Music in the learning area Arts and Culture and the subject Music fight for survival in rural South Africa. Neither more experienced educators nor new generalist teachers were trained to teach the four art forms of Arts and Culture. Courses for Arts and Culture as learning area at universities are scarce and the courses that do exist mostly cater for students who already have a background in music. Other courses again only cover two or three art forms and do not follow the actual school curriculum for Arts and Culture. This then leaves the educator unprepared to deal with the realities of the learning area. Many principals and educators regard Arts and Culture as a filler subject for educators who do not have enough lessons on their timetables. The lack of knowledge amongst educators, a curriculum with no logical progression and scarcity of resources have resulted in learners who are inadequately prepared for and not interested to continue with Music as subject in grade 10 to 12 which in turn leads to fewer music students at universities and fewer music educators. This thesis aimed to pinpoint some of the challenges in Music and suggest possible solutions to start a remedial process to get Music back into schools. Educators, principals and subject advisors were consulted regarding the challenges they are experiencing in music and suggestions and possible solutions were sought from literature and experts in the field of music. The finding has been that similar challenges are experienced throughout South Africa and these challenges are amplified in rural areas. The present situation where untrained educators have to teach a specialist area like music as part of Arts and Culture can only be improved with an ongoing process of intensive workshops and mentoring programmes for in-service educators by subject advisors who are qualified in music and music experts who have an in-depth knowledge of the school curriculum. It will also be advisable for the Department of Basic Education to appoint more subject advisors and also appoint them according to their specialization area/s so that they are capable of assisting educators effectively. / Thesis (DMus)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Music / unrestricted

Ce travail de recherche présente une stratégie de modélisation et de dimensionnement pour les assemblages boulonnés en milieu aéronautique. Dans le cas du dimensionnement de grandes structures, les bureaux d’étude se servent habituellement de techniques dites de « zoom structural ». Elles permettent de gérer les ressources numériques à disposition, avec des modèles simples et de grande taille à l’échelle globale, et des modèles plus complexes à l’échelle locale. Cette étude s‘insère dans le cadre d’un processus de zoom structural dans lequel les structures étudiées présentent un très grand nombre de fixations. Un premier travail consiste à proposer une modélisation pertinente des fixations à l’échelle globale. Dans une seconde partie, les dispersions de comportement observées dans les fixations boulonnées sont prises en compte par l’utilisation de la théorie des méconnaissances. Une technique de recalage de la modélisation complète est ensuite proposée afin de tirer partie d’éventuels essais réels ou numériques. Enfin, la stratégie proposée est appliquée sur des cas d’assemblages boulonnés de type aéronautique. Les avantages, mais aussi les limites de l’utilisation d’une telle stratégie y sont discutés. / The objective of this work is to develop a modeling strategy for assemblies involving multiple joints in an aeronautical predesign context. In the process of designing large structures, industrial engineers usually get around computational limitations by using submodeling techniques. In order to take into account phenomena which vary during the global representation of the submodeling process, we propose a modeling approach for the scattering of these phenomena based on the Lack-Of-Knowledge (LOK) theory. The LOK model associated with a relevant deterministic joint model is updated based on experimental or simulated data. The proposed strategy is discussed and illustrated by the case of multiple-joint assemblies typical of those used in aeronautics.

Background Hepatitis B is a world health problem. The virus is a blood pathogen that transfers through blood and body fluids. Hepatitis B is common in the west pacific area and in Vietnam nurses are at higher risk to get infected by hepatitis B. Aim The aim with the study is to describe Vietnamese nursing student´s perception of caring for patients with hepatitis B. Method It is a qualitative study with semi-structured interviews. Result There is a lack of knowledge about hepatitis B in the community and self-education is needed in the care. Fear of getting infected among nurses and a mistrust for the vaccine were found. The awareness of getting infected by needles and sharp instrument were also found. Conclusion Lack of knowledge is a problem in the society, in the health care and also experienced by the nursing students. For the future the nursing students want to educate patients in how to live with the virus, but they see many challenges. Lack of knowledge leads to stigma that infected patients are exposed to by health care and the society, those actions of stigma affects the nursing students in how they see and treat the virus.

