Sprach- und Medienwandel der letzten Jahrzehnte haben nicht nur bewirkt, dass sich die Kommunikationsverhalten mancher sozialer Gruppen stark unterscheiden, heutige Schüler:innen haben dafür auch ein Bewusstsein, das in ihrer Alltagserfahrung fußt. Daran kann eine Didaktik anschließen, die historisches Rezeptionsverhalten stärker zum Gegenstand von Schulunterricht macht und betont, wie Texte wahrgenommen wurden und welche Bezüge zur Sprachkultur der Zeit bestanden, die ein kaum behandeltes Unterrichtsthema darstellt. Dies ermöglicht es nicht nur, sprachlichen Wandel und dessen Bedeutung zu erläutern, sondern fördert auch ein Bewusstsein für die Relevanz historischer Texte, Bildungsplantransparenz und kritische Mediennutzung. Der Beitrag erforscht die Möglichkeiten einer solchen didaktischen Ausrichtung in Bezug auf exemplarische Lehrpläne und Schulbücher. Er schließt in dem Vorschlag, verschiedene Rezeptionsebenen zu Leitkonzepten und konkreten Unterrichtsthemen zu machen, was eine stärkere linguistische Informierung des Schulunterrichts fordern würde.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:34:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RODRIGO MAIA THEODORO DOS SANTOS.pdf: 8038021 bytes, checksum: 7f666531d228a5a7cf9e0eb3b7a1bcce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation is based on the interaction between language - history and the role of Veja maganize in its section called Carta ao Leitor during the Brazilian social movement called Diretas Já . This research takes the language as a social praxis and questions how the linguistics choices express the political, historical and intelectual positions of that specific moment. Therefore, we start with the belief that the language constantly changes, as the humanity, according to the social changes. The Diretas Já movement that took place in 1984 was the biggest popular political movement in the Brazilian history. People went to the streets and claimed for democracy and political independence, saying: I want to vote for President . The desire for a political change overcame the limits of the Congress and led the society to live a battle of ideas. A new identity by the brazilian man started to constructe. In that period, the media joined the people, turned the facts into documents, making them more understandable to the brazilian people. It is in this historical context that the Portuguese Language spoken in Brazil is taken as the object of study in this analysis. We justify the choice of Linguistic Historiography as the theorical and methodological support of this research due to its interdisciplinary apparatus between Linguistics and History, in the process of interpretation of documents. Linguistic Historiography aims to embrace a large view of the language and mankind, dealing with them in their totality and not only with a sociological or antropological view, but inside a linguistic dimension and this fact allows us better understand mankind and its interaction within the social group. The analysis that has been made gave preference to resource of metalanguage and the principles proposed by Konrad Koerner, one of the pioneers of historical and historiographic studies of the language. We valorize the documental characteristic of Carta ao Leitor and reached the conclusion that the printed media has an important role in people s lives and, therefore, helps the reader reconstruct linguistically the reality / A Dissertação trata da interação língua - história e do papel desempenhado pela revista Veja, de modo particular, de sua seção Carta ao Leitor, durante o Movimento das Diretas Já. A pesquisa toma a língua como prática social e questiona em que medida as escolhas lingüísticas expressam as posições políticas, históricas e intelectuais de então. Partimos, por conseguinte, do pressuposto que a língua muda constantemente e concomitantemente ao homem em consonância com as mudanças sociais. O movimento político Diretas Já, ocorrido em 1984, foi a maior mobilização popular da história do Brasil. O povo saiu às ruas e bradou pela democracia e por sua independência política, enunciando: Eu quero votar para Presidente. O anseio por uma mudança política ultrapassou os limites do Congresso Nacional e trouxe a sociedade para o campo de batalha de idéias. Uma nova identidade do homem brasileiro começava a ser construída. Naquele período, a mídia aliou-se ao povo, materializou em documentos os fatos ocorridos, tornando-os mais compreensíveis ao povo brasileiro. É nesse contexto histórico que a Língua Portuguesa em uso no Brasil é tomada como objeto da análise que empreendemos. Justificamos a escolha da Historiografia Lingüística como suporte teóricometodológico dessa pesquisa, em virtude do aparato interdisciplinar que ela estabelece, em essência, entre a Lingüística e a História, no processo de interpretação de documentos. A Historiografia Lingüística pretende abarcar uma visão ampla da língua e do homem, tratando-os em sua totalidade e não apenas do ponto de vista sociológico ou antropológico, mas em uma dimensão lingüística, fato que permite entender o homem e sua interação com grupo social. As análises que efetivamos privilegiaram o recurso da metalinguagem e a operacionalização dos princípios propostos por Konrad Koerner, um dos pioneiros dos estudos históricos e historiográficos da língua. Valorizamos o caráter documental da Carta ao Leitor e chegamos à conclusão que a mídia impressa ocupa um espaço significativo na vida das pessoas e, por conseguinte, auxilia o leitor a reconstruir lingüisticamente a realidade

