Le présent mémoire se penche sur la diminution des espaces ouverts en Israël, un problème environnemental considéré comme l’un des plus importants par les organisations environnementales de ce pays. La situation est particulièrement préoccupante depuis le début des années 1990 alors que la superficie occupée par ces espaces s’est réduite significativement. Les craintes liées à cette évolution se sont traduites par l’implantation de plans nationaux d’aménagement visant expressément à concentrer le développement futur du pays au sein des quatre principales régions métropolitaines (Tel-Aviv, Jérusalem, Haïfa, Beer-Sheva) de manière à préserver de façon optimale les espaces ouverts restants. Plusieurs facteurs sont responsables de cette perte d’espaces ouverts. Ainsi, l’un des objectifs cet ouvrage consiste à identifier ces facteurs de même qu’à analyser dans quelle mesure ils ont influé. Par ailleurs, ce mémoire fait le point sur l’évolution de la superficie des espaces ouverts au fil des années. Finalement, le dernier chapitre aborde les enjeux actuels quant à la conservation des espaces ouverts israéliens et souligne quelques solutions proposées afin d’accroître leur protection pour le futur. Afin de dresser un portrait complet de la situation, la période étudiée s’étend de 1948, année de fondation de l’État d’Israël, à 2010. / This research examines the loss of open space in Israel, one of the most acute environmental problems facing this country, according to several Israeli environmental organizations. This situation is peculiarly ominous since the beginning of the 1990s while the area occupied by open space has decreased significantly. Fears linked to the proliferation of built area have led to the implementation of national outline plans (NOP 31, NOP 35) which aim specifically to concentrate future development into the main metropolitan regions (Tel Aviv, Jerusalem, Haifa, Beersheba) to ensure that the remaining open spaces will be protected optimally. Several factors are responsible for the loss of open space in Israel. Thus, one of the research objectives is to identify and analyze how these factors have influenced the extent of open spaces. Furthermore, this research provides an update of the open spaces’ evolution over the years. Finally, the last chapter discusses the current issues regarding open space as well as some solutions to enhance its protection. In order to obtain a thorough picture of the situation, the temporal field of this study spans from 1948, founding year of the State of Israel, to 2010.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

On-going population growth and urbanization increasingly force people to occupy environments where natural processes intensely affect the landscape, by way of potentially hazardous natural events. Tectonic plate boundaries, active volcanic regions and rapidly uplifting mountain ranges are prominent examples of geomorphically hazardous areas which today accommodate some of the world’s largest cities. These areas are often affected by more than one hazard such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, floods, storms and wildfires, which frequently interact with each other increasing the total impact on communities. Despite progress in natural hazards research over the last two decades, the increasing losses from natural disasters highlight the limitations of existing methodologies to effectively mitigate the adverse effects of natural hazards. A major limitation is the lack of effective hazard and risk assessments incorporating hazard interactions and cascade effects. Most commonly, the assessment of risks related to different hazards is carried out through independent analyses, adopting different procedures and time-space resolutions. Such approaches make the comparison of risks from different hazard sources extremely difficult, and the implicit assumption of independence of the risk sources leads to neglect of possible interactions among hazard processes. As a result the full hazard potential is likely to be underestimated and lead to inadequate mitigation measures or land-use planning. Therefore there is a pressing need to improve hazard and risk assessments and mitigation strategies especially in highly dynamic environments affected by multiple hazards. A prominent example of such an environment is the western Southern Alps of New Zealand. The region is located along an actively deforming plate boundary and is subject to high rates of uplift, erosion and orographically-enhanced precipitation that drive a range of interrelated geomorphic processes and consequent hazards. Furthermore, the region is an increasingly popular tourist destination with growing visitor numbers and the prospect for future development, significantly increasing societal vulnerability and the likelihood of serious impacts from potential hazards. Therefore the mountainous landscape of the western Southern Alps is an ideal area for studying the interaction between a range of interrelated geomorphic hazards and human activity. In an effort to address these issues this research has developed an approach for the analysis of geomorphic hazards in highly dynamic environments with particular focus on tectonically-active mountains using the western Southern Alps as a study area. The approach aims to provide a framework comprising the stages required to perform multi-hazard and risk analyses and inform land-use