During product development, most of the customer value, as well as the cost and the quality of a product are defined. This key role of development in industry has led to an intense search for better ways to develop products, software, services and systems. One development methodology that has received positive attention is Set-Based Concurrent Engineering (SBCE). Some authors claim that SBCE and related practices from Lean Development are four times more productive than traditional development models. Unfortunately, SBCE is also described as hard to implement. This thesis presents the results of a three year research project aimed at implementing and describing the effects of Set-Based Concurrent Engineering in industry. The scope of the research is to use the principles of SBCE as a means to improve the productivity of industrial product development processes and its resulting products. The contribution of this work is a better understanding of Set-Based Concurrent Engineering and a support to implement its principles. The results show that SBCE gives positive effects on many aspects of product development performance and on the resulting products. The improvements are especially dominant on product performance, product cost and the level of innovation Moreover, a comparison between a Set-based decision process and a traditional matrix for design evaluation is presented, showing that these two approaches generate different results. The matrix evaluation promoted the development of new technology and the Set-based process promoted a thorough understanding of the important design parameters of the current designs. Finally, this work presents a structured design process and computer tool for implementing the principles of SBCE. The process was demonstrated by using information from an industrial development project, showing how the proposed process could implement the three principles of SBCE in a traditional Point-based development environment.

Submitted by June Marques Fernandes (june.marques@gmail.com) on 2018-01-11T14:24:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 05-Tese Doutorado June Marques Fernandes-11jan2018.pdf: 5912972 bytes, checksum: f1f62a045568184533b4f304b9275ee6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Tereza Fernandes Conselmo (maria.conselmo@fgv.br) on 2018-01-11T17:15:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 05-Tese Doutorado June Marques Fernandes-11jan2018.pdf: 5912972 bytes, checksum: f1f62a045568184533b4f304b9275ee6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-11T17:25:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 05-Tese Doutorado June Marques Fernandes-11jan2018.pdf: 5912972 bytes, checksum: f1f62a045568184533b4f304b9275ee6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-12 / As universidades e os centros de pesquisa passaram a desempenhar o papel de capitalizar o conhecimento, propiciando a geração de riqueza e o desenvolvimento social, caracterizando-se como universidades empreendedoras. Contudo, para promover a inovação tecnológica no ambiente acadêmico, observa-se a importância de estruturar um processo de planejamento de negócios tecnológicos (PPNT) que consiga contemplar aspectos sobre produto, tecnologia, transferência de tecnologia e negócios. Dessa forma como parte das contribuições deste estudo, foi realizada aintegração de três processos para consubstaciação do PPNT, são eles: i) o Processo de Planejamento Tecnológico (PPTec), que busca auxiliar na incorporação da tecnologia ao produto e na aproximação deste em relação ao mercado; ii) o Processo de Planejamento de Transferência de Tecnologia (PPTT), que consiste em uma estruturação das fases que compõem o processo de transferência de tecnologia das Universidades para o mercado; e iii) o Processo de Planejamento de Negócios (PPNeg), que corresponde às fases de desenvolvimento do negócio. Observa-se que esses processos de auxílio à gestão da inovação ainda estão envoltos em desperdícios que afetam sua efetiva operacionalização. Em termos práticos isso implica assumir maiores custos para a entrega de tecnologias e negócios ao mercado. Esse aspecto nos conduz a uma reflexão sobre a necessidade da adoção de métodos e ferramentas (denominaremos de “práticas”) orientados pelos princípios lean, em especial para o Lean Product Development (LPD) e o Lean Startup Methodology (LSM). Para responder ao problema de pesquisa proposto – qual seja, “Como as práticas do LPD e LSM contribuem para o PPNT no ambiente acadêmico?” –, foram definidos dois objetivos gerais de pesquisa: a) identificar um conjunto de práticas do LPD que contribuem para a operacionalização do PPTec; b) identificar e avaliar as contribuições das práticas LSM às fases do PPTec, do PPNeg e do PPTT. Para proceder à investigação, esta tese está organizada em quatro capítulos: (i) no capítulo 1, utilizando a pesquisa-ação, objetivou-se a caracterização do modelo de negócios de cada projeto tecnológico analisado; (ii) no capítulo 2, por meio do estudo de casos múltiplos, foi obtida a frequência com que os pesquisadores-empreendedores vivenciaram as categorias e subcategorias de desperdícios durante o desenvolvimento do PPNT, sob a perspectiva do LPD; (iii) no capítulo 3, com a revisão de literatura, foi possível identificar as práticas relacionadas ao LPD capazes de contribuir com a redução dos desperdícios vivenciados pelas equipes dos projetos em diferentes fases do PPTec; (iv) o capítulo 4, por