Thesis (LLD (Public Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The guarantee of a fair trial is fundamental to the criminal process of every modern society. Like all civilised nations, Botswana’s legal order provides for the protection of accused persons through the guarantee of a fair trial. But equality of arms, a central feature of medieval trial by combat, seems to have disappeared from modern criminal procedural systems. The question arises, therefore, whether criminal justice systems sufficiently cater for the fair trial of accused persons. This thesis will argue that the present legal and institutional framework for the protection of fair trial rights in Botswana falls short of guaranteeing procedural equality and that this severely compromises fairness. The institutional framework does not support equality of arms and therefore leaves procedural rights in a basic state of application. The thesis, therefore, seeks to analyse the protection of fair trial rights in Botswana in light of the principle of equality of arms. The thesis explores the origins and theoretical foundations of the principle. It recognises that the present application of the principle occurs by implicit countenance. The absence of any constitutional recognition of the principle leaves procedural rights in a basic state of application. The thesis discusses the practical implications of an express recognition and constitutional application of the principle in the adversarial system. Equality of arms should be central in the criminal process and no party should have an unfair advantage over the other. The thesis recognises that the prosecution is in a position of advantage in that it has the support of the state. This advantage manifests itself in the form of vast resources regarding expertise, investigatory powers and legislative powers. Disparities in resources, the ability to investigate and access to witnesses create an inequality of arms between the state and the accused. This can only be balanced and countered by empowering the accused with constitutional and procedural rights that specifically protect the accused in the face of the might of the state. These procedural rights include the presumption of innocence, the right to legal representation and the right to disclosure. It is argued, however, that though accused-based rights and constitutional rules of procedure generally protect the accused and ensure that the process is fair, they mainly remain theoretical declarations if they are not applied in line with equality of arms. In other words, the meaningful enjoyment of these rights by the accused, demands the strengthening of resources and legislative and institutional governance. Fairness in criminal trials is epitomised in the balance between the overwhelming resources of the state and the constitutional protection of the accused. Otherwise, the constitutional protection afforded to the accused is compromised. The first part engages the reader with the development of accused-based rights and introduces the constitutionalisation of procedural rights in Botswana. It discusses the scope and application of the principle of equality of arms, develops its relevance to the adversarial system and justifies an application of the principle in Botswana domestic law. It makes a comparison between the adversarial and inquisitorial models while recognising the growing tendency towards convergence. It highlights the adversarial system as interest-based, and recognises the indispensability of the principle of equality of arms to such a system. While recognising that inquisitorial procedures often offend equality of arms, the role of the inquisitorial system in ensuring equality of arms is also recognised. It measures and analyses the normative value, application and recognition of equality of arms in Botswana’s legal system, arguing for express recognition and a conceptual application of the principle by the courts. It is reasoned that express recognition of the principle will result in fuller protection and better realisation of accused-based rights. Exploring the adversarial-inquisitorial dichotomy, it recognises the need for convergence, but emphasises the principle of equality of arms and the right to adversarial proceedings as the foundation for fair trials. The second part analyses the investigation process and generally bemoans the great inequalities at this stage of the criminal process. It discusses procedural and evidential rules that serve to minimise the imbalances and the role that exclusionary rules play in ensuring fair trials and reliable verdicts. The third part identifies specific trial rights which are relevant to the principle of equality of arms. Central to the discussion are the right to legal representation and the presumption of innocence which are discussed in chapters 7 and 8 respectively. These two important