Bakgrund: Endometrios är en kronisk, gynekologisk sjukdom som påverkar många aspekter av livet. Trots att ca 10 procent av kvinnor i produktiv ålder i världen är drabbade är sjukdomen okänd för många. Kunskap om sjukdomen saknas hos många sjuksköterskor vilket leder till att de har svårt att tillgodose kvinnornas behov. Syfte: Att beskriva kvinnors upplevelser av att leva med endometrios. Metod: En beskrivande litteraturöversikt med kvalitativ ansats gjordes. För analysen användes induktiv innehållsanalys. Resultat: Vid analysen identifierades kategorierna; sjukdomen påverkar livets alla områden, kvinnans upplevelser av sjukvården samt oviss framtid. Sjukdomen visade sig påverka kvinnorna inom många olika områden i livet. Sjukvårdspersonal och allmänheten upplevdes ha bristande kunskap om sjukdomen och kvinnorna kände misstro för sjukvården. Osäkerhet gällande framtiden fanns också hos kvinnorna. Slutsats: Endometrios behöver uppmärksammas mer i samhället så allmänheten lär sig känna igen symtomen för sjukdomen, för att öka chansen för den drabbade kvinnan att få vård snabbare. Kunskap om sjukdomen och kvinnans upplevelser av att leva med den måste förbättras hos vårdpersonal för att kvinnan ska få så god vård som möjligt. Begränsad forskning finns kring sjukdomen och ytterligare forskning behövs. / Background: Endometriosis is a chronic gynaecological disease that affects many aspects of life. Although about 10 per cent of women of productive age in the world are affected, the disease is unknown to many. Aim: To describe women's experiences of living with endometriosis. Method: A descriptive literature review with qualitative approach was conducted. The material was analyzed with inductive content analysis. Result: During the analysis process three categories were identified; the disease affects all areas of life, woman's experiences of care and uncertain future. Health professionals and the public have perceived lack of knowledge about the disease and the women felt distrust to healthcare. Uncertainty regarding the future was also common among women. Conclusion: Endometriosis needs more attention in society, so the public learns to recognize the symptoms of the disease, to increase the chance for the affected woman to receive care faster. Knowledge of the disease and women's experiences of living with it needs to be improved among health personal so the woman will receive the best care possible. Limited research exists about the disease and further research is needed.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a very common disorder that affects 8% to 10% of South African children. It is thus prevalent in the classroom, and with the advent of inclusive education in South Africa, educators have to facilitate and support the needs of learners with ADHD. Educators play an integral role and provide essential information with regards to the identification, diagnosis and referral of ADHD. It is the responsibility of the educator to create an environment where every learner has the opportunity to succeed. However, uncertainty exists as to whether South African educators have an appropriate and adequate understanding of the disorder. This study therefore aimed to examine the knowledge and perceptions of ADHD held by foundation phase educators in a township in Gauteng. A sample of 100 female educators was used in the study and a mixed methods approach using a questionnaire was administered to the educators. Their knowledge and perceptions in the three content areas of ADHD (Associated Features, Symptoms/Diagnosis and Treatment) was explored. Data analysis reflected that the educators in the sample had inadequate and insufficient knowledge and understandings of ADHD. Educators seemed to know the most about the symptoms of the condition, less about the associated features and the least about treatment approaches. The implications of these research findings are discussed, within the South African context.

