A crista ou soleira de um vertedor, que é a parte superior e que está em contato com a água, tem em geral um desenvolvimento em planta linear, no sentido transversal ao do escoamento. Nos vertedores do tipo labirinto esse desenvolvimento em planta não é linear, é composto de um ou mais ciclos, os quais podem ter uma forma triangular ou trapezoidal. A vantagem do uso desse tipo de obra hidráulica é o aumento do comprimento total da soleira para uma mesma largura, o que se traduz em um aumento da capacidade de vazão da estrutura. A utilização de vertedores do tipo labirinto é particularmente vantajosa para cargas pequenas, pois sua eficiência se reduz com o aumento da carga. Um exemplo de aplicação é a utilização em locais nos quais a geologia ou a topografia impõe restrições de espaço para construção. Outro exemplo é o emprego em uma ampliação da capacidade de vazão de um vertedor existente, quando o vertedor labirinto seria construído sobre o mesmo. Foram apresentadas as principais metodologias de projeto publicadas desse tipo de vertedor . Para auxiliar na análise crítica das metodologias de projeto foram apresentados quatro estudos de casos de vertedores labirinto, cujas pesquisas foram realizadas em modelos físicos reduzidos, a saber: Barragem Prado (EUA), Vertedor Labirinto da Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos de Barueri (Brasil), Barragem Ute (EUA) e Barragem Dog River (EUA). Os resultados desses ensaios mostraram que as metodologias de projeto são capazes de predizer o desempenho dos vertedores dentro de uma faixa limitada de desvio, variável com a carga. Recomenda-se que projetos de maior responsabilidade, ou que tenham características diferentes das preconizadas pela bibliografia, sejam estudados em modelo físico reduzido. / The crest or weir of a spilway, that is the superior part and that it is in contact with the water, has usually a linear plan shape, in perpendicular to the flow direction. In the labyrinth spillways the plan shape is not linear, but varies using a triangular or trapezoidal planform. The advantage of the use of this water work is the increase of the total length of the weir for same width, what it is expressed as an increase of the capacity of discharge of the structure. The use of labyrinth spillways is particularly advantageous for small heads, therefore its efficiency reduces with the increase of the head. An application example is the use in sites in which geology or the topography impose restrictions of space for construction, another example is increase of the capacity of discharge of an existing spillway, where the labyrinth spillway would be constructed on it. The main design curves of this type of spillway had been presented. To assist in the critical analysis of the methodologies of design four case studies had been presented, whose research had been done in physical models: Prado Dam (U.S.A.), Labyrinth Spillway of the Wastewater Treatment Plant Barueri (Brazil), Ute Dam (U.S.A.) and Dog River Dam (U.S.A.). The results show that the design curves can predict the performance of the labyrinth spillways in a limited way. It is recommended that designs which have more responsibility (risks for human being) or that have different characteristics than the design methodologies should be studied in physical model.

Entre as trevas e a luz: o percurso labiríntico em Todos os nomes de José Saramago é uma dissertação que visa mostrar de que modo o caminho trilhado pela personagem protagonista do romance constitui um processo de autoconhecimento em meio às múltiplas possibilidades de um espaço que se configura como labiríntico. Os conceitos de símbolo, espaço, lugar, não-lugar, individuação, anima, advindos da diversidade teórica, da qual se destacam C. G. Jung (1967/ 2000/ 2007), Gilbert Durand (2002), Marc Augé (1994), Gaston Bachelard (1988/ 1990/ 1993/ 1997/ 2001), Michel de Certeau (2001), contribuíram e sistematizaram o percurso analítico do presente trabalho, que ora propomos. Nosso intuito primeiramente é verificar como os espaços da porta e da escada aparecem enquanto símbolos que levam a personagem de uma condição à outra, estabelecendo mudanças que variam entre o eu e o outro e entre as trevas e a luz, buscando também o sentido destes elementos. Em seguida, demonstramos como a imagem do labirinto é (re)construída, tanto mitologicamente (através de referências intertextuais) quanto individualmente (pelo próprio percurso da personagem) em sua passagem por portas e por escadas em espaços interiores e em espaços exteriores na busca de sua anima. / Entre as trevas e a luz: o percurso labiríntico em Todos os nomes de José Saramago is a study that aims at showing how the path chosen by the novels main character constitutes a process of self-knowledge among the multiple possibilities he comes across in a labyrinthic space. The concepts which structure and contribute to the development of this paper come from different theoretical backgrounds and include the notions of symbol, space, place, non-place, individuation and anima, as articulated by C. G. Jung (1967/ 2000/ 2007), Gilbert Durand (2002), Marc Augé (1994), Gaston Bachelard (1988/ 1990/ 1993/ 1997/ 2001), Michel de Certeau (2001). Our objective is first to consider how the space re-presented by the figures of the door and the stairs acquire symbolical value as they lead the main character from one stage to another, signaling the changes between the I and the other and between darkness and light, as he tries to unveil the meaning of such elements. Then, we focus on the way in which the image of the labyrinth is (re)constructed, both at a mythological level, through intertextual references, and at an individual level as we follow the course marked by the character in his journey through the doors and stairs he encounters in inward and outward spaces, in the pursuit of his anima.