rights are central to the protection of the accused but unfortunately are the most compromised due to lack of resources and legislative intervention. Chapter 9 deals with other rights that are relevant to the principle as well as the ability of the accused to present his case and effectively defend himself. It emphasises the need for the courts to engage in the trial, thereby enabling the unrepresented accused. The fourth part contains final conclusions which argue that the principle of equality of arms forms the basis for the full realisation of individual procedural rights and advocates for the recognition of the principle in the Botswana legal order. It is concluded that the constitutional enshrinement of fair trial rights and their basic application by the courts, without actual measures to ensure their realisation, are insufficient. Suggestions include legislative and institutional reforms, as well as a constitutional recognition of the principle of equality of arms. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die waarborg van ‘n billike verhoor is fundamenteel tot die strafprosesregstelsel van elke beskaafde gemeenskap. Soos in ander beskaafde lande, word die beskuldige in Botswana ook beskerm deur die reg op ‘n billike verhoor. In die Middeleeue was gelykheid van wapens (“equality of arms”) die sentrale kenmerk van die tweegeveg as geskilberegtigingsmetode. Dit blyk egter dat hierdie sentrale kenmerk afwesig is in moderne strafprosesregstelsels is. Die vraag ontstaan of hierdie toedrag van sake ‘n beskuldige se reg op ‘n billike verhoor op risiko plaas. In hierdie tesis word betoog dat die posisie in Botswana van so ‘n aard is dat “ongelyke bewapening” veroorsaak dat die reg op ‘n billike verhoor belemmer word. Die plaaslike institusionele bedeling onderskraag nie die beskerming van gelykheid van wapens nie en veroorsaak derhalwe dat prosessuele regte in “a basic state of application” is, met ander woorde, op ‘n eenvoudige en meganiese toepassingvlak is. Met die norm van gelyke bewapening as vertrekpunt, ondersoek hierdie tesis die beskerming van die reg op ‘n billike verhoor in Botswana. ‘n Ondersoek word geloods na die oorsprong en toereriese basis van die beginsel van gelyke bewapening. Die afwesigheid van uitdrukklike grondwetlike erkenning van die beginsel, word vergelyk met die praktiese implikasies en uitdruklike grondwetlike erkenning en toepassing in ‘n adversatiewe stelsel. Gelykheid van wapens behoort sentraal tot die strafproses te wees en geen party behoor ‘n onbillike voordeel bo die ander te geniet nie. In hierdie tesis word erken dat die vervolging bloot vanweë die feit dat dit deur die staatsmasjienerie ondersteun word, wesenlik bevoordeel word bo die individu as aangeklaagde. Dit gaan hier om toegang tot hulpbronne soos deskundigheid, asook die rol wat misdaadondersoekmagte en ander wetgewing speel. Ongelykhede byvoorbeeld in hulpbronne, in die vermoë om misdaad te ondersoek en in die toegang tot getuies, dra alles daartoe by dat ‘n wanbalans tussen die staat en die individu ontstaan. Die verlening van prosessuele regte aan die beskuldigde is ‘n metode om die balans te probeer herstel. Voorbeelde van sulke regte is die reg om onskuldig vermoed te wees, die reg op ‘n regsverteenwoordiger en die reg op insae in verklarings. In hierdie tesis word egter betoog dat alhoewel hierdie regte en ander grondwetlike strafprosedures die beskuldigde kan beskerm en die billikheid van die proses kan bevorder, dit absoluut noodsaaklik is dat voormelde regte en prosedures in lyn met die beginsel van gelykheid van wapens geïnterpreteer en toegepas moet word. Betekenisvolle afdwinging en toepassing van ‘n beskuldigde se regte verg versterking van bronne en die institusionele bedeling. Billikheid in die strafverhoor word gekenmerk aan die graad van balans wat bereik kan word tussen die oorvloedige hulpbronne van die staat teenoor die grondwetlike beskerming van die beskuldigde. In die afwesigheid van ‘n balans, word die beskuldigde benadeel. Die eerste gedeelte van hierdie tesis behandel die ontwikkeling van die beskuldigde se regte en bevat ‘n inleiding tot die konstitusionalisering van prossuele regte in Botswana. In Deel Een word die omvang en toepassing van die beginsel van gelykheid van wapens bespreek en word die relevantheid van hierdie beginsel in die adversatiewe proses identifiseer, veral wat Botswana betref. Die adversatiewe en inkwisitoriese modelle word vergelyk en bespreek met erkenning aan die moderne neiging dat die twee modelle besig is om in een te vloei – die sogenaamde verskynsel van “convergence”. Daar word aangetoon dat gelykheid van wapens die adversatiewe model onderlê. Hierteenoor is dit so dat die inkwisitoriese model ook erkenning aan gelykheid van wapens verleen. Daar word betoog dat gelykheid van wapens ‘n normatiewe waarde het en uitdruklik in Botswana deur die howe erken moet