planning. This aim was approached through four main objectives integrating quantitative geomorphology, hazard assessments and GIS. The first objective was to identify the dominant geomorphic processes, their spatial distribution and interrelationships and explore their implications in hazard assessment and modelling. This was achieved through regional geomorphic analysis focusing on catchment morphometry and the structure of the drainage networks. This analysis revealed the strong influence and interactions between frequent landslides / debris-flows, glaciers, orographic precipitation and spatially-variable uplift rates on the landscape evolution of the western Southern Alps, which supports the need for hazard assessment approaches incorporating the interrelationships between different processes and accounting for potential event cascades. The second and third objectives were to assess the regional susceptibility to rainfall-generated shallow landslides and river floods respectively, as these phenomena are most often responsible for extensive damage to property and infrastructure, injury, and loss of lives in mountainous environments. To achieve these objectives a series of GIS-based models was developed, applied and evaluated in the western Southern Alps. Evaluation results based on historical records indicated that the susceptibility assessment of shallow landslides and river floods using the proposed GIS-based models is feasible. The output from the landslide model delineates the regional spatial variation of shallow landslide susceptibility and potential runout zones while the results from the flood modelling illustrate the hydrologic response of major ungauged catchments in the study area and identify flood-prone areas. Both outputs provide critical insights for land-use planning. Finally, a multi-hazard analysis approach was developed by combining the findings from the previous objectives based on the concepts of interaction and emergent properties (cascade effects) inherent in complex systems. The integrated analysis of shallow landslides, river floods and expected ground shaking from a M8 plate-boundary fault (Alpine fault) earthquake revealed the areas with the highest and lowest total susceptibilities. Areas characterized by the highest total susceptibility require to be prioritized in terms of hazard mitigation, and areas with very low total susceptibility may be suitable locations for future development. This doctoral research project contributes to the field of hazard research, and particularly to geomorphic hazard analyses in highly dynamic environments such as tectonically active mountains, aiming to inform land-use planning in the context of sustainable hazard mitigation.

Planning administration in the Western Cape is at a critical juncture. It is faced with having to address planning issues and housing needs whilst at the same time demonstrating through its practices the promotion of environmentally sustainable development. This paper will discuss planning and environmental legislation and the impact that the application of the legislation has on development proposals. Current legislation addresses issues of spacial development in developed areas and new development proposals but lacks the ability to address issues within informal settlements. Although socio-economic factors are not currently considered when assessing the viability of applications, the courts seem to consider these factors. Since new housing settlements are often developed for the poor and industrial developments in close proximity to these areas have direct impact on these individuals, planning could only gain if these factors are taken into consideration.<br /> <br /> If planning administration in the Western Cape is to continue successfully and without endless litigation against the Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning administrators will have to find a balance between promoting development and protecting the environment. To promote environmentally sustainable developments will require closer cooperation between the land use planning and environmental management components. The loopholes, which permit incremental development in the present legislation, have to be identified and addressed. Guidelines, which will standardize the conditions under which applications can be approved or refused, will have to be drafted to ensure decision-making that is consistent and defensible. If having a liquor store within an affluent environment is not considered desirable such applications should not be considered within lower income areas. The same should apply when dealing with applications to establish factories or industry which will have an impact on the living conditions of communities in close proximity. The MEC will have to ensure that all decision taken are within the legal framework and that such decisions benefit entire communities and protect the rights of the poorest communities as well as that of the wealthy and influential.<br /> <br /> Environmental legislation and the growing importance of environmental protection is also having an impact on the way in which new settlements are planned and on the rights of property owners. Although, we are responsible for the preservation of the environment for the next generation, socio-economic conditions, HIV and a myriad of other considerations may have to take precedence over environmental concerns.