Swedish agency for health technology assessment and assessment of social services (SBU) published a scientific study on a knowledge gap in coordinated planning for people with mental disabilities. The aim of our paper is to identify research relevant regarding coordinated individual plans (SIP) and individual plan (IP) for people with mental disabilities from both the patient's and professional perspectives and investigate the collaboration and knowledge of the professionals. Inclusion criteria was qualitive and quantitative studies with an aim to study coordinated individual plans for individuals with mental disabilities. Studies in English, Swedish and studies from Scandinavia were included. The searches were performed on the following databases: PubMed, APAPsycInfo, Academic search Elite, Cinahl Plus, MEDLINE, APA PsycArticles, APA PsycInfo, SocINDEX, Social Services Abstract, Swemed+, SwePub, Socialvetenskaplig tidsskrift.  Keywords for the searches were Samordnad individuell plan, Individual plan, Coordination, Mental disorders, Mental retard*, Mental disab*, Patient care management. Eight studies were included as reference material in our paper. A result of our studies of the publishing’s we found that Norway and Sweden have similar legislation for the SIP/IP process. Hence Sweden and Norway are included as subjects for study in this essay. Results was that professions within healthcare and social services both have a lack of knowledge of the SIP/IP process. Furthermore both countries act quite similar, however there is a difference in interpretation in different parts of the respective country in how the planning-process works. The most important results are that there is an extensive lack of knowledge in how the SIP/IP process works. Another result was that the SIP/IP process becomes personal. In Norway, it´s mandatory for a coordinator to be appointed, this is lacking in the Swedish legislation. Depending on which person becomes coordinator, the SIP/IP process is regarded differently and thus end sup different. The analysis showed that boundary spanners could work to enable good collaboration between organizations and thus simplify the SIP/IP process. At the same time, the SIP/IP process becomes vulnerable if the planning process is tied to one person. The analysis shows that a communication system, documentation template and a national approach could also facilitate a homogenous SIP/IP process.

Swedish agency for health technology assessment and assessment of social services (SBU) published a scientific study on a knowledge gap in coordinated planning for people with mental disabilities. The aim of our paper is to identify research relevant regarding coordinated individual plans (SIP) and individual plan (IP) for people with mental disabilities from both the patient's and professional perspectives and investigate the collaboration and knowledge of the professionals. Inclusion criteria was qualitive and quantitative studies with an aim to study coordinated individual plans for individuals with mental disabilities. Studies in English, Swedish and studies from Scandinavia were included. The searches were performed on the following databases: PubMed, APAPsycInfo, Academic search Elite, Cinahl Plus, MEDLINE, APA PsycArticles, APA PsycInfo, SocINDEX, Social Services Abstract, Swemed+, SwePub, Socialvetenskaplig tidsskrift. Keywords for the searches were Samordnad individuell plan, Individual plan, Coordination, Mental disorders, Mental retard*, Mental disab*, Patient care management. Eight studies were included as reference material in our paper.A result of our studies of the publishing’s we found that Norway and Sweden have similar legislation for the SIP/IP process. Hence Sweden and Norway are included as subjects for study in this essay. Results was that professions within healthcare and social services both have a lack of knowledge of the SIP/IP process. Furthermore both countries act quite similar, however there is a difference in interpretation in different parts of the respective country in how the planning-process works. The most important results are that there is an extensive lack of knowledge in how the SIP/IP process works. Another result was that the SIP/IP process becomes personal. In Norway, it´s mandatory for a coordinator to be appointed, this is lacking in the Swedish legislation. Depending on which person becomes coordinator, the SIP/IP process is regarded differently and thus end sup different. The analysis showed that boundary spanners could work to enable good collaboration between organizations and thus simplify the SIP/IP process. At the same time, the SIP/IP process becomes vulnerable if the planning process is tied to one person. The analysis shows that a communication system, documentation template and a national approach could also facilitate a homogenous SIP/IP process. / SBU identifierade 2013 en kunskapslucka gällande samordnade vårdplaner för personer med psykisk funktionsnedsättning. Denna kunskapslucka skapade en nyfikenhet om hur forskningen ser ut inom området. Syftet är att kartlägga forskningen gällnade samordnad individuell plan (SIP) och Individuell plan (IP) för personer med psykisk funktionsnedsättning utifrån både patientens och professionellas perspektiv samt kartlägga samverkan och kunskapen hos de professionella. Under arbetets gång framkom det att Norge hade liknande lagstiftning som Sverige med individuell plan (IP) varav även Norge inkluderades i