meio da revisão de literatura e, posteriormente, da pesquisa ação, teve o objetivo de identificar e avaliar as práticas LSM capazes de contribuir para mitigar os desperdícios vivenciados pelas equipes dos projetos nas diferentes fases do PPTT e PPNeg. Como resultado da pesquisa, tem-se: 1) a caracterização do modelo de negócio dos casos analisados e a validação empírica do modelo proposto por Reis, Ladeira e Fernandes (2015); 2) uma contribuição ao arcabouço teórico sobre o LPD, na medida em que foi possível identificar as práticas LPD capazes de contribuir com a operacionalização do PPTec em suas diferentes fases, sob uma perspectiva teórica; e 3) uma contribuição ao arcabouço teórico sobre o LSM, uma vez que foram identificadas as práticas LSM capazes de contribuir na operacionalização do PPTec, PPTT e PPNeg, sob uma perspectiva prática. Como limitação da pesquisa, destaca-se que não foram confrontadas as práticas e desperdícios na etapa de ideação da tecnologia. Outra limitação reside no fato da pesquisa ter sido aplicada em somente nove projetos de base tecnológica no ambiente acadêmico. Assim, entende-se importante a ampliação do estudo para spinoffs de outros contextos (corporativos ou públicos). A pesquisa pôde contribuir com o enriquecimento e a ampliação da literatura sobre LPD, LSM e PPNT, além de auxílio ao processo de inovação tecnológica na universidade. / Universities and research centers began to play the role of capitalizing knowledge, fostering wealth generation and social development, characterizing themselves as entrepreneurial universities. However, to promote technological innovation in the academic environment, it is important to structure a Technological Business Planning Process (TBPP), whose composition is based on three pillars: (i) Technological Planning Process (TPP), that seeks to aid the incorporation of technology, (ii) the Technology Transfer Planning Process (TTPP), consisting of a structuring of all the phases that make up the process of transferring technology from universities to the market, and (iii) the Business Planning Process (BPP), that corresponds to the phases of business development. Together, these three processes comprise the Technological Business Planning Process (TBPP). The structuring of the processes of these businesses is immersed in several situations involving losses and wastes (for example: excessive waiting time, delay and rework during the development process, among others). This aspect leads us to a reflection on the need to adopt methods and tools (we will call this research as practices), guided by lean principles, especially for Lean Product Development (LPD) and Lean Startup Methodology (LSM). In order to respond to the proposed research problem, namely: “How do LPD and LSM practices contribute to PPNT in the academic environment?”, two general research objectives were defined: a) identify a set of LPD practices that contribute to the operation of the PPTec; b) to evaluate the contributions of LSM practices to the TPP, BPP and TTPP phases. In order to proceed with the research, this thesis was organized into four chapters with objectives and different methodological strategies: i) in chapter 1 using the methodological action research strategy was aimed at characterizing the business model of each technological project analyzed; ii) in chapter 2, through the multi-case study, the frequency with which the entrepreneur-researchers had experienced the waste categories and subcategories during the development of the three processes that integrate the TBPP, using the perspective of the LPD; iii) in chapter 3, based on the literature review, it was possible to identify LPD-related practices that can contribute to the reduction of waste experienced by project teams in different phases of the TPP process; iv) chapter 4, through literature review and later action research, had the objective of identifying the LSM practices that could contribute to mitigate the waste experienced by project teams in the different phases of TTPP and BPP. As a result of the research we have: 1) improvement and empirical validation of the model proposed by Reis, Ladeira and Fernandes (2015); 2) contribution to the theoretical framework on LPD, since it was possible to identify LPD practices capable of contributing to the operation of the TPP in its different phases; 3) contribution to the theoretical framework on LSM, since the LSM practices were able to contribute to the operationalization of TTPP and BPP, from a theoretical perspective. As a limitation of the research, we have not been confronted with the practices and wastes in the stage of ideation of the technology, in order to identify the contributions of the same to the initial stages of the business. In part this limitation was related to the specificities of the analyzed projects, since all had a version of its technological product. Another limitation is that the research was applied in only 9 technology-based projects in the academic environment. From this aspect it is important to expand the studies for spinoffs of corporate contexts or belonging to other programs and initiatives to encourage innovation. For the time being, this research was able to contribute to the enrichment and expansion of the literature on LPD, LSM and TBPP, as well as to present mechanisms to aid the process of technological innovation in the academic environment, and to have guided the development of the cases studied.