Tem-se como objetivo nesta tese defender a existência em algumas obras de José Saramago de uma unidade discursiva intertextualizada com a imagem do labirinto. Para defender a ideia da existência do que será nomeado como discurso do labirinto em sua obra serão analisados textos de três momentos distintos da produção literária de José Saramago. Partir-se-á de duas crônicas E agora, José? e O jardim de Boboli publicadas nos jornais A capital e Jornal do Fundão, entre os anos de 1969 e 1972, que foram recolhidas na obra A bagagem do viajante (1996) a fim de verificar de que modo Saramago enquanto leitor interpretava labirinticamente textos verbais e não-verbais da tradição artística. Posteriormente, estudar-se-á como o percurso labiríntico da personagem, intertextualizado com textos literários e outras obras de arte, é construído no romance O ano da morte de Ricardo Reis (1988). No terceiro e último momento será analisado um diálogo entre as personagens do romance Ensaio sobre a cegueira (1995), em que se poderá observar a orientação dialógica da palavra do outro, conforme conceituado por Bakhtin (2015), e verificar o uso da intertextualidade, de acordo com Kristeva (1974), no diálogo das personagens entre si e com obras de arte que perpassariam por variados momentos da História, do século XV ao XX, propondo um percurso labiríntico e reflexivo ao leitor do romance acerca da realidade e da vida do homem no mundo contemporâneo. / The objective of this thesis is to defend the existence of a discursive unit in the intertextual relation some of José Saramagos works establish with the labyrinth image. In order to support what is to be called the labyrinth discourse in his works, three literary pieces published by José Saramago in different moments will be analysed. The first texts will be the chronicles E agora, José? and O jardim de Boboli published in the newspapers A capital and Jornal do Fundão, between 1969 and 1972 and collected in the book A bagagem do viajante (1996). The aim in these texts is to see how Saramago as a reader used to interpret traditional verbal and non-verbal texts in a labyrinthic way. After that, it is going to be studied how the characters labyrinth discourse is built in the book O ano da morte de Ricardo Reis (1988), showing intertextual relations with other texts and other pieces of art. Finally, in the third chapter, a dialogue among the characters in the book Ensaio sobre a cegueira (1995) will also be analysed so as to observe the dialogical guidance in the Others words, as developed by Bakhtin (2015), and to verify the use of intertextuality according to Kristeva (1974) in the dialogues characters have with themselves and with pieces of art which would occur in different times in History, from the fifteenth to the twentieth century, suggesting to the reader a labyrinthic and reflexive way about reality and human life in a contemporary world.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo a análise dos espaços e suas influências no modo de ser das personagens principais do romance Ensaio sobre a cegueira, de José Saramago. Para tanto, analisaremos as diferentes tipologias espaciais no romance, ou seja, espaços interiores, exteriores, ínferos e labirínticos e sua importância quanto ao desenvolvimento do tema proposto pelo narrador. De início, apresentamos um breve estudo sobre a tipologia espacial e sua importância para o estudo da narrativa; em seguida, analisamos os espaços ínferos na obra tendo como foco o manicômio e a igreja; depois, examinamos os espaços labirínticos das ruas, da cidade e do supermercado; posteriormente, estudamos os espaços horizontais e verticais como as casas de algumas personagens centrais. Além disso, tratamos menipéia como expediente que contribui para a formação da autoconsciência das personagens e revela o hibridismo do texto. / The aim of this work is to present an analysis of the space and its influence over the way of being of the main characters in José Saramago\'s work Ensaio sobre a cegueira. We will analyse the different spatial typology in the novel, it means, interior, exterior, inferior and labyrinthic spaces and their importance to the development of the narrator\'s proposed theme. From the beginning, we present a brief study of the spatial typology and its importance to the study of the narrative; subsequently, we analyse the inferior spaces focusing the institution for mentally ill people and the church; moreover, we analyse the labyrinthic spaces of streets, city and supermarket; later, we study the horizontal and vertical spaces such as the houses of some of the main characters. Besides, we deal with menipeia as something that contributes to the formation of the characters\' self-consciousness and reveals the hybridism of the text.