uppsatsen. Inkluderade syfte ska innehålla samordnad individuell plan eller individuell plan. Metoden kan vara av med kvantitativ eller kvalitativ art. Populationen ska bestå av personer med psykisk funktionsnedsättning eller professionella inom socialtjänst och hälso- och sjukvård som arbetar med samordnad individuell plan med personer som har en psykisk funktionsnedsättning. Peer reviewed artiklar inkluderas. Språket ska vara svenska eller engelska. Artiklar som enbart hanterar somatisk sjukdom och samordnade individuella planer exkluderades. Rapporter, som ej är peer reviewed, från exempelvis SKR eller annan myndighet exkluderades. Artiklar som inte är skrivna på svenska eller engelska exkluderades. Sökningarna genomfördes i PubMed, APAPsycInfo, Academic search Elite, Cinahl Plus, MEDLINE, APA PsycArticles, APA PsycInfo, SocINDEX, Social Services Abstract, Swemed+, SwePub, Socialvetenskaplig tidsskrift. Följande nyckelord inkluderas i sökningen: Samordnad individuell plan, Individual plan, Coordination, Mental disorders, Mental retard*, Mental disab*, Patient care managment. Totalt 8 artiklar inkluderades i uppsatsen. Viktigaste resultaten är att det är omfattande kunskapsbrist i hur SIP/IP-processen går till. Det finns olika tolkningar i olika delar av länderna samt olika uppfattning inom hälso-och sjukvården och i socialtjänsten på hur SIP/IP ska gå till. Ett annat resultat var att SIP/IP-processen blir personbunden. I Norge är det lagstadgat att en koordinator ska utses, vilket saknas i svensk lagstiftning. Utifrån vilken person som blir en koordinator eller samordnare bli SIP/IP-processen olika. Analysen visade på att boundary spanners skulle kunna fungera för att möjliggöra god samverkan mellan organisationer och således förenkla SIP/IP-processen. Samtidigt blir SIP/IP-processen sårbar om planeringen är uppbunden på en person. Ett kommunikationssystem, dokumentationsmall och ett nationellt tillvägagångssätt skulle också kunna underlätta SIP/IP-processen visar analysen.Författarna föreslår ytterligare forskning på SIP/IP som en intervention. Diskussion förs i uppsatsen om en möjlighet till fritt val av kommunala insatser, likt det fria vårdvalet.

Bakgrund: Methicillin-resistenta staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) är en bakterie som utvecklat resistens mot antibiotika. MRSA är ett av sjukvårdens största hygien-relaterade problem som ökar världen över. Smittspridning sker via direkt och indirekt kontaktsmitta. Konstateras smittan ska patienten alltid ha isolerings- och barriärvård vilket vanligtvis sker på en infektionsavdelning.Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva MRSA patienters upplevelser av omhändertagandet inom vården.Metod: För att besvara studiens syfte gjordes en litteraturstudie med granskning av studier med kvalitativ ansats. Litteratursökningen utfördes i databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. Elva kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar granskades och sammanställdes till ett resultat.Resultat: Litteraturstudiens resultat delas in i fyra kategorier med en underkategori: Att känna skam och skuld med underkategorin att känna sig stigmatiserad, känsla av utanförskap, att känna sig kränkt och bristande kunskap och information. Resultatet visade att MRSA är ett ämne som varken patienter eller personal har mycket kunskap om. Kunskapen och informationen är bristande vilket kan påverka upplevelsen av bemötandet. Patienterna upplevde ett dåligt bemötande vilket hade stor påverkan på deras psykiska mående.Konklusion: Det som framkom i resultatet var att MRSA är ett ämne som kräver fortsatt forskning. Kunskapen om MRSA hos vårdpersonalen var bristfällig och måste utvecklas för att ett gott omhändertagande ska kunna ges och för att smittspridningen ska minskas.Nyckelord: Kunskapsbrist, känslor, MRSA, omhändertagande och upplevelser. / Background: Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium that has developed a resistance to antibiotics. MRSA is one of hospitals greatest hygiene-related problems that are increasing around the world. The infection spreads through both direct and indirect contact. If the infection is detected, the patient should be placed in isolation with barrier care that usually occurs in an infection ward.Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe MRSA patients' experiences of care within healthcare.Method: A literarture review was conducted of qualitative studies. The databases PubMed and CINAHL was used for literature search. Eleven qualitative papers were reviewed and compiled to a result.Results: The results of the literary review were divided into four categories with one subcategory: to feel shame and guilt with the subcategory to feel stigmatized, too feel like an outsider, to feel violated and lack of knowledge and information. The result showed that MRSA is a topic that neither patient nor staff has a lot of knowledge of. The knowledge and the information were inadequate which could affect the experience of the treatment. The patients were not met with good treatment which had a major impact on their psychological well being.Conclusion: What was found in the result was that MRSA is a topic that is in need of continued research overall. The knowledge of MRSA in healthcare personnel was inadequate and must be increased in order for proper care to be carried out and to reduce the risk of spreading the infection.Keywords: Emotions, experience, healthcare, lack of knowledge, MRSA.