In an ever more competitive environment Sandvik Materials Technology,SMT, runs a large-scale program to improve their processes for product development.The purpose with the program is to increase the company’s profitability by increasingthe number of new products in their product portfolio. The strategies SMT is usingfor reaching their goals are to change the way they work with product development byreducing lead time and learning how to prioritize products with the highestprofitability. In the R & D Department the work of improvement pursue by adaptingLean R & D to their way of working. Lean R & D encourages working withcontinuous improvements and eliminating waste.The main purpose for this Master’s Thesis is to develop didactic support to make iteasier to implement Lean in SMT R & D department. With use of interviews,observations and taking part in education at SMT and at Sandholm Associates has thisMaster’s Thesis resulted in modifying of the internal education material at Sandvik anddevelopment of a concept of Stickers for the computer screen. The main product ofthis Master’s Thesis project is a Lean game adapted for Sandvik SMT R & Ddepartment.This report contains suggestion for Sandvik how to improve the communication ofknowledge between their departments with purpose to reduce external consultationsand to achieve a more pleasant working environment. / I en allt hårdare marknad bedriver Sandvik MaterialsTechnology, SMT, ett omfattande förändringsarbete kring produktförnyelse.Programmets målsättning är att öka företagets lönsamhet genom ökad mängd nyaprodukter i produktportföljen. Strategin som SMT använder för att nå de uppsattamålen är att förändra arbetssättet med produktutveckling så att ledtider blir kortareoch att de produkter som utvecklas har potentiellt hög lönsamhet. Inom forskning &utveckling bedrivs förändringsarbetet genom implementering av Lean R&D. Lean R& D uppmuntrar till ett arbetssätt som gynnar ständiga förbättringar och att undvikaslöserier.Lean är ett förbättringskoncept med stark kundfokusering som utformas genom ettresurssnålt och effektivt arbetssätt, vilket innebär att slöserier elimineras och attständigt sträva efter att förbättrar verksamhetens processer och produkter med småmedel.Huvudsyftet med detta examensarbete har varit att utveckla didaktiska hjälpmedel föratt underlätta införandet av Lean i SMT:s forsknings och utvecklingsavdelning. Medhjälp av intervjuer, observationer och deltagande i utbildningar både hos Sandvik ochhos Sandholm Associates har examensarbetet resulterat vuxit fram.Huvudprodukten av detta examensarbete är ett Leanspel som anpassats förstålforskningens verksamhet. Leanspelet har dessutom flera varianter beroende påvilka aspekter och scenarios som man vill framhäva. Även vetskapen att SMT Bandhar ett produktionsspel som visar Lean produktion medför att SMT nu har tillgång tillett produktions och ett administrativt Leanspel.Även revidering av Sandviks befintliga utbildningsmaterial har utförts samt att ettkoncept på ”Stickers” för datorernas bildskärmar har framtagits.Rapporten innehåller även rekommendationer på hur kunskaps- och erfarenhets-återgivandet kan förbättras genom kommunikation mellan SMTs affärsområden, vilketkommer att minska behovet av externa konsultuppdrag samt att ett lättsammarearbetsklimat kommer uppnås.

