City parks can improve the quality of life as well as the physical and mental health of its citizens, and they can lead to increases in property values and hence higher property tax revenues. However, parks can also be costly to cities, especially medium-sized cities that lack the necessary access to financing to acquire and maintain city parks. In the case of Lafayette, Louisiana, the city is struggling to acquire the University of Louisiana Horse Farm and incorporate it into its park system. This professional report reviews financing strategies for cities that are seeking to acquire land or open space, and also provides specific recommendations for the Horse Farm. Through this literature review and analysis of the Lafayette case, this professional report contributes to the literature on public financing of land for green space development, a subject of particular importance considering the important role parks play in urban life. / text

Establishment of big companies in rural areas is something that is getting more and more common as the phenomenon of land acquisition is growing. This study is based on a case study in Manhiça where a big scale multinational sugar company, consisting of a sugar factory and sugarcane plantations, has been present for almost 20 years. The theoretical framework is based on the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA) that is made into a method by taking dimensions from the theory and converting them into analytical tools. The aim is to identify and analyse the impacts that the company’s activities have on longer term on the capital basis of the various groups with which the company relates. Using the perspective of SLA helps identify the wide range of impacts – direct and indirect, positive and negative – that matter to local people. The study is qualitative and based on semi-structured interviews made with different groups of outgrower farmers and employees as well as representatives for the company and the municipality. The results are, in accordance with the principles underlying the SLA, focusing on the perceptions of people and the dynamic nature of livelihoods. A pilot study is used to indicate which impacts that are a result of the company’s presence and which only a result of switching to cash crops. The study shows that different groups are affected different from the interactions with the company. People with already weak livelihoods are benefited least since their access to different capital assets decrease.

ABSTRACT Santa Barbara Tea Fire Multi-Hazard Mitigation Benefit Cost Analysis David S Flamm This study examines the benefits and costs associated with the outright purchase of properties for hazard mitigation (“property acquisition mitigation”) in Santa Barbara, California which reduced four properties’ exposure to multiple hazards. The results indicate that the estimated overall benefit-cost ratio for property acquisition mitigation projects is 1.75:1 when the exposed properties meet a threshold of eminent threat for total loss. This study further suggests that when property acquisitions are performed in an area threatened by multiple hazards the mitigation becomes two to three times more beneficial than in an area threatened by a single hazard. Possible implications and future benefits associated with this mitigation and mitigations like this are also explored. Multi-hazard mitigation is an action taken to reduce or eliminate long-term risks from natural or human-caused hazards. A hazard is any condition or event with the potential to cause fatalities, injuries, property damage, infrastructure damage, economic interruptions, environmental damage, or other loss. The study area for the Tea Fire BCA (Benefit Cost Analysis) is subject to multiple hazards, primarily landslides, wildfires, and earthquakes. In an attempt to reduce the exposure to landslides a mitigation project was completed in 1998. This project included purchase of four properties by the City of Santa Barbara using federal and local funds. The undeveloped properties were left empty as open space to eliminate the exposure to risk. The project, originally intended to mitigate landslide risk, mitigated risk exposure to multiple hazards. The mitigation was put to the test during the Santa Barbara Tea Fire, a wildfire which burned approximately 2,000 acres of Santa Barbara County land in November, 2008. The following steps were followed to determine the overall loss avoidance: 1. Obtain building values before mitigation 2. Obtain current comparable building values 3. Determine burn recurrence in study area 4. Obtain fire damage estimates from FEMA BCA tool based on “before mitigation” building and contents values 5. Calculate “loss avoidance” and adjust for inflation using FEMA BCA tool 6. Add additional avoided losses not considered in BCA (e.g., emergency management costs) 7. Subtract new losses resulting from the project 8. Determine multi-hazard recurrence in study area Keywords: Hazard Mitigation, Benefit Cost Analysis, Loss Avoidance.

This study is an exploration of land acquisition for Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in India. Land acquisition has become one of the most well known problems confronting the SEZ policy and other policies that encourage private investment in infrastructure. Land acquisition for SEZs has caused widespread popular mobilizations and resistance, which have in turn led to cost overruns, delays, and project failures. This study examines India's land acquisition framework, particularly the evolution of the Land Acquisition Act 1894, in order to understand the factors contributing to acquisition problems when the state uses its power of eminent domain, as well as when private developers attempt to acquire land through consensual market transactions. It uses two SEZs spanning over 14,000 hectares of land near Mumbai--Navi Mumbai SEZ and Mumbai SEZ--as cases through which to examine the land acquisition process. / Geography

Det pågår idag två samhällsomvandlingar i norra Sverige, i Kiruna och i Malmberget, till följd av den expanderande gruvverksamheten där omlokaliseringen kräver att ytterligare mark tas i anspråk. Speciella omständigheter råder i Kiruna där särskilda skydd och bestämmelser föreligger som en följd av den juridiska odlingsgränsen. Syftet med studien är att ge ett brett perspektiv på den unika odlingsgränsen och visa på sambandet mellan den och förvärv statlig mark vid samhällsomvandling. För att uppnå syftet utreddes odlingsgränsens historia, samhällsomvandlingarna och riksintressen samt markförvärvsprocessen och hur denna kan förbättras. Metoderna som användes var litteraturstudie, kvalitativa intervjuer och besök gjordes på plats i Kiruna och i Malmberget för att fördjupa kunskaperna.Staten började ta över en stor del av förvaltningen av den skyddade marken redan på 1500-talet och uppmuntrade en inflyttning till norra Sverige. Begreppet odlingsgränsen uppkom under slutet av 1800-talet för att skydda samerna med rennäring gentemot nybyggarna. Dagens samhällsomvandlingar är omfattande och har stor påverkan på omgivningen där aktörerna anser att utveckling ska gå före avveckling. Runt Kiruna och Malmberget finns flera olika riksintressen att ta hänsyn till vid planeringen, till exempel rennäring och gruvnäring. Gruvnäringen får företräde framför de andra riksintressena på grund av nationalnyttan som den medför. Staten äger mycket mark runt Kiruna och för att få förvärva den krävs ett regeringsbeslut. En ansökan om ett sådant förvärv ska prövas hos Statens jordbruksverk, Länsstyrelsen, berörd sameby och Statens fastighetsverk. Med de många instanserna tar processen lång tid och för att effektivisera processen behövs i första hand kompetenshöjning hos aktörerna och bättre kommunikation. Jordbruksdrift var anledningen till att odlingsgränsen uppstod men idag tjänar den sitt syfte för andra näringar, till exempel turism. / Two urban transformations are in progress in northern Sweden today, in Kiruna and in Malmberget, due to expanding mining operations. The relocation of the two cities requires land acquisition. In Kiruna there are specific conditions due to certain protection provided by the so called cultivation border. The purpose of the study is to give a wide perspective on this unique cultivation border and indicate its association with land acquisition. In order to achieve the purpose of the study the history of the cultivation border, the urban transformations and national interests were investigated, as well as the process of land acquisition and how it can be improved. A literature study, qualitative interviews and visits at Kiruna and Malmberget was used to gain knowledge within the topic.As early as in the 1500s, the Swedish government started to take control of the northern parts of the country and encouraged its colonization. The cultivation border was created in the late 1800s to protect the Sami people and their industry from the settlers. The urban transformations are very extensive and have major impacts on the environment. Involved participants want to construct new areas before deconstructing the old ones. There are several different national interests in Kiruna and in Malmberget areas that have to be taken into account in the planning process. Two of those interests are the reindeer and mining industries. The mining industry takes precedence due to its economic benefits to the whole country. The State owns lots of land in Kiruna and in order to acquire it, the government has to give its approval. An application for such an acquirement must be adjudicated by the Swedish Board of Agriculture, the County Administrative Board, affected Sami villages and the National Property Board of Sweden. The high amount of authorities involved makes the process of aquisition long and an improvement to shorten it is to increase the competence of the involved parties and their intercommunication. The purpose of the cultivation border is still considered to be valid, although today for example the tourism is more important than the agriculturing to protect the Sami people.

abstract: Large-scale land acquisition (LaSLA), also called "land grabbing" refers to the buying or leasing of large tracts of land, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) by foreign investors to produce food and biofuel to send back home. Since 2007, LaSLA has become an important development issue due to the opportunities and threats for SSA countries. LaSLA has the potential to create local jobs, transfer technology, build infrastructure, and modernize SSA's agriculture. Nonetheless, it can also aggravate food insecurity, perpetuate corruption, degrade ecosystems, cause conflicts, and displace local communities. What drives LaSLA, what are its impacts on local people, and under what circumstances can we consider it as just and ethical? To examine what drives LaSLA, I used country level data from 2005 to 2013 on economic conditions, natural resources, business practices, and governance to estimate LaSLA models. I find that LaSLA increases with increasing government effectiveness, land prices, and the ease of doing business, and decreases with stronger regulatory regimes. To assess LaSLA's impacts on local people, I conducted a comparative case study in Tanzania. I compare changes in peoples' livelihood between treatment villages (those experiencing LaSLA) and control villages (those without LaSLA projects). The results show that under current practices, the risks of LaSLA outweigh the benefits to local livelihoods, yet there are potential benefits if LaSLA is implemented correctly. To philosophically examine whether LaSLA can be considered just and ethical, I apply John Rawls' theory of justice. The analysis indicates that from both procedural and distributive justice perspective, LaSLA currently fails to satisfy Rawlsian principles of justice. From these analyses, I conclude that if implemented correctly, LaSLA can produce a win-win outcome for both investors and host countries. I suggest that strong governance, rigorous environmental and social impact assessment, and inclusion of local people at all levels of LaSLA decision making are critical for sustainable and equitable outcomes. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biology 2017

Land that are used for agricultural purpose in Sweden are taxed by the 100-series. The land acquisition law can regulate acquisitions of agricultural land and permits are needed for acquisition. Land located in sparsely populated areas, land in areas with poor farm layout (omarronderingsområde) and purchases made by legal persons from natural person are covered by the law. Permits are applied for at county agencies and the Swedish Board of Agriculture depending of the size of the acquisition. The aim with the study is to enlighten the difficulties among permits by the law.    The research questions; How is the aim with the law fulfilled by the way it is carried out?and Are there differences between permits given by the county agencies and the Swedish Board of Agriculture?, was answered by using juridical method, studies of permit documents and interviews. The juridical method enlightened the aim with the law. The study of permit documents was used to see similarities in the permits. Documents were studied from the Swedish Board of Agriculture and three county agencies. The authorities and three interest groups was interviewed two answer both the research questions.    The result shows that the largest difficulties to make decisions about permits are with acquisitions made by legal persons. Especially when permits are given for special reasons (6§ 2 st. 4p.). The interviews showed that there are doubts about if a control of acquisitions in primarily sparsely populated areas leads to higher employment and settlements in those areas. Is also shown that there is a difference in how the authorities make decisions about permits. Primarily shown by statements from the county agencies to the Swedish Board of Agriculture.     Two conclusions can be made. The aim with the law is not fulfilled as the law is carried out today. The aim regarding legal persons is fulfilled partly or fully but it is most difficult to make decisions about permits. The aims about sparsely populated areas and areas with poor farm layout are not fulfilled as the law is carried out. There is a difference in the decision making about permits between the authorities in the study. Is primarily shown in the cases that are handed over to the Swedish Board of Agriculture and cases regarding specific reasons. / Mark som används för jordbruk i Sverige taxeras som lantbruksenheter enligt Skatteverkets 100-serie. Förvärv av lantbruksenheter kan omfattas av jordförvärvslagen och kräver då förvärvstillstånd. Lantbruksenheter som ligger i glesbygdsområden, omarronderingsområden eller där förvärven sker från en fysisk person till en juridisk person omfattas. Tillstånden söks hos länsstyrelsen eller Jordbruksverket beroende på förvärvets storlek. Syftet med studien är att belysa de svårigheter som finns kring förvärvstillstånd.   Frågeställningarna i studien: Hur uppfylls syftena som finns med JFL i och med tillämpningen av den?och Finns det skillnader i bedömning av prövning gällande förvärvstillstånd som prövats av länsstyrelsen och Jordbruksverket och i så fall vilka?, besvarades genom juridisk metod, studie av beslut och intervjuer. Den juridiska metoden belyste syftet med jordförvärvslagen. Studien av beslut användes för att se likheter och skillnader mellan myndigheternas beslutsfattande. Beslut begärdes ut från Jordbruksverket och tre länsstyrelser. Myndigheterna samt tre intresseorganisationer intervjuades. De syftade till att visa om syftet med jordförvärvslagen uppfylls samt om någon skillnad finns mellan myndigheternas beslut.   Resultatet visar att de största svårigheterna kring att fatta beslut enligt jordförvärvslagen är kring juridiska personers förvärv. Speciellt enligt punkten särskilda skäl (6§ 2 st. 4 p.). Intervjuerna visade att det finns tveksamheter kring om en kontroll att förvärv i främst glesbygd leder till en ökad sysselsättning och bosättning i glesbygd. Resultatet visar även att det finns en skillnad i hur Jordbruksverket och länsstyrelserna beslutar. Det visar sig främst de yttranden som länsstyrelsen överlämnar till Jordbruksverket.   Från studien kan två slutsatser dras. Syftena med jordförvärvslagen uppfylls inte i sin helhet som lagen tillämpas idag. Syftet gällande juridiska personers förvärv uppfylls helt eller delvis men tillämpningen och besluten är svårast. Glesbygds- och omarronderingssyftet tycks inte uppfyllas som lagen tillämpas idag. Det finns en skillnad i hur Jordbruksverket och länsstyrelserna beslutar gällande jordförvärv. Skillnaden visar sig främst i de ärenden som överlämnas till Jordbruksverket med ett yttrande och i ärenden gällande särskilda skäl.

Thesis (MPA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2017. / The aim of the study was to investigate elements that compromise the success of Proactive Land Acquisition Strategy (PLAS) in Mopani District, Limpopo Province. There is a general view that PLAS intended to fast track the land reform process. The emerging farmers as soon as they get the land through PLAS are expected to use the land for production so as to improve their socio- economic status and contribute to the local economic growth. The Department of Rural Development and Land Reform proactively acquires the land and redistributes it to the previously disadvantaged people in a lease contract. Emerging farmers do not need to own the land and have title deeds as the land belongs to the government. PLAS is state driven because only the government can proactively acquire the land and lease it out to prospective productive emerging farmers from previously disadvantaged groups. Qualitative research design was used to collect data. The target group in this study were direct beneficiaries of PLAS or emerging farmers. Data was collected using focus group discussions with emerging farmers and one-on-one interviews in all three local municipalities: Ba-Phalaborwa, Tzaneen and Maruleng. One- on- one interviews were conducted with the key participants from the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform and the Limpopo Department of Agriculture. The results of the study show that the emerging farmers are not effectively using the land as expected. They do not have the necessary support from government or Department of Rural Development and Land Reform. It was also revealed in the study that the Limpopo Department of Agriculture is expected to support the emerging farmers with technical support. In practice there is no visible form of support from the provincial department and farmers are left to fend for themselves. Emerging farmers usually lack farming skills and need regular training and support to be able to continue with their farming and businesses. The findings further reveal that the emerging farmers face serious challenges such as a lack of funding, water shortage, and lack of access to markets and their recapitalisation is reduced. These findings show that the strategy is not responsive enough because of lack of resources from the government. While there are instances where the white farmers are willing to sell their land, the government do not always have resources to acquire such lands. Also most of these land prices are often inflated and it is where these sellers are taking advantage of the government. This study recommends that the government should support the emerging farmers by all means possible. That will lead to profitable farming and the lives of the people will change qualitatively, leading to social and economic development. It is recommended further that the emerging farmers be given appropriate training so that they can be equipped with skills and be able to run and manage their farms

Der Bodenmarkt hat seit 2005 eine dynamische Entwicklung genommen. Durch die globale Wirtschaftskrise wurden die Investitionen in werthaltige Güter, d.h. auch in Boden befördert. Die Anzahl Verkaufsfälle und die gehandelte Fläche stiegen seit 2005 stetig an. Der Kaufpreis erhöhte sich um 17 Prozent. Während in den Niederlanden mit 444 Euro/ha oder Dänemark mit 551 Euro/ha die höchsten Pachtpreise erzielt werden, liegt Deutschland im Durchschnitt bei 205 Euro/ha. Trotz Steigerung um 51 Euro/ha seit 1991 liegt der sächsische Pachtpreis nur bei 116 Euro/ha. Der deutlichere Anstieg bei Grünland kann Ursache der Entkopplung der Direktzahlungen, d.h. dem Überwälzeffekt der Grünlandprämie geschuldet sein.

Government authority can, for public benefit purpose, take private ownership of land by compulsory purchase. Primary aim of this study is how to protect private land owners rights in spite of governments power of acquiring land. Bangladesh, as for details study, is a most densely populated country in the World. International best standards of practicing guidelines by FAO-UN, FIG and WB as well as other countries practice have reviewed from different perspectives. From theory, early stage negotiations, market value of property plus other damages, opportunity of involvement of all parties, protection of agricultural land , removal services all of those are the thorny of legal challenges to adopt into a new legislation in Bangladesh. Empirically, field study has conducted by way of interviewing from selected different projects in Bangladesh including largest project Padma Multiple Bridge. Huge destitute of land, unplanned city expansion, unsustainable development of infrastructure and environmental damage are remained as significant issues of sustainable development of land management. Analysis shows that Bangladesh has been losing 1% of agriculture land which related to the national employment and food production. 100% of the affected people wants to resettlement by the authority. There is clearly misusing of legal rights by the government authority: firstly, by using inequitable Acquisition and Requisition of Immovable Property Ordinance, 1982; no protection has been giving for religious place and graveyard under Antiquities Act, and Article 42(2) of Constitution also imposing unfair curtailment of rights for getting fair compensation. Finally, some recommendations have given for enacting a new legislation including planning permission, extended notice period, public meeting and review, agricultural land exempted, resettlement, valuation by valuers, in time compensation payment and right to Appeal.