De nationella styrdokumenten för gymnasiet påvisar att läraren skall undervisa om samt bedöma elevernas prestationer i språkhistoria. I dagsläget saknas det forskning om hur verksamma lärare skall didaktisera det språkhistoriska momentet i svenskundervisningen. Som konsekvens av detta blir momentet starkt bundet till de läromedel som används, där de språkhistoriska epokerna är tydligt avgränsade till att beskriva utveckling av det svenska språket ur en historisk aspekt. Därmed framträder det dilemma som denna studie har som syfte att belysa. En kvalitativ undersökningsmetod med semistrukturerade intervjuer användes för att söka svar till hur fem verksamma gymnasielärare i dagsläget undervisar i det språkhistoriska momentet. Centralt för studiens frågeställningar är hur respondenterna angriper de språkhistoriska epokerna i undervisningen samt hur de tydliggör det faktum att språkförändring är ett konstant fenomen. Studiens resultat visar att det språkhistoriska momentet får relativt lite utrymme i svenskämnet, möjligen till följd av att den lokala arbetsplanen lyser med sin frånvaro. Den undervisning som existerar är starkt bunden till de läroböcker som respondenterna använder sig av i undervisningen, men det blir tydligt att momentet får en erfarenhetspedagogisk prägel när det sätts i praktiken trots läroböckernas traditionella framställning. Respondenterna finner alternativa arbetssätt för att belysa de traditionella språkhistoriska epokerna som relaterar till elevernas förståelse om språket som fenomen och respondenterna är orädda för att konfrontera språkhistoriska fenomen när de dyker upp i kontext till övriga moment i svenskundervisningen.

Syftet med den här undersökningen är att genom en innehållsanalys analysera dialektmomentet i läromedel. Det som undersöks är vilket urval författarna har valt att göra och om man kan se någon språksociologiskt eller språkhistoriskt perspektiv och vilket omfång dialektmomentet har av läromedlens totala stofftext. Det urval som författarna till läromedlen har gjort jämförs även med vad vetenskapliga handböcker nämner. Arbetsuppgifterna i läromedlen har också undersökts. När det gäller arbetsuppgifterna har fokus legat på att se hur de ser ut och varför de ser ut som de gör. För att besvara frågorna har fyra läromedel och fyra vetenskapliga handböcker valts ut och sedan har en kvantitativ och en kvalitativ innehållsanalys av läromedlen gjorts. Som hjälp i den kvalitativa undersökningen har ett kodningsschema som Niklas Ammert utformat används. I den del av undersökningen har fokus legat på vilken framställningstyp som syns tydligast i läromedlen. Till den kvantitativa delen av undersökningen har en modell från Stefan Selander använts.  Resultatet visade att de vanligaste framställningstyperna i stofftexterna i avsnitten som behandlar dialektmomentet är den konstaterade och den förklarande. I arbetsuppgifterna är det dock den reflekterande och analyserande framställningstypen som är mest framstående. I arbetsuppgifterna ombes det ofta att eleverna ska reflektera och analysera dialekter utifrån sin egen dialekt. I resultatet visade sig i även att dialektmomenten verkar få ett större och större omfång. Resultatet visade även att det finns språkhistoriska perspektiv i många av läromedlen. Detsamma gäller dock inte det språksociologiska perspektivet som enbart framkommer lite i ett av läromedlen. / The aim of this essay to analyze the dialect section in textbooks using content analysis. What is studied is the selection that the text book authors have made and if one can detect a sociolinguistic or language historical perspective and how much the dialect section make up of the total matter of the textbook. The selection that the authors have made is also compared to what scientific manuals say. Moreover, the work exercises in the textbooks have also been examined. The focus when studying the exercises have been on how they are composed and why. Four textbooks and four scientific manuals have been selected inorder to answer the research questions. Then a quantitative and qualitative content analysis of the textbooks has been carried out. A coding scheme conducted by Niklas Ammert has been used as a guide for the qualitative study and a model by Stefan Selander has been used for the quantitative section. The result showed that the most common type of presentation in the textbook in the sections that include dialects is the confirming and explanatory type. Although, in the exercises it is the reflective and the analyzing type that is the most distinguished one. In the exercises the students are often asked to reflect and analyze dialects based on their dialect. The result showed that the dialect section seems to get an expanding range in the textbooks. The result also showed that there are language historical perspectives in the textbooks. However the result regarding the sociolinguistic perspective is not the same; it only occurs in one of the textbooks.