L’évolution de la formation en soins infirmiers et son inscription dans un processus d’universitarisation, depuis le programme de juillet 2009, permet de questionner l’alternance du système dans une approche par compétences. Ce nouveau partenariat, entre les Institut de Formation en Soins Infirmiers, les terrains de stage et l’Université nécessite de clarifier un maillage complexe. De nouveaux dispositifs, tels que le portfolio et les analyses de pratique, participent d’un dialogue intersubjectif pour accompagner l’étudiant dans la construction de ses compétences. Au-delà de se former pour un métier à l’humain, il peut se trans-former pour un métier humain de la Relation, à travers les enjeux d’alternances du système et ses en-jeux d’alternances, dans une Relation réciproque et récursive qui participe d’une co-construction du parcours et d’une co-émergence de chacun. Dans ce contexte, nous avons fait le choix d’interroger le parcours de l’étudiant en formation, en tant que per-cursus, voyage initiatique dans une approche pératologique. L’étudiant se trans-forme entre des attendus professionnels et des possibles singuliers, dans un parcours singulier interrogé à travers la symbolique des trois labyrinthes : unicursal, Irrweg et rhizome. Ainsi par son processus d’énaction, avec une part de mètis, il peut être Dédale à la fois architecte, maître et artisan de ses labyrinthes en formation. L’étudiant peut alors se construire et interagir dans une Relation aux autres et à soi, traversant ses dédalités. Pour interroger ce parcours, nous avons mené des entretiens non directifs auprès de quatre néo-diplômés en soins infirmiers. Ces entretiens sont traités selon deux modalités, une analyse de contenu catégorielle et une approche statistique. Les principaux résultats sont interprétés en termes de dédalités et de parcours labyrinthique, entre Mouvements, Espaces et Relations. En tant que praticien/chercheur, nous interrogeons notre implication, dans une démarche subjective dans laquelle notre posture de praticien enrichit notre posture de chercheur, qui enrichit notre posture de … traversant notre propre parcours singulier, lui aussi interrogé dans ce travail. / The changes in nurse training and its inclusion as part of the university system since July 2009 allow for a reassessment of the system of alternation in its skills-based approach. This new partnership, between the Nursing School, the student internship placements, and the University, requires clarification of this complex network. New features, such as the portfolio and practice analysis, are part of an intersubjective dialogue to help students build their skills. They can do more than train to join a human-oriented profession, they can also transform themselves for a human-oriented profession based on Relationships, through the challenges of alternations in the system and challenges of alternations in a reciprocal and recurrent Relationship which participates in a co-construction of the training path and the co-emergence of each student. In this context, we chose to consider the student’s training path in terms of a percursus, a voyage of initiation with a peratological approach. The student becomes transformed between his professional aspirations and singular possibilities, in a unique path examined through the symbolism of 3 labyrinths: unicursal, Irrweg, rhizome. In this manner, through this process of enaction, with a part of mètis, he could be Daedalus, at once the architect, master, and artisan of his own complex training path. In this way the student can construct himself, and interact in a relationship with others and himself, as he navigates this dédalités. In order to examine this training path, we conducted non-directive interviews with four newly graduated nurses. These interviews were carried out according to two formats: a content analysis by categories and a statistical approach. The main results are interpreted in terms of dédalités and labyrinthine paths, between Movements, Spaces, and Relationships. As practitioners/researchers, our own involvement was called into question, in a subjective process in which our role as a practitioner enriched our role as a researcher, which enriched our role as… navigating our own unique path, which was also called into question in this work.