word. Uitdruklike erkenning sal tot groter beskerming en realisering van ‘n beskuldigde se regte lei. In Deel Een word ook tot die slotsom geraak dat alhoewel daar ‘n behoefte aan “convergence” is, dit onvermydelik tog ook so is dat gelykheid van wapens en die reg op ‘n adversatiewe proses die grondslag van ‘n billike verhoor vorm. In Deel Twee word die misdaadondersoekproses ontleed en word die grootskaalse ongelykhede wat hier onstaan en bestaan, bespreek. Daar word gelet op prosesregtelike en bewysregtelike reëls wat hierdie ongelykhede kan minimaliseer. Die rol van uitsluitingsreëls ter bevordering van ‘n billike verhoor en ‘n betroubare bevinding, word ook aangespreek. Deel Drie identifiseer spesifieke verhoorregte wat in ‘n besondere direkte verband met die beginsel van gelykheid van wapens staan. Hier is veral twee regte van besondere belang: die reg op ‘n regsverteenwoordiger (hoofstuk 7) en die reg om onskukdig vermoed te wees (hoofstuk 8). Ongelukkig is dit so dat hierdie twee regte erg ondermyn word. Die reg op resverteenwoordiging word ingekort deur ‘n gebrek aan finansiële bronne terwyl die vermoede van onskuld deur wetgewing ondergrawe word. In hoofstuk 9 word ander relevante regte bespreek en word die noodsaak van ‘n aktiewe hof in die geval van ‘n onverteenwoordigde beskuldigde bepleit Deel Vier bevat finale gevolgtrekkings. Daar word betoog dat die beginsel van gelykheid van wapens die basis vorm in die volle relisering van individuele regte en, verder, dat hierdie beginsel ten volle in die regstelsel van Botswana erken behoort te word. Blote grondwetlike verskansing van die grondwetlike reg op ‘n billike verhoor en ‘n blote basiese interpretasie daarvan deur die howe, is onvoldoende wanneer daar geen maatreels is om die haalbare realisering af te dwing nie. Wetgewende en institusionele hervorming is nodig, asook ‘n grondwetlike erkenning van die beginsel van gelykheid van wapens. / Research funds made available by Prof. S. E. van der Merwe

Essay 1: Several countries practice a system where laymen, who lack legal education, participate in the judicial decision making. Yet, little is known about their potential influence on the court rulings. In Sweden lay judges (nämndemän) are affiliated with the political parties and appointed in proportion to political party representation in the last local elections. This paper investigates the influence of their partisan belonging when ruling in asylum appeals in the Migration Courts, where laymen are effectively randomly assigned to cases. The results show that the approval rate is affected by the policy position of the laymen's political parties. In particular, asylum appeals are more likely to be rejected when laymen from the anti-immigrant party the Swedish Democrats participate, and less likely to be rejected when laymen from the Left Party, the Christian Democrats or the Green Party participate. This indicates that asylum seekers do not receive an impartial trial, and raises concerns that laymen in the courts can compromise the legal security in general. / Essay 2: Although economic circumstances have been argued to be a major determining factor of attitudes to redistribution, there is little well identified evidence at the individual level. Utilizing a unique dataset, with detailed individual information, provides new and convincing evidence on the link between economic circumstances and demand for redistribution (in the form of social benefits). The Swedish National Election Studies are constructed as a rotating survey panel, which makes it possible to estimate the causal effect of economic changes. The empirical analysis shows that individuals who experience a job loss become considerably more supportive of redistribution. Yet, attitudes to redistribution return to their initial level as economic prospects improve, suggesting that the effect is only temporary. Although a job loss also changes attitudes to the political parties, the probability to vote for the left-wing is not affected. / Essay 3: A well-functioning labor market is characterized by job reallocations, but the individual costs can be vast. We examine if individual's ability to cope with such adjustments depends on their cognitive and non-cognitive skills (measured by the enlistment tests). Since selection into unemployment is a function of skills, we solve the endogeneity of a job loss by using the exogenous labor market shock provided by the military base closures in Sweden following the end of the Cold War. We find, first, that, on average, labor earnings decrease and unemployment and labor-related benefits increase for those affected. Second, there are heterogeneous treatment effects in terms of unemployment; the treated individuals with high non-cognitive and cognitive skills face lower unemployment effects than the treated individuals with low non-cognitive and cognitive skills.