Orientador: Eduardo Roberto Junqueira Guimarães / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T23:22:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_DaniloRicardode_M.pdf: 11393359 bytes, checksum: d77903f0e95a1653fc289574dc77cf50 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Este trabalho tem por objetivo fazer uma história das ideias linguísticas nas relações internacionais do Estado brasileiro. Na constituição dessa história, espera-se dar visibilidade específica à categoria interpretativa "espaço de enunciação", sobretudo pela análise de um corpus constituído a partir do Arquivo Histórico e Diplomático do Itamaraty, com documentos do período entre 1930-1950, momentos em que a designação da língua oficial esteve no centro das discussões no Brasil. É nosso objetivo analisar as possíveis implicações que a polêmica quanto ao nome da língua do Brasil teria nas políticas de línguas no cenário internacional. Grosso modo, considera-se o cruzamento das discursividades sobre o nome da língua e sobre a expansão dessa língua como objeto de especial interesse para compreender como, historicamente, o Estado pôde constituir uma política de sua língua justamente quando a identidade dessa língua estava, então, se construindo. Dar visibilidade a esse impasse histórico abre terreno para uma leitura particular quanto aos meios e objetivos da "expansão do idioma", permitindo interpretar uma história de sentidos para a língua nacional do Brasil e uma história das políticas de língua enquanto políticas do Estado brasileiro nas relações internacionais. Os materiais de pesquisa são aqui tomados enquanto textos e analisados com base no quadro teórico-metodológico do programa História das Ideias Linguísticas e da Semântica do Acontecimento. Nosso procedimento de análise de textos fundamenta-se em recortes dos materiais de pesquisa, recortes esses que respondem a dois interesses: de um lado, constituir uma história pelos sentidos que o texto tem sobre um objeto específico, a língua; de outro, marcar decisiva e explicitamente essa pesquisa e leitura do corpus enquanto prática política e, consequentemente, constituir uma história que, ao admitir seu caráter interpretativo, realça uma posição ética na pesquisa linguística. O interesse pela história das políticas de língua, na sua relação com o conceito de espaço de enunciação, e os dispositivos de análise do corpus posicionam este trabalho de modo especial entre os estudos da língua e da linguagem. Confiamos, porém, que o diálogo com as relações exteriores e com a própria história possa indicar também outros domínios disciplinares nos quais este trabalho venha potencialmente a se constituir enquanto objeto de interesse acadêmico / Abstract: This paper aims to make a history of linguistic ideas in international relations from Brazilian State. In that history, it is expected to give special visibility to the linguistic concept of "space of enunciation". We analyze a corpus, constituted from Itamaraty¿s Historic and Diplomatic Archive, with documents from the period between 1930-1950, moment in which the name of official language was at the center of discussions in Brazil. It is our aim analyzing the possible implications that the controversy about the name of the language would have on language policies in the international scenario. In short, we consider the intersection of discourses on the name of the language and on the expansion of the language as a subject of special interest to understand how the State could elaborate a policy of one language whose identity was being built. Giving visibility to this historical stalemate allows a particular reading on the means and objectives of the "expansion of language", allowing to interpret a history of senses to the national language of Brazil and a history of language policies as policies of Brazilian State in the international relations. In this work, the research