A crista ou soleira de um vertedor, que é a parte superior e que está em contato com a água, tem em geral um desenvolvimento em planta linear, no sentido transversal ao do escoamento. Nos vertedores do tipo labirinto esse desenvolvimento em planta não é linear, é composto de um ou mais ciclos, os quais podem ter uma forma triangular ou trapezoidal. A vantagem do uso desse tipo de obra hidráulica é o aumento do comprimento total da soleira para uma mesma largura, o que se traduz em um aumento da capacidade de vazão da estrutura. A utilização de vertedores do tipo labirinto é particularmente vantajosa para cargas pequenas, pois sua eficiência se reduz com o aumento da carga. Um exemplo de aplicação é a utilização em locais nos quais a geologia ou a topografia impõe restrições de espaço para construção. Outro exemplo é o emprego em uma ampliação da capacidade de vazão de um vertedor existente, quando o vertedor labirinto seria construído sobre o mesmo. Foram apresentadas as principais metodologias de projeto publicadas desse tipo de vertedor . Para auxiliar na análise crítica das metodologias de projeto foram apresentados quatro estudos de casos de vertedores labirinto, cujas pesquisas foram realizadas em modelos físicos reduzidos, a saber: Barragem Prado (EUA), Vertedor Labirinto da Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos de Barueri (Brasil), Barragem Ute (EUA) e Barragem Dog River (EUA). Os resultados desses ensaios mostraram que as metodologias de projeto são capazes de predizer o desempenho dos vertedores dentro de uma faixa limitada de desvio, variável com a carga. Recomenda-se que projetos de maior responsabilidade, ou que tenham características diferentes das preconizadas pela bibliografia, sejam estudados em modelo físico reduzido. / The crest or weir of a spilway, that is the superior part and that it is in contact with the water, has usually a linear plan shape, in perpendicular to the flow direction. In the labyrinth spillways the plan shape is not linear, but varies using a triangular or trapezoidal planform. The advantage of the use of this water work is the increase of the total length of the weir for same width, what it is expressed as an increase of the capacity of discharge of the structure. The use of labyrinth spillways is particularly advantageous for small heads, therefore its efficiency reduces with the increase of the head. An application example is the use in sites in which geology or the topography impose restrictions of space for construction, another example is increase of the capacity of discharge of an existing spillway, where the labyrinth spillway would be constructed on it. The main design curves of this type of spillway had been presented. To assist in the critical analysis of the methodologies of design four case studies had been presented, whose research had been done in physical models: Prado Dam (U.S.A.), Labyrinth Spillway of the Wastewater Treatment Plant Barueri (Brazil), Ute Dam (U.S.A.) and Dog River Dam (U.S.A.). The results show that the design curves can predict the performance of the labyrinth spillways in a limited way. It is recommended that designs which have more responsibility (risks for human being) or that have different characteristics than the design methodologies should be studied in physical model.

Entre as trevas e a luz: o percurso labiríntico em Todos os nomes de José Saramago é uma dissertação que visa mostrar de que modo o caminho trilhado pela personagem protagonista do romance constitui um processo de autoconhecimento em meio às múltiplas possibilidades de um espaço que se configura como labiríntico. Os conceitos de símbolo, espaço, lugar, não-lugar, individuação, anima, advindos da diversidade teórica, da qual se destacam C. G. Jung (1967/ 2000/ 2007), Gilbert Durand (2002), Marc Augé (1994), Gaston Bachelard (1988/ 1990/ 1993/ 1997/ 2001), Michel de Certeau (2001), contribuíram e sistematizaram o percurso analítico do presente trabalho, que ora propomos. Nosso intuito primeiramente é verificar como os espaços da porta e da escada aparecem enquanto símbolos que levam a personagem de uma condição à outra, estabelecendo mudanças que variam entre o eu e o outro e entre as trevas e a luz, buscando também o sentido destes elementos. Em seguida, demonstramos como a imagem do labirinto é (re)construída, tanto mitologicamente (através de referências intertextuais) quanto individualmente (pelo próprio percurso da personagem) em sua passagem por portas e por escadas em espaços interiores e em espaços exteriores na busca de sua anima. / Entre as trevas e a luz: o percurso labiríntico em Todos os nomes de José Saramago is a study that aims at showing how the path chosen by the novels main character constitutes a process of self-knowledge among the multiple possibilities he comes across in a labyrinthic space. The concepts which structure and contribute to the development of this paper come from different theoretical backgrounds and include the notions of symbol, space, place, non-place, individuation and anima, as articulated by C. G. Jung (1967/ 2000/ 2007), Gilbert Durand (2002), Marc Augé (1994), Gaston Bachelard (1988/ 1990/ 1993/ 1997/ 2001), Michel de Certeau (2001). Our objective is first to consider how the space re-presented by the figures of the door and the stairs acquire symbolical value as they lead the main character from one stage to another, signaling the changes between the I and the other and between darkness and light, as he tries to unveil the meaning of such elements. Then, we focus on the way in which the image of the labyrinth is (re)constructed, both at a mythological level, through intertextual references, and at an individual level as we follow the course marked by the character in his journey through the doors and stairs he encounters in inward and outward spaces, in the pursuit of his anima.