Projektet genomförs tillsammans med företaget Getinge AB som ligger i Getinge.   Syftet med projektet är att utveckla en lastbärare som ska bli en Getingelösning. Företaget har föravsikt att kunna erbjuda sina kunder en automatiserad helhetslösning inom steriliseringsprocessen inom Life Science-området. I rapporten så kommer det att presenteras ett slutgiltigt koncept på lastbärare som Getinge kan använda i deras kommande utveckling av lastbärare, för att tillgodose alla behov och krav som ställs. Getinge har ingen universal lösning som kan agera som plattform vid affärsmöjligheter, i stället blir lastbäraren mer kundunik. Projektets mål är att hitta en lösning på problemet och även skapa mervärde åt kunden. Antalet steriliserade produkter begränsas av autoklavens volym samt hur effektiv lastbäraren är på att utnyttja varje volymenhet. Verktygen som tillämpats bygger på Lean Produktutveckling med bland annat SWOT, intervjuer, BAD-PAD-CAD-MAD, FMEA-analys.   Det slutgiltiga konceptet har en innovationshöjd som maximerar kapaciteten och ökar användarmöjligheten. / The project is carried out together with the company Getinge AB, located in Getinge, Sweden.  The purpose of the project is to develop a load carrier that will become a Getinge solution. The company intends to be able to offer its customers an automated complete solution within the sterilization process within the Life Science area. The report will present a final concept for load carriers that Getinge can use in their future development of load carriers, to meet all needs and requirements.  Getinge has no universal solution that can act as a platform for business opportunities, instead the load carrier becomes a unique customer solution. The project's goal is to find a solution to the problem and create added value for the customer. The number of sterilized products is limited by the volume of the autoclave and how efficient the load carrier is at utilizing each volume unit.  The tools applied are based on Lean Product Development with, among other things, SWOT, interviews, BAD-PAD-CAD-MAD, FMEA analysis.  The final concept has an innovation height that maximizes capacity and increases user potential.

Large banks are facing challenges from a new regulatory and competitive landscape which have led to 30 % of banks adopting agile using the Scaled agile framework (SAFe). The transformation process towards agile is complex and has led to a change process covering aspects such as a product development, leadership and organizational design. Currently scientific knowledge on how to conduct an agile transformation successfully is lacking. The current explorative case study aimed to provide an empirical contribution assisting theory building in the field of scaled agile. Empirical data was collected through thirteen semi structured interviews, totaling ten hours combined with ten ethnographic observations spanning 34 hours. The subsequent findings identified four approaches to scaling agile combined with eight aspects of scaled agility providing a new depth regarding how to apply them and what to achieve. The four approaches identified were: creating a virtual organization, standardization of agile methods, unifying around one portfolio and, changing towards an agile mindset. The eight aspects include strategic agility, payoff agility, business agility, product agility, agile organization, tools agility, people agility, and organizational culture. The eight aspects where synthesized into a framework from the fields of agile software development, agile portfolio management, Scrum, SAFe, Lean, New product development, Lean product development, aspects of change, emergent change models, organizational design, resistance to change, and organizational culture. In addition, insights from previous agile transformations was conducted by researching benchmark studies of the bank ING. The results indicated an initial successful implementation as the interviewees expressed joy in working with the new methods. Furthermore an effective use of all four major approaches to scaling agile was evident. The results showed that the scope of the transformation kept growing and was managed through iterative improvements. Integration of already agile parts of the organization such as projects was enabled, and initial changes in leadership and delegation as well as new roles were managed. However some struggles remained regarding product development which could not be conducted in a fully agile way due to large releases and a regulated environment. In addition dependencies between different teams limited the creation of autonomous teams capable of delivering end to end. Furthermore as the work was visualized the amount spent on non value adding activites such as preparing low value task could be avoided, which however required extensive refinement. The focus on the new methods furthermore led to less