materials are taken as texts and analyzed based on the theoretical and methodological framework of the program History of Linguistic Ideas and of the Semântica do Acontecimento (Semantics of the Utterance Event). Our procedure of analysis of text is based on clippings of research materials. These clippings correspond to two interests: on one hand, to constitute a history by the meanings of a text about a specific object, the language; on the other hand, to define decisive and explicitly this research and reading as political practice. By this procedure we are highlighting an ethical position in linguistic research. The interest in the history of language policies, in its relation to the concept of space of enunciation, as well as the device of analysis, position this job especially between studies of language. We trust, however, that the dialogue with the international relations and with history itself can also indicate other subject areas in which this work will potentially be constituted as an object of academic interest / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestre em Linguística

Abstract In my study, I am using methods of text criticism to analyse how Chrisfrid Ganander (1741–1790) marked the word-final k in the Kalevala-metre old poems that he recorded in his dictionary and in Mythologia Fennica. These poems were published in the XV part of the Ancient Poems of the Finnish People. My study is linked to folkloristics, but belongs principally to the field of research into Old Literary Finnish. In my philological analysis I am comparing Ganander’s poetic texts with other old texts in the Kalevala-metre and analysing their relations and the origins and history of the texts. I am interpreting the phonetic and morphologic structure of the poems with the help of the context and on the cultural historical basis of the texts. The results of my study would seem to indicate that Ganander marked the final k clearly more frequently than his other contemporaries. In earlier studies Ganander’s marking of the final k has been criticized for inconsistency. In fact, in my data, the occurrences of the word-final k are not morphologically regular in the sense that the final k would always systematically occur in, e.g., imperatives. However, a regular pattern can be found in the way in which the cases with a final k fit the general ideas about the occurrence of the final k. Nevertheless, my data also include a few extraordinary occurrences of the final k and even some cases that may be deemed erroneous. The irregularities in the marking can be explained by the fact that Ganander had several different text versions of the same poem. The way in which Ganander marked the final k seems to have been affected mostly by the source texts and locality of the verses; their morphology, phonetic environment, and verse type. Yet, Ganander seems to have even used the final k deliberately in some cases. This is evident from a few cases of the final k in the texts Ganander produced himself and certain results of my philological analysis. The essential is that Ganander marked his final k’s in places where they could be expected from a historical perspective. Thus, it seems that he had an idea of where the final k’s should be. Ganander seems to have followed the marking of the final k’s in his sources very faithfully. However, it is especially interesting that he also marked the final k’s in verses based on source texts where the final k’s had not been marked. Ganander may have had old notes about these poems in his possession that the others did not have access to or that were not preserved in their collections. These verses might even represent poetry collected by Ganander himself. It seems that Ganander managed to catch and record rare and old linguistic material that has not, in fact, been preserved anywhere else. As a philologist, Ganander was versatile, critical, and