This Dissertation evaluates the potential opportunities, challenges and outcomes attendant on Vietnam’s modernisation effort through the incorporation of International Labour Organisation (ILO) Core International Labour Standards (CILS) on freedom of association and collective bargaining into Vietnam law. The Dissertation shows that although Vietnam is likely to benefit from incorporating the CILS on freedom of association and collective bargaining into its legal system, its constitutional value system is not currently consistent with those of particular ILO CILS. It offers recommendations on pre- substantive and procedural measures necessary to ensure the successful reception of ILO CILS on freedom of association and collective bargaining into Vietnam legal practice.

The aim of this thesis is to provide an explanation and introduction of a specific legal doctrine; Ultra Vires. In addition, this paper will illustrate how the methodology was applied under the United Kingdom company law from the mid-19th century to 2009. Furthermore, this paper will offer a brief analysis of British law after the abolition of the Ultra Vires doctrine. Ultra Vires is a set of rules that limits the legal capacity of companies. As a result, the company's legal capacity was limited while the doctrine was applied. The scope and capacity of a company was defined by the objects clause contained in the memorandum of association. From this, it was deduced that an act done by the company outside its objects clause (an ultra vires act) was null and void. Considering that the legal capacity of companies in the Czech legal system is unlimited and that there are no research papers dedicated to companies with limited capacity in the Czech language, the aim of this thesis is to provide it. The thesis is divided into six chapters: Introduction; Introduction to the Doctrine of Ultra Vires; Formation of the Doctrine of Ultra Vires; Development of the Doctrine of Ultra Vires; Abolition of the Doctrine of Ultra Vires and a Conclusion. The Introduction is dedicated to the explanation of the legal...

S’il est concédé que le droit de l’Union européenne oblige à un renouvèlement des pensées juridiques traditionnelles et étatiques, du désordre et des ordres peut naître un ordre. Le droit de la procédure civile de l’Union européenne serait affirmé, l’ordre juridique de l’Union européenne s’orienterait vers un "État fédéral" et un justiciable européen serait consacré. Cependant, l’intégration du droit de la procédure civile de l’Union européenne doit s’effectuer avec les procédures civiles nationales et en tant que symbole régalien en rapport avec la souveraineté. Dans un désordre, où le droit de la procédure civile de l’Union européenne veut s’émanciper tout en restant sous la domination des États membres et de leur procédure civile qui, en souhaitant son épanouissement, désirent le maintenir sous sa coupe, les certitudes ont du être remises en cause non pas pour affirmer, mais démontrer la possible existence d’un ordre procédural de l’Union européenne. Si le droit de la procédure civile de l'Union européenne forme un ordre procédural inachevé, ce droit ne tend pas à devenir un ordre procédural dans le sens classique de la notion. En revanche, le droit de la procédure civile de l'Union européenne a vocation à participer à l'objectif de construction de l'espace judiciaire européen, où la place des procédures civiles nationales est remaniée. Ainsi, sans nier ses caractères d'ordre procédural, le droit de la procédure civile de l'Union européenne n’apparaît se finaliser que par l'espace judiciaire européen, qui offre à l’Union européenne un ordre procédural renouvelé. / Even if it is conceded that the European Union law necessarily involves the renewal of traditional and national legal concepts, order can emerge from disorder. As a result, the existence of the civil procedural law of the European Union could be asserted, the legal order of the European Union could move towards a federal model and the concept of being justiciable in the European Union for any issues, individuals or entities could be fully recognized. However, the civil procedural law of the European Union must be integrated taking into consideration the national civil procedures and as a national symbol in connection with sovereignty. In a disorder – where the civil procedural law of the European Union is