L'aménagement du territoire en France, et en particulier les processus d'élaboration de documents d'urbanisme, font l'objet d'évolutions distinctes mais conjointes sous les effets de la rationalisation des politiques publiques, de la décentralisation de l'Etat et de transformations de problématiques d'aménagement. Les acteurs impliqués dans l'aménagement doivent arbitrer entre de nombreux conflits d'usages des sols, au regard de lois et directives plurielles voire contradictoires. Dans ce contexte, nous avons observé un projet de formation développé à travers une collaboration inter-organisationnelle impliquant des agents de plusieurs services déconcentrés relevant de différents Ministères ainsi que des agents d'un organisme de recherche ; ces agents étaient porteurs d'une préoccupation concernant la préservation des terres cultivées ou potentiellement cultivables et, face à la restriction de leur capacité d'agir, ont cherché des modalités d'agir à distance à travers l'élaboration de ce projet. Notre recherche explore les processus organisants, constitutifs d'une organisation transverse. Elle montre comment s'est constitué progressivement un échafaudage à la " frontière " entre différents mondes afin d'équiper les destinataires du module de formation, de données, d'éléments de méthodes, de " façons-de-penser " et de " façons-de-voir " organisationnelles. Ce faisant, elle caractérise cette collaboration comme s'inscrivant dans une perspective relevant de l'evidence based planning et du mouvement des big data. Notre recherche, ancrée dans une approche info-communicationnelle, met au travail les questions de brutification et de mise en compatibilité d'ensembles de données. Elle explore la façon dont la visée de prescription générique se trouve mise en défaut lors de la re-singularisation en situations. Elle met en évidence des questions-clé, en lien avec le mouvement des big data, en termes de production de sens, conçu à la fois comme signification et orientation de l'action. / The land-use planning in France, and specifically the making process of planning documents, evolve both in a distinct and common way due to the effects of the rationalization of public policies, the State devolution of power and the transformations of land management issues. The actors involved in planning must mediate numerous conflicts of land-use, in compliance with multiple and even contradictory laws and directives. In this context, we observed a training project developed via an inter-organizational collaboration involving agents from decentralized departments of different Ministries, as well as agents belonging to a research organization. The agents were concerned about the preservation of cultivated or potentially cultivatable soil. Facing the limitation of their capacity to act, they sought toways of acting remotely through this project. Our research explores the organizing processes that constitute a transverse organization. It shows how a scaffolding was gradually built up at the "border" between different arenas in order to equip the recipients of the training module with data, elements of method, organizational "ways-of-thinking" and "ways-to-see". Thus it characterizes this collaboration as part of a perspective based on evidence based planning and on the big data movement. Our research is anchored in an information-communication approach. It works on questions of rawification and of making data sets compatible. It explores how a generic prescription fails in situed re-singularization. It highlights key issues, linked to the big data movement, in terms of sense making, sense conceived both as meaning and as orientation of action.

Master of Science / Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering / Stacy Hutchinson / Urban areas have traditionally been managed as separate entities from the natural environment. Recently, urban planners have been interested in reconnecting these areas back to the biosphere to capitalize on ecosystem services restoring damaged hydrologic processes. This study focuses on suburban Johnson County, KS (part of the Greater Kansas City area), which has 62 USEPA 303(d) listed “impaired” or “potentially impaired” waterbodies. Previous studies show that watersheds crisscrossed by multiple politically boundaries see increases in water quantity and decreases in water quality. Using a multi-watershed, multi-city spanning entity like a school district, it is investigated how stormwater best management practices (BMPs) employed over a large entity can help undo the negative effects of watershed political fragmentation. BMP modeling includes simulating grassroots and planning policy change movements across three target watersheds using PC-SWMM watershed model. The grassroots simulation models rain barrels at single family homes and an extended dry detention basin (EDDB) at schools. Planning policy simulation models 10% and 20% reductions in impervious roads and parking lots in accordance to EPA Smart Growth practices. Resulting, it was seen that all three of these BMPs saw the greatest improvements from current conditions at low precipitation events. Ranking from least to most effective across the outlet’s average flow, maximum flow, and total volume and supporting watershed infiltration, surface runoff, and surface storage are as follows: rain barrels + EDDB, 10% reduced, and 20% reduced impervious simulations. All three stormwater BMPs help demonstrate how grassroots movements and planning polices changes can positively impact regional waterbodies in this maturely suburbanized region.