enlightened, but he also made up some of his analyses purely on the basis of poetic verses. His dictionary includes even erroneous and incoherent interpretations. Ganander’s dictionary quotations that are based on folklore texts may also seem imaginative in the sense that he was trying to explain the world of folk poetry in them. Ganander’s philological interpretations – including their errors – have left their mark on later literary works. Thus, the poetic language as it was recorded by Ganander has affected the description of the Finnish language in dictionaries and grammars. The study and analysis of the language in the folk poems may therefore shed light on the history of the scientific description of the Finnish language. / Tiivistelmä Tarkastelen tutkimuksessani tekstikriittisin menetelmin, miten Chrisfrid Ganander (1741–1790) on merkinnyt sananloppuista k:ta sanakirjaansa ja Mythologia Fennicaan kirjaamiinsa kansanrunoteksteihin, jotka on julkaistu Suomen kansan vanhat runot -teoksen XV osassa. Tutkimukseni sivuaa folkloristiikkaa, mutta sijoittuu pääosin vanhan kirjasuomen tutkimuksen piiriin. Filologisessa analyysissani vertaan Gananderin runotekstejä muihin kansanrunoteksteihin ja selvittelen niiden suhteita sekä tekstien alkuperää ja historiaa. Tulkitsen runotekstien äänne- ja muotorakennetta kontekstin avulla sekä tekstin kulttuurihistorialliselta pohjalta. Tulokseni osoittavat, että Ganander merkitsi -k:ta selvästi enemmän kuin muut aikalaisensa. Aiemmassa tutkimuksessa Gananderin loppu-k:n merkintää on moitittu epäjohdonmukaiseksi. Loppu-k:n esiintyminen aineistossani ei olekaan morfologisesti säännöllistä sillä tavalla, että esimerkiksi imperatiiveissa olisi aina systemaattisesti k. Säännönmukaisuus näkyy kuitenkin siinä, että loppu-k:lliset tapaukset sijoittuvat aika hyvin yleisiin käsityksiin loppu-k:n esiintymisestä. Aineistossani on silti muutamia erikoisia ja myös virheellisinä pidettäviä loppu-k-tapauksia. Epäsäännöllistä merkintätapaa selittää se, että Gananderilla on ollut hallussaan samasta runosta useita erilaisia tekstejä. Gananderin loppu-k:n merkintään näkyvät vaikuttaneen lähinnä runosäkeiden lähdetekstit ja paikallisuus, morfologia, äänneympäristö ja säetyyppi. Ganander näyttää silti operoineen jonkin verran tietoisestikin loppu-k:lla. Osoituksena tästä ovat paitsi hänen itse tuottamissaan teksteissä esiintyvät muutamat loppu-k:t myös eräät filologisen analyysini tulokset. Oleellista on, että Ganander on merkinnyt -k:n historiallisesti odotuksenmukaiseen paikkaan. Hänellä näyttää siis olleen jonkinlainen käsitys siitä, mihin loppu-k kuuluu. Ganander näyttää olleen varsin uskollinen lähteidensä loppu-k:n merkinnälle. Erityisen kiinnostavaa on kuitenkin se, että hän on merkinnyt loppu-k:ta myös sellaisiin säkeisiin, joiden lähdetekstissä -k:ta ei ole merkitty. Gananderilla on voinut olla hallussaan näistä runoista sellaisia vanhoja muistiinpanoja, joita muilla ei ole ollut tai joita muiden kokoelmissa ei ole säilynyt. Nämä säkeet saattaisivat jopa edustaa Gananderin itsensä keräämää runoaineistoa. Ganander näyttäisi tavoittaneen ja panneen muistiin sellaista harvinaista ja vanhaa kielellistä ainesta, jota ei ole muualla juuri säilynyt. Filologina Ganander oli monimuotoinen, kriittinen ja valistunut, mutta hän kehitti joitakin analyysejaan pelkästään runosäkeiden perusteella. Hänen sanakirjassaan on myös virheellisiä ja sekavia tulkintoja. Gananderin kansanrunoteksteihin pohjautuvat sanakirjasitaatit saattavat tuntua mielikuvituksellisilta siksikin, että hän selittää niissä kansanrunojen maailmaa. Gananderin filologinen tulkinta on jättänyt jälkensä myöhempiin teoksiin – kaikkine virheineenkin. Näin runokieli Gananderin kirjaamana on päässyt vaikuttamaan suomen kielen kuvaukseen sanakirjoissa ja kieliopeissa. Kansanrunojen kielen tutkimus ja analyysi voivat siis osaltaan valaista suomen kielen tieteellisen kuvauksen historiaa.