described as breaking free though remaining under the domination of the member states (and their respective procedures) which look forward to the development of a procedural system while wishing to remain in control – , ce¬rtainties have not been challenged to confirm but also to prove the possible implementation of a procedural order for the European Union. Although the procedural system of the civil procedural law of the European Union is unachieved, such system is not meant to be developed on the basis of the classic model. On the other hand, the civil procedural law of the European Union is meant to take part in the construction of the European judicial area where national civil procedures are being reshuffled. Thus, without denying its procedural aspects, the European Union’s civil procedural law only seems to take shape field which provides a renewed procedural order to the European Union.

O Judiciário sofre crise cujas causas são normalmente atribuídas à falta de infra-estrutura e incapacidade administrativa. Na realidade, a insatisfação decorre da redefinição das funções do Direito, somada à modificação das noções de tempo e espaço do mundo moderno. O câmbio do quadro em que o mundo jurídico opera demanda a revisão dos parâmetros de atuação da Justiça, para atendimento das expectativas de um mundo globalizado, de velocidade acelerada. Iniciamos o estudo do Judiciário nos modelos do estado liberal e do estado do bem-estar social. Em seguida, colocamos as novas demandas jurídicas e sociais que desafiam o funcionamento da Justiça. Há nova configuração normativa, aberta e fluída, com menor precisão na definição de condutas e aceleração da produção de normas. O próprio tempo social experimentou mutação, alimentado pelo movimento da especialização do conhecimento, que adota a urgência como normalidade operacional. Ainda, a diminuição das fronteiras potencializa os contatos humanos, e exige nova forma de regulação, incompatível com a forma tradicional de trabalho do Judiciário. Estruturado como órgão burocrático, o Judiciário não tem condições de ofertar respostas rápidas, fechando-se em um sistema de castas que não se comunicam, e uma estruturação administrativa centralizada e hierarquizada, que tende ao imobilismo. A solução dos problemas do Judiciário passa, por um lado, pelo incremento da profissionalização da magistratura, em seu caráter político, em especial a valorização do espaço de decisão num ambiente de trabalho independente. Por outro lado, passa pela flexibilização da sua administração burocrática, através da racionalização de seus serviços. Somente assim se alcançará a operacionalidade aberta e transparente, que atenda os padrões de qualidade e urgência da sociedade moderna sem prejuízo do viés reflexivo necessário para a produção das decisões judiciais. / The judicial system is currently in a state of crisis. Structural and administration problems are generally given as the causes. The dissatisfaction with its working is, in fact, caused by new configurations of Law in modern society. This change requires revision of Judiciary patterns of work in order to solve the rise of changes and to answer the expectations of a globalized world, which increasingly operates at an accelerated pace. Our work introduces the Judiciary in context of the Liberal and Welfare State. We describe the changes in the nature of Law, now less prescriptive and inspired by principles. We also focus on changes in society, firstly the adoption of urgency within the pattern of work, and, secondly, the diminishing effect of globalization on the world. This new conception of law and society demands new ways of operation, incompatible to the traditional judicial way of work. Currently, the Judiciary has no strength with which to answer those changes. It is structured as a bureaucratic organ, and it is divided in to departments which do not communicate with each other. It also has a centralized and hierarchical administration, tending to paralysis. These problems could be solved by politic valorization of the judicial profession, which would grant greater scope for the judge to decide. Furthermore, administrative flexibility would help to reduce the bureaucratic nature of the Judiciary. In this way, the Judiciary could achieve open and transparent patterns of work, capable of answering the demands for quality and urgency in our modern society.