The overall aim of this study is to study what experiences young Muslim women have of religious education in Sweden. The study examines how the respondents consider Islam and Muslim women are presented in religious education. The respondents are five young Muslim women between the ages of 19 and 25. The participants have taken part in schooling in a medium-sized town located in Sweden. The participants consider the religious teaching´s portrayal of Islam and Muslim women as provocative, negative and singled out. The respondents believe that the main reason for this is the teachers lack of knowledge about Islam. The participants have experienced elements in the teaching that have affected them negatively as they felt exposed in the classroom. Islam is often presented in relation to conflicts and violence, which the participants claim creates prejudices about the religion. Since the teachers according to the respondents possess too little knowledge about Islam, the consequences according to the participants will be a superficial education. The respondents claim that the teaching of Islam and the representation of Muslim women leads to the formation of stereotypical ideas. Based on the participant´s experiences, there are several shortcomings in the religious education. Since the Swedish school´s teaching should contribute to understanding of religion in order for the students to become respectful and understanding democratic citizens, a change is required, according to the participants.

Bakgrund: Patienter med suicidalitet upplever mycket stigma och hindervid vårdsökandet. Omvårdnaden vid sjukvårdsbesök kan upplevas sombristfällig och sjuksköterskans bemötande kan resultera i att en vägg uppstårsjuksköterske-patient relationen. Sjuksköterskors omvårdnadsansvar är attvårda relationer med patienter och agera som en bro. Bristfällig vård tillpatienter kan medföra förlängd vårdtid, samt risk för dödsfall. Syfte: Syftetvar att belysa sjuksköterskors erfarenhet av omvårdnad av suicidalapatienter. Metod: En allmän litteraturstudie utfördes genom en systematiskdatainsamling. Resultat: Resultatet visade tre huvudkategorier: empiri- ochevidensbaserad kunskap inom omvårdnad av suicidala patienter,sjuksköterskors professionella förhållningssätt vid omvårdnad av suicidalapatienter och känslomässiga konsekvenser vid omvårdnad av suicidalapatienter. Omvårdnaden belyses utifrån kommunikativt- ochinterprofessionellt perspektiv; även sjuksköterskors stress, samt påverkan avpatientsuicid. Konklusion: Sjuksköterskor upplever brister i kunskaper omomvårdnad till patienter med suicidalitet. Interprofessionellt samarbeteökade patientsäkerheten samt minskade sjuksköterskors stress. Merevidensbaserad utbildning och kommunikativt förhållningssätt behövs föratt utveckla och öka säkerheten inom omvårdnad av suicidala patienter. / Background: Patients with suicidality experience a considerable amount ofstigma and obstacles in seeking care. The nursing care amid medical visitsmay be perceived as inadequate and the nurse's approach may result in awall arising in the nurse-patient relationship. The responsibilities of nursesare to nurture the relationship with patients and act as a bridge. Insufficientcare of patients may cause extended treatment periods, as well as risk ofdeath. Purpose: The purpose was to outline nurse‟s experiences of nursingcare to people with suicidality. Method: A general literature review withsystematic data retrieval was conducted. Result: The result described threemain categories: empirical and evidence based knowledge in nursingsuicidal patients, the nurses professional approach in nursing suicidalpatients and the emotional consequences in nursing suicidal patients. Nursecare was implicated from a communicative- and interprofessionalperspective; additionally nurses stress and the impact of patient suicide wasillustrated. Conclusion: Nurses experience lack of knowledge in nursingcare to people with suicidality. Interprofessional collaboration increasedpatient safety and reduced nurses' stress. Further evidence based educationand a communicative approach is needed in order to improve and developsafety in nursing of suicidal patients.