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:55:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 114528.pdf: 7346209 bytes, checksum: 0031f9796616359d141e08f162c2d609 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research aims at identifying and analyzing the impact of the state s coastal ecologicaleconomic zoning at a local level planning. Consequently, this study turns to the coastal ecological-economic zoning, which is specified by federal and state laws. The theoretical frameworks of the present study are the guiding concepts of planning, management, public policy, representation, coastal management, coastal areas and zoning. This research investigates the present situation of Coastal Management Plans in Brazilian states. It is important to stress that the data collection involved documentary sources (reports, Development Plans) as well as questionnaires applied to state authorities responsible for the elaboration of Development Plans. Thus, this study not only presents up-to-date information about the situation of the Brazilian Coastal Management, but it also contributes to regional land-use planning regarding local planning action, making its application and compatibility to City Development Plans possible. / Este projeto objetiva identificar e analisar a contribuição do Zoneamento Ecológico Econômico Costeiro Estadual na esfera local de planejamento. O estudo volta-se, desta forma, ao Zoneamento Ecológico Econômico Costeiro, um dos instrumentos que é especificado por Lei Federal e Estadual de gerenciamento costeiro. Para o presente trabalho utilizaram-se como referencial teórico os conceitos norteadores de planejamento, gestão, política pública, participação, gerenciamento costeiro, zona costeira e zoneamento. A pesquisa investiga a situação dos Planos de Gerenciamento Costeiro Estaduais no Brasil. A partir desta investigação, identificaram-se no Zoneamento Ecológico Econômico Costeiro do Estado de Pernambuco as ações de planejamento, sendo comparadas com as diretrizes e objetivos do Plano Diretor Municipal de Paulista. Destaca-se que as informações necessárias para a elaboração do estudo foram obtidas por meio de fontes documentais (relatórios, planos) e por meio de questionários com os gestores estaduais responsáveis pela elaboração dos Planos. Sendo assim, este estudo permite, além de apresentar dados atualizados da situação do Gerenciamento Costeiro Brasileiro, subsidiar o planejamento territorial regional, no que se refere às ações de planejamento local, possibilitando sua aplicação e compatibilização com os Planos Diretores Municipais frente às experiências empíricas já realizadas.

Due to climate change and natural variations in the hydrological cycle, global mean sea levels are increasing, causing the mean sea levels in different regions of the world to increase. In Sweden, coastal cities are facing rising water levels which is increasing flooding. The coastal community of Gothenburg, Sweden was identified the 18th most vulnerable city in the country both to flooding induced by water level rise and other climate change related impacts. Its location, in proximity of Lake Vänern, and in the mouth of the Göta River and its tributaries: Säveån, Mölndalsån and Lärjeån is heightening flood risk and vulnerability in the area. This thesis aims to contribute in comprehending the integration process of natural hazard and climate change adaptation for flood management in Älvstaden- central Gothenburg between 1999 and 2015. With the main objectives being” how the municipality of Gothenburg has applied the urban land use planning theory for the integration of natural hazard and climate change adaptation, with regards to adaptation for flood management in Älvstaden between 1999 and 2015? “What climate change adaptation policies for flood management have been implemented in Gothenburg within this time frame, and how the policies have been revised to match the reality of flood issues?” And “What improvements would be made in the integration process to better address adaptation for flood management?” A desk-based research and one case study approach was adopted for this study. The findings indicate that although the city has systematically used the steps involved in the integration process of natural hazard and climate change adaptation for flood management, it does not link the policies and the measures applied to adaptation for flood management. Which is an issue as it has led to the exclusion of vital functions of the integration process. Suggestions on how the integration process could be improved are provided.