Este trabalho, eminentemente bibliográfico, destina-se à revisão da teoria dos sistemas sociais autopoiéticos de Niklas Luhmann e à consideração de seus limites e suas implicações para a compreensão da força normativa constitucional do sistema jurídico sanitário brasileiro. Nesse sentido, são discutidas a diferenciação funcional da sociedade e a função sistêmica do Direito e da Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988 em generalizar e manter contrafactualmente as expectativas normativas relativas à saúde, indispensáveis para a dinâmica dos processos comunicacionais sociais. A evolução do sistema sanitário nacional é situada no desenvolvimento do Estado brasileiro e na organização de suas políticas públicas em saúde, durante o século XX, em comparação à conformação dos sistemas de saúde europeus, analisada por Michel Foucault em seus estudos sobre os modelos de Medicina Social e a Crise da Medicina Moderna. Nesse contexto, a Constituição Federal de 1988 é identificada como o ponto de convergência dos processos comunicacionais da sociedade brasileira no sentido da mais abrangente forma de institucionalização de expectativas normativas, resultante do acoplamento estrutural dos sistemas sociais nacionais, não restritos, de forma alguma, aos seus sistemas jurídico e político. Incorpora-se, assim, à compreensão do sistema jurídico sanitário a sua crescente complexidade operacional bem como a consideração das expectativas, dos conflitos, do funcionamento dos sistemas que compõe a sociedade brasileira e da função finalística dos programas e princípios constitucionais voltados à implementação dos direitos sociais fundamentais relacionados à saúde. / This work, eminently bibliographical, is destined to the revision of the theory of Autopoietic Social Systems by Niklas Luhmann and to the consideration of its limits and its implications for the comprehension of the constitutional normative power of the Brazilian legal system as related to sanitation. To this end, the functional differentiation of society and the systemic function of the law and the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 to generalize and maintain contrafactual the normative expectations, which are indispensable to a dynamic of the processes of social communication. The evolution of the national sanitary system is part of the development of the Brazilian state and in the organization of its public health policies, during the 20th century, in comparison to the European hea1th systems analyzed by Michel Foucault in his studies of the Models of Social Medicine and the Crisis of Modern Medicine. In this context, the Federal Constitution of 1988 is identified as the convergence point of the communicational processes of the Brazilian society in the sense of a wider form of institutionalization of normative expectations, resulting in the structural connection of the national social systems unrestricted in any manner to the legal and political systems. We arrive thusly to the comprehension of the legal system of sanitation and its growing operational complexities as well as the consideration of the expectations, conflicts and functioning of systems that compose Brazilian society and the ultimate function of the programs and constitutional principles related to the implementation of fundamental social rights as related to health.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Renato Schahin.pdf: 314006 bytes, checksum: 8cb2be0790d849a74f496ec8ca21625c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-29 / The present work has the objective to demonstrate the philosophical movements that have guided the creation of a Brazilian legal system since colonial times up until the present day through the history of law. This study becomes necessary due to the fact that the laws have become outdated with regard to the demands of society. Consequently, the research tries to find some reasons for the inefficacy of the Brazilian legal system in the historical and legal cultural of the country The research begins with the analysis of the current cultural philosophy, starting with the thinking of Tobias Barreto. In the second chapter, the history of Brazil is confronted to a code of laws that elucidated the doctrines that have served as a basis for the construction of these some laws. In the third chapter it will be show that foreign influence with regard to these codes of laws had proved to be inefficient in their execution. Finally, the last chapter presents the educational project of Paulo Freire as a means of legitimizing some national conquests, such as democracy, transforming the Brazilian people into a nation capable of making viable the Federative Republic of Brazil / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo demonstrar os movimentos filosóficos que nortearam a criação