Labyrinth weirs are often a favorable design option to regulate upstream water elevations and increase flow capacity; nevertheless, it can be difficult to engineer an optimal design due to the complex flow characteristics and the many geometric design variables of labyrinth weirs. This study was conducted to improve labyrinth weir design and analyses techniques using physical-model-based data sets from this and previous studies and by compiling published design methodologies and labyrinth weir information. A method for the hydraulic design and analyses of labyrinth weirs is presented. Discharge coefficient data for quarter-round and half-round labyrinth weirs are offered for sidewall angles of 6° to 35°. Cycle efficiency is also introduced to aid in sidewall angle selection. Parameters and hydraulic conditions that affect flow performance are discussed. The validity of this method is presented by comparing predicted results to data from previously published labyrinth weir studies. A standard geometric design layout for arced labyrinth weirs is presented. Insights and comparisons in hydraulic performance of half-round, trapezoidal, 6° and 12° sidewall angles, labyrinth weir spillways located in a reservoir with the following orientations are presented: Normal, Inverse, Projecting, Flush, Rounded Inlet, and Arced cycle configuration. Discharge coefficients and rating curves as a function of HT/P are offered. Finally, approaching flow conditions and geometric similitude are discussed; hydraulic design tools are recommended to be used in conjunction with the hydraulic design and analysis method. Nappe aeration conditions for trapezoidal labyrinth weirs on a horizontal apron with quarter- and half-round crests (sidewall angles of 6° to 35°) are presented as a design tool. This includes specified HT/P ranges, associated hydraulic behaviors, and nappe instability phenomena. The effects of artificial aeration (a vented nappe) and aeration devices (vents and nappe breakers) on discharge capacity are also presented. Nappe interference for labyrinth weirs is defined; the effects of nappe interference on the discharge capacity of a labyrinth weir cycle are discussed, including the parameterization of nappe interference regions to be used in labyrinth weir design. Finally, the applicability of techniques developed for quantifying nappe interference of sharp-crested corner weirs is examined.

Damage to one vestibular apparatus (unilateral vestibular deafferentation, UVD) results in severe postural and ocular motor disturbances (such as spontaneous nystagmus, SN) that recover over time in a process known as vestibular compensation. However, the underlying neurochemical mechanisms of vestibular compensation are poorly understood. While UVD affects many areas in the CNS, attention has focused upon the partially deafferented second order neurons in the vestibular nuclei complex (VNC). Several converging lines of evidence suggest that Ca�⁺-permeable ion channels (N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and L-type voltage-gated Ca�⁺-channels) and intracellular Ca�⁺-dependent protein kinases play an important role in vestibular compensation. However, the nature of this involvement and the locus of these changes are unknown. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the role of Ca�⁺ signalling pathways in the VNC during vestibular compensation in guinea pig. These issues were investigated in three separate experiments that utilised two methodological approaches: i) in vitro assays were used to determine the nature and extent of protein phosphorylation within the VNC at various stages of compensation; and ii) ion channel blockers or cell-permeable kinase inhibitors were injected directly into the VNC immediately before UVD to determine whether or not these systems were causally involved in compensation. The results of experiment 1 (Chapter 5) showed that a bolus intra-VNC injection of an uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, but not an L-type voltage-gated Ca�⁺ channel antagonist, temporarily reduced SN frequency at the earliest measurement time (6 hours post-UVD). These results suggested that the initial expression of SN required, in part, the activation of NMDA receptors in the VNC on the side of the UVD, and by inference, Ca�⁺ entry through the ion channel. The results of experiment 2 (Chapter 6) revealed that the medial VNC contains abundant Ca�⁺/calmodulin-dependent and Ca�⁺/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase activities. The same VNC tissue removed from animals at various times after UVD, showed