time spent with customers. One challenge that emerged was that the virtual organization started to interfere with the traditional organization. A shift in power from hierarchies to teams took place. Aspects such as recruitment and rewards remained in the old structure highlighting a double organizational culture. This provides some uncertanty regarding further adaptions in the long run. The study has provided an empirical contribution as well as conceptualization of the approaches and aspects of scaled agility which provides hypothesis that assist future theory building. In addition the implications showed to be noteworthy from as sustainability pespective by enabling ecnomic benefits such as efficency and new IT-infrastrucutre combined with good jobs and limited enviromental impacts. To validate the results more studies could be performed at other companies, other parts of banks as well as more extensive data collection such as quantitative approaces and long term observations. / Stora banker möter utmaningar från ett nya regleringar och ökad konkurrens som har lett till att 30% av bankerna har infört agila metoder genom Scaled agile framework (SAFe). Omvandlingsprocessen mot agile är komplex och leder till en förändringsprocess som täcker aspekter som produktutveckling, ledarskap och organisationsdesign och som för närvarande saknar vetenskaplig kunskap om hur den ska bedrivas framgångsrikt. Denna undersökande fallstudie syftade till att tillhandahålla ett empiriskt bidrag som hjälper till med teoriuppbyggnad inom området skalad agile genom hypotesformulering. Empiriska data samlades in genom tretton halvstrukturerade intervjuer, sammanlagt tio timmar, i kombination med tio etnografiska observationer som sträckte sig över 34 timmar. Från fynden identifierades fyra metoder för att skala agile i kombination med åtta aspekter av skalad agilitet som ger ett nytt djup angående tillämpningar av dem och vad man ska uppnå. De fyra identifierade tillvägagångssätten är: skapandet av en virtuell organisation, standardisering av agila metoder, förenande kring en portfölj och förändring mot ett agilt tankesätt. De åtta aspekterna inkluderar strategisk agility, payoff agility, business agility, produkt agility, agile organisation, tools agility, resurs agility och organisationskultur. De åtta aspekterna av scalad agilitet var syntetiserade till ett ramverk baserat på ämnesområdena agil programvaruutveckling, agil portföljhantering, Scrum, SAFe, Lean, New product development, Lean produktutveckling, aspekter av förändring, framväxande förändringsmodeller, organisationsdesign, motstånd mot förändring och organisatorisk kultur. Dessutom samlades insikter från tidigare agila transformationer på banker genom att undersöka en benchmarkstudie av banken ING. Resultaten visade på initiala framgångar i genomförande då intervjuobjekten uttryckte at de metoderna var givande att arbeta med. En framgångsrik användning av alla fyra huvudsakliga tillvägagångssätt för att scala agila metoder observerades. Resultaten visade att den planerade omfattningen av omvandlingen ökade under processens gång och hanterades genom iterativa förbättringar. Integrering av redan agila delar av organisationen som projekt möjliggjordes och initiala förändringar i ledarskap och delegering liksom nya roller hanterades. Vissa utmaningar återstod emellertid som berörde produktutveckling som inte kunde genomföras på ett fullständigt agilt sätt på grund av stora leveranser och den starkt reglerade miljön. Dessutom utgjorde beroenden mellan olika team en utmaning för införandet av autonoma end-to-end team. Eftersom arbetet visualiserades kunde man också undvika mängden arbete på aktiviteter som inte tillförde värde. Förberedandet av dessa uppgifter krävde omfattande tidskrävande förfining. En nackdel med det ökade arbetet mellan olika avdelningar var att dialogen med kunder minskade. En utmaning med den virtuella organisationen var att den störde den traditionella organisationen. Till exempel genom att fördela makt från tidigare hierarkier till nya team. Dessutom kvarstod aspekter som anställningar och belöningar inom den traditionella strukturen vilket ledde till en dubbel organisationskultur. Detta kan ge en viss osäkerhet när det gäller ytterligare anpassningar på lång sikt. Studien har gett ett empiriskt bidrag till agile såväl som en konceptualisering av såväl tillvägagångssätt som olika aspekter av skalad agilitet inför framtida teoriskapande. Dessutom visade sig den agila transformation vara positiv utifrån ett hållbarhetsperspektiv genom att möjliggöra ekonomiska fördelar som effektivitet och ny IT-infrastruktur kombinerat med ansenliga arbetsvillkor och icke ökande miljöpåverkan. För att validera resultaten kan fler studier behöva utföras hos andra företag, andra delar av banker, mer omfattande datainsamling inkluderande kvantitativa metoder och mera långsiktiga observationer.