do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro desde a colônia até os dias atuais através da história do direito. A necessidade deste estudo nasceu da existência contraditória entre as leis e a sociedade brasileira. Dessa forma, a pesquisa busca encontrar algumas razões para a ineficácia do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro na formação histórica e jurídica do país. A pesquisa parte da análise da corrente filosófica do culturalismo, a partir do pensamento de Tobias Barreto. No segundo capítulo a história do Brasil é confrontada com a história dos ordenamentos, elucidando as doutrinas que serviram de base para a construção das leis. No terceiro capítulo será apresentada a repercussão da importação dos ordenamentos jurídicos, a ineficácia da maioria das leis pátrias, o que levou a falda impressão de um desenvolvimento jurídico no país. Por fim, o último capítulo apresenta o projeto educacional de Paulo Freire como meio de legitimar algumas conquistas nacionais, como a democracia, transformando a massa brasileira em um povo capaz de tornar real a República Federativa do Brasil

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:28:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Charles William McNaughton.pdf: 1869418 bytes, checksum: ec329a2c148a9ed6df174eec837a69b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-11-26 / The present study intends to point out the criteria that permit the identification of the hierarchical position of laws within the context of the national tax system by relating them to the democratic regime and the federalist pact. The importance of the study is justified by the necessity of sistemetizing such criteria in national order. The work is based on pragmatist method of Charles S. Peirce, conciliated with the logical-semantic construtivism of Lourival Vilanova and analyses, principally, positive Law. It concludes that democracy influences the hierarchical configuration of the order, namely, by determing the bonds of subordination starting from the procedures involved in the act of producing laws: laws produced by legislative means have hierarchy over laws produced by non-legislative procedures; and legislative laws produced by solemn procedures have hierarchy over legislative laws produced by more simpler and quicker means. The federalist pact, in turn, is the decisive vector that explains the hierarchy between national laws over administrative norms issued by partial orders / O presente estudo tem como objetivo apontar os critérios que permitem a identificação da posição hierárquica de normas insertas no sistema tributário nacional, relacionando-os ao regime democrático e ao pacto federativo. A importância do estudo justifica-se pela necessidade de se sistematizarem tais critérios no ordenamento nacional. O trabalho parte do método pragmático de Charles S. Peirce, conciliado com o construtivismo lógico-semântico de Lourival Vilanova e analisa, precipuamente, o direito positivo. Nele, há a conclusão de que a democracia influencia a configuração hierárquica do ordenamento, mormente, ao determinar vínculos de subordinação a partir do procedimento envolvido no ato de produção de normas: normas produzidas mediante processo legislativo têm superioridade hierárquica perante normas constituídas por processos não legislativos; e normas legislativas constituídas por procedimento mais solene subordinam normas legislativas produzidas por procedimento mais célere. O pacto federativo, por sua vez, é vetor decisivo que explica a supremacia hierárquica de normas da ordem total perante atos normativos editados pelas ordens parciais

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:29:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavia Batista Viana.pdf: 1915368 bytes, checksum: 79630d4c574807c29d9309d11a82fe4b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aims to demonstrate the foundations that support the place of defendant class actions in the Brazilian legal system despite any legislative amendment. For both, were prepared and legal research literatures, using inductive methods, historical and comparative, so that, by national and foreign literature, could be considered the most important reasons to validate the place of collective actions passive. The first chapter is devoted to an overview of class actions from the Ancient Age to the present day to explain why the defendant class action was not developed. It was foreshorten a brief history on the subject in law the U.S. and Brazil, and on this, were still addressed the aspects which are the main theme. The second chapter is an overview of the mapping class actions in several orders foreign to demonstrate that the relevance of the issue is not exclusively Brazilian. Even were moot the concept and some classifications of defendant class actions, and were presented the foundations of several