that vestibular compensation is accompanied by specific changes in the phosphorylation of several major protein kinase C substrates. These included an unidentified 46-kDa band, and a 75-kDa band with similar characteristics to the myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS). These results suggest that protein kinase C signalling pathways may be involved in vestibular compensation. The results of experiment 3 (Chapter 7) are consistent with these results showing that intra-VNC infusion of a protein kinase C inhibitor, but not a Ca�⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II inhibitor, significantly increased SN at the earliest measurement times (6 and 8 hours), but had no effect upon the time taken to achieve compensation or on postural compensation. These results suggest that the induction of SN compensation involves protein kinase C activity in the VNC. Taken together, these findings suggest that the mechanisms underlying the expression of SN (e.g., Ca�⁺ influx via NMDA receptors) are possibly distinct from those that initiate its compensation (e.g., PKC activation). The downstream effects of raised intracellular Ca�⁺ may involve protein kinase C-dependent phosphorylation of key intracellular proteins that initiate long-lasting changes in cellular function within the VNC.

Loss of sensory input from one vestibular labyrinth by unilateral vestibular deafferentation (UVD) results in a severe ocular motor (i.e., spontaneous nystagmus (SN)) and postural syndrome (i.e., yaw head tilt, (YHT) and roll head tilt (RHT)) which compensates over time in a behavioural recovery process known as vestibular compensation. It is generally accepted that the UVD-induced neuronal imbalance in the resting activity between the two vestibular nuclear complexes (VNCs) generates the ocular motor and postural syndrome and that the restoration of the resting activity in the ipsilateral VNC plays a causal role in the compensation of the static symptoms. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the GABAA and GABAB receptors within the VNC are involved in normal vestibulo-ocular and --spinal pathways and it has been suggested that modification of GABAergic inhibition may be a mechanism responsible for the recovery of resting activity in the ipsilateral VNC. Behavioural, western blotting, and immunoassay techniques were used to address the role of the GABAA receptor in the VNC during vestibular compensation. The first study involved the characterization of SN, YHT, and RHT compensation in guinea pigs that had been anaesthetized with isoflurane during the UVD. These animals compensated rapidly (i.e., 30 hrs) and the time to compensate was independent of the duration of the anaesthesia. Using the 30 hrs time frame, the effects of the chronic infusion of the GABAA receptor agonist (muscimol) / antagonist (gabazine) into either the ipsilateral or the contralateral VNC on the compensation of SN, YHT, and RHT, were determined. Infusion of muscimol (250, 500, and 750 ng) into the contralateral VNC and gabazine (31.25, 62.5 and 125 ng) into the ipsilateral VNC significantly affected YHT and RHT (p < 0.05), but not their rate of compensation (p > 0.05). Interestingly, the effects of muscimol and gabazine on YHT and RHT were consistent throughout the first 30 hrs post-UVD. At 30 hrs post-UVD, the pumps were disconnected. In both experimental groups, the value and direction of the YHT and RHT returned to vehicle levels. Infusion of muscimol (62.5, 125, and 250 ng) into the ipsilateral VNC and gabazine (125, 375, and 750 ng) into the contralateral VNC had little effect on YHT and RHT, or their rate of compensation. At 30 hrs post-UVD, the pumps were disconnected. In both experimental groups, the value and direction of the YHT and RHT returned to vehicle levels. These results suggest that the ipsilateral gabazine and contralateral muscimol infusions were modifying the expression of the symptoms without altering the mechanism of compensation. Furthermore, the mechanism responsible for vestibular compensation can cope with the both the GABAA receptor-mediated and the UVD-induced decrease in resting activity. Results from the western blotting study indicated that compensation of SN, YHT, and RHT is not associated with changes in the protein levels of the GABAA receptor α₁, β₂, or γ₂ subunits. Compensation of SN, YHT, and RHT is associated with an elevation in cortisol salivary levels. Overall, the results suggest that the GABAA receptors are involved in the expression of YHT and RHT, but not in the mechanism that is responsible for their compensation.