Histories of medieval astronomy have brought to light a rich textual tradition, of treatises and tables composed and computed, transmitted and translated across Europe and beyond. These have been supplemented by fruitful inquiry into the material culture of astronomy, especially the instruments that served as models of the heavens, for teaching and for practical purposes. But even now we know little about the practices of medieval astronomers: how they obtained and passed on their knowledge; how they drew up and used mathematical tables; how they drafted the treatises in which they found words to express their ideas and inventions for their particular audiences. This thesis uses a case study approach to elucidate these medieval astronomical practices. Long thought to be a holograph manuscript in the hand of Geoffrey Chaucer, the Equatorie of the Planetis (Peterhouse, Cambridge MS 75.I) has recently been identified as the work of John Westwyk (d. c. 1400), a Benedictine monk of Tynemouth Priory and St Albans Abbey. His draft description of the construction and use of an astronomical instrument, with accompanying tables, provides an opportunity to reconstruct the practices of an unexceptional astronomer. The first chapter of this thesis reconstructs Westwyk’s astronomical reading and understanding, through an examination of the other manuscript that survives in his hand: a pair of instrument treatises by the outstanding monastic astronomer Richard of Wallingford. I show how Westwyk copied this manuscript in a monastic context, learning as he annotated texts and recomputed tables. In the second chapter I discuss the purposes of planetary instruments such as equatoria, their place among other astronomical instruments, and the physical constraints and possibilities experienced by their makers. Through this discussion I assess the craft environment in which Westwyk came to write his own instrument-making instructions. Chapters three and four assess Westwyk’s language, explaining the basis for his choice to write a technical work in the vernacular, and analysing how his innovative use of Middle English furthered his didactic objectives. In the final chapter, I undertake a technical reassessment of the Equatorie treatise, an integrated analysis of the instrument with the somewhat neglected tables that Westwyk compiled alongside it. The thesis thus applies a range of methodologies to examine the practices and products of a single inexpert astronomer from all angles. It aims to show what an in-depth case study approach can offer historians of the medieval sciences.

The present thesis analyzes the tendencies of the contemporary Mozambican narrative prose (novel). Taking into account the fact that Mozambican literature is an emerging and post-colonial one, the analysis is focused on the issue of how a literature participates in the process of consolidation of the national/cultural identity of this country. This thesis studies three important subjects of the Mozambican narrative prose: language (parting from the work of Mia Couto), history (based on the works by Ungulani Ba Ka Khosa, João Paulo Borges Coelho and Lília Momplé) and tradition (examining two novels by Paulina Chiziane). Key-words: Mozambique, Post-colonial, 20th century Mozambican Literature Language, History, Tradition, Mozabicanity

In Old West Norse there is mention of an Arctic skin and osier boat, which was paddled with Old West Norse (húð)keipr, diminutive keipull, formed on Germanic *kaip- ’bend, unfold’ according to the construction method. In East Norse there was a corresponding wooden boat, e.g. Swedish själ-myndrick, formed on mynda verb ‘paddle’ (&lt; Primitive Norse *mundian ‘aim at a certain goal, take aim’). In the provinces south of this verb’s area of distribution there occurs instead svepa verb ’paddle’ (&lt; Primitive Germanic *swaipōn ‘swing’). The earliest instances of Nordic rowing navigation are found in Norway and Denmark. Instances of rowing in the Baltic area are found on some picture stones from about the 6th century. But oarlocks with a grommet were probably used already for the steering oar in the paddled boats of the Bronze Age. An early oarlock (with a grommet) is that made of a goose-necked piece of wood, Old Swedish hār, Old West Norse hár (&lt; *hanhu-, *hanha- ‘branching, fork of a branch’) and Old West Norse keipr (&lt; *kaip- ‘something with a crooked or bent (-back) shape’. The word hár exists as a first element in Old Swedish hā-band ‘oar-loop’, Old West Norse há-bora ‘oar-port’ etc. Old West Norse keipr ‘oarlock’ has no ancient compounds. East Nordic hamna (&gt; Finnish hamina), Old Danish hafnæ (Old Frisian hevene) and West Nordic hamla (Faroese homla, Old English hamele, hamule) ‘oar-loop’ occurred early on the oarlock with a grommet; hamna may be a derivation of the stem in Primitive Norse *haƀan verb ‘hold (fast)’, alternatively *hafna- ‘clasp something’; hamla derives from a Germanic *hamilōn with the meaning ‘bridling band’. Centrally in the Nordic area hamna (Danish havne) and hamla ‘oar-loop’ were also used denominatively with the meaning ‘row pushing in a hamna/hamla (oar-loop)’. In addition there is the Swedish dialectal sväva (~ sveva, svävja) ‘row (back, break etc.) with pushing rowing’ and in the group of older verbs for rowing there is East Swedish hopa &lt; Primitive Norse *hōƀian ‘fix one’s eyes upon a certain goal (in the distance)’. With word formations on Germanic *þulna- ‘wooden plug’ there arose from the Middle Ages and in the North Sea countries a new terminology for the oarlock: Norse tull, toll ‘oarlock with a thole pin’. Even younger concepts are tullgång ‘oarlock with two thole pins’, årklyka, årgaffel ‘oar crutch’. A distinctive trait of Old Swedish hār and hamna, Old West Norse hár and hamla and keipr and other common words for the oarlock is in these words the shift of meaning ‘oarlock of a specific kind’ &gt; ‘almost any kind of oarlock’. Finally, the question arises whether or not the word svear of a tribe by Lake Mälaren could be tied to the paddling through a connection to the stem of the verbs svepa and sväva. / <p>Ingår även i serie: Studier till en svensk dialektgeografisk atlas, 8</p>

This dissertation investigates the use of the subjunctive in completive clauses governed by verbs in Italian, both synchronically and diachronically, and in Vulgar Latin. By making use of the tools provided by the Variationist Sociolinguistic framework (Labov 1972, 1994), the current study sheds light on the underlying conditioning on variability using actual usage and speech-surrogate data. Contemporary actual speech data comes from LIP (De Mauro et al. 1993) and C-ORAL-ROM (Cresti & Moneglia 2005) corpora, providing spontaneous discourse in casual and careful speech as well as sub-sample divisions representative of geographical variation. In order to measure any changes in the underlying conditioning on subjunctive selection, a diachronic benchmark is established: a corpus of speech-like surrogates of 16th to 20th century Italian, COHI (Corpus of Historical Italian), and a corpus of Vulgar Latin (Cena Trimalchionis, from the Satyricon by Petronius). The subjunctives were extracted in adherence to the principle of accountability (Labov 1972), using the method developed by Poplack (1992): every complement clause governed by a matrix verb (governor) that triggered the subjunctive at least once was included. This method enables us to circumvent the issue of the lack of consensus in the literature on exactly which contexts, i.e. verbs and/or meanings, should trigger the subjunctive in discourse. This issue surfaces as well from the meta-linguistic analysis of a compendium of 58 Italian grammars and treaties (CSGI, Collezione Storica di Grammatiche Italiane), constructed for the purpose of this research. A series of linguistic and extra-linguistic factors proposed by formal and prescriptive literature are operationalized and tested against the corpora of both Italian and Vulgar Latin, in order to ascertain the nature of variability in discourse: i.e. whether the use of the subjunctive is semantically motivated, productive in speech or undergoing desemanticization and lexicalization. Despite widespread assumption of a change that occurred after the political and the subsequent linguistic unification of Italy, i.e. that the subjunctive has lost ground in favour of the indicative when it was supposedly used categorically in the past, quantitative and statistical evidence shows that subjunctive selection is largely determined by lexical identity of the governor as well as embedded suppletive forms of essere, and that this pattern has been operative at least since the 16th century. On a more socio-linguistic aspect, this study confirms the linguistic prestige that the subjunctive has acquired in contemporary speech, being selected with a wider range of infrequent and singleton governors by highly educated speakers. Also, the highly lexicalized pattern on variability was found to be largely shared amongst the four main urban centres of Florence, Milan, Rome, and Naples, thus countering the assumption of divergent linguistic behaviour between northern and southern varieties of Italian. The study also shows that despite the significant time span targeted, no evidence of desemanticization has been found. Likewise, the variationist analysis on the Vulgar Latin subjunctive shows that subjunctive choice was already largely determined by, and restricted, to a few governors, identified as ‘volitive’ and ‘emotive’ matrices. These governors remained strong predictors for the selection of the subjunctive in Italian as well, suggesting that this lexical pattern has been transferred and consistently retained in the daughter language.