gånger får arbeta med lägre kvalificerade yrken än vad de är utbildade till. Hälften av våra informanter är dock på väg att nå sina önskade positioner på arbetsmarknaden, och andra har redan lyckats med detta med hjälp av ett socialt nätverk. Trots detta tyder resultaten på att många upplever att vägen in till en arbetsmarknadsinkludering är svår, oavsett utbildning eller om man gått en yrkesutbildning i Sverige. En möjligen väg, och ett steg till inkludering på arbetsmarknaden, är att tro på sig själv, kämpa och inte ge upp.  Andra faktorer som kan ha betydelse för hur det går för individer med annan etnisk bakgrund på arbetsmarknaden kan givetvis också hänga samman med om det finns ett socialt nätverk kring dessa människor samt vilken efterfrågan som finns på arbetsmarknaden. Denna grupp av invandrare med akademisk bakgrund har i regel mindre socialt nätverk än övriga i majoritetssamhället. En möjlig förklaring till detta kan vara att det är ett nytt land med en annan kultur vilket kan innebära att de inte har många andra sociala relationer förutom kontakter med myndigheter och statliga institutioner. Detta kan fungera som en maktmekanism som både kan möjliggöra och begränsa utrymmet på arbetsmarknaden för denna grupp. / This study takes a look at immigrants with an academic background in various specializations such as medical, engineering, law, education, auditing and nursing. The purpose of this paper is to examine the experiences of immigrants with university education from their home countries, using the theoretical concepts of inclusion and strategy to assess their employment situation in Sweden. Furthermore, we have sought to explore informants´ views regarding opportunities to succeed or fail with establishing themselves in qualified occupation. We have used a qualitative method. The chosen theories offer perspectives useful for this study with regards to inclusion in the labor market of immigrants with university education. The theory chapter presents stigma-inclusion and strategies for capital increase.    Our study shows that on the path to inclusion in the labor market our informants experience difficulties in striving to reach their desired occupational positions corresponding to their education level acquired in their home country or through vocational training in Sweden. A step towards inclusion on the labor market is taken by “believing in yourself, struggling and not giving up”.  Also demand on the labor market is of importance, especially for the immigrant group struggling with achieving employment. Half of our informants are about to reach their desired positions in the labor market, while others already have achieved this by utilizing social networks. This strategy may be different from the rest of the population as a more limited social network for this group of immigrants. One possible explanation for this may be that there is a new country with a different culture which may mean that they do not have many other social relations besides contacts with authorities and government institutions. This can act as a power mechanism that can both enable and constrain the labor market for this group.