Urban Sprawl, d. h. die exzessive Ausdehnung städtischer Fläche erzeugt sowohl aus ökonomischer, ökologischer und sozialer als auch aus verkehrlicher Sicht negative Wirkungen für Mensch und Umwelt und stellt damit ein ernst zu nehmendes Problem im urbanen Kontext dar. Diese Entwicklung ist einerseits auf natürliche Ursachen wie Bevölkerungswachstum, Präferenzen der Haushalte und die fallenden Transportkosten zurückzuführen. Andererseits treiben aber auch bestehende Marktverzerrungen wie die Subventionierung suburbaner Infrastrukturen, die fehlende Einbeziehung des Nutzens von freier Fläche und im Speziellen die Nicht-Berücksichtigung der externen Kosten des Verkehrs das städtische Wachstum über das optimale Maß hinaus voran. Im Zentrum der vorliegenden Arbeit steht daher das Konzept einer Stadt der kurzen Wege, das eine Möglichkeit darstellt, diesen Problemen zu begegnen. Ziel ist es dabei, mit Hilfe von Verdichtung und Nutzungsmischung innerhalb urbaner Strukturen die Verlagerung und Vermeidung von Verkehr zu erreichen und die zurückgelegten Distanzen insgesamt zu senken. Um die Wirksamkeit dieses Konzeptes besser beurteilen zu können, untersucht die vorliegende Arbeit die folgenden Fragestellungen: • Wie kann eine Stadt der kurzen Wege definiert werden? Welche Merkmale besitzt sie, welche Wirkungen erzeugt sie und wie können diese gemessen werden? • Wie kann eine Stadt der kurzen Wege umgesetzt werden? Welche Strategie wird dazu verfolgt und welche Maßnahmen stehen zur Verfügung? • Inwieweit tragen ausgewählte Maßnahmen zur Schaffung einer Stadt der kurzen Wege bei? Wie wirken sie und welche Rolle spielt ihre Ausgestaltung?

La question de l’aménagement du territoire est constitutive de toute étude portant sur le tourisme. Elle légitime d’une part la prise en considération d’un secteur sous-estimé, et ouvre par ailleurs à la recherche académique un champ d’application privilégié de par ses effets socioculturel, esthétique, technologique et économique tangibles, et sa portée géopolitique. Ainsi notre projet se situe à la confluence de deux orientations complémentaires. La première s’intéresse au développement des connaissances en tourisme, ainsi qu’à celle des schèmes qui progressivement les façonnent, et vise à en dégager un essai de redéfinition du tourisme, à la fois objet et outil de notre réflexion. Le second vecteur de notre recherche est l’application de cet essai de lecture épistémologique à l’étude des évolutions de l’aménagement touristique du territoire, issues des mutations de l’industrie du tourisme, réflexion en prise directe avec l’actualité touristique et aiguillage possible de politiques d’aménagement. À une synthèse des fondements de l’aménagement du territoire, succède une analyse de l’essor de clientèles émergentes dans le contexte positif du tourisme international. Cette occurrence se double de la mutation numérique du marché touristique qui, de par l’expansion des agences et comparateurs de voyages en ligne, réorganise et diversifie les rôles en redéfinissant la chaîne de valeur entre producteurs et distributeurs. Une analyse des évolutions de la station touristique et des stratégies des nouvelles métropoles touristiques finalise notre recherche. L’ensemble cible dorénavant une clientèle aisée, et requalifie le devenir de l’industrie touristique, activité de classe. / The issue of land-use planning is constitutive of any study on tourism. It legitimates consideration of an underrated sector on the one hand, and moreover opens up a field of application to academic research through its tangible sociocultural, aesthetic, technological and economic effects, and geopolitical impact. So our project is located at the confluence of two complementary orientations. The first focuses on the development of tourism knowledge as well as on the patterns that gradually shape them. It aims to highlight a redefinition attempt of tourism both subject and tool of our reflection. The second vector of our research is the application of this attempt of epistemological reading to the study of the developments in the tourist land-use planning, resulting from the changes in the tourism industry, a reflection in tune with the tourist news and possible switchpoint of land-use planning policies. An analysis of the rise of emerging clienteles in the positive context of international tourism succeeds to a summary of the basis for land-use planning. This instance is coupled with the digital mutation of the tourist market which, due to the expansion of agencies and online travel comparators, reorganizes and diversifies roles by redefining the value chain between producers and distributors. An analysis of the tourist resorts developments and of the new tourist metropolis strategies finalizes our research. The whole targets a wealthy clientele, and classifies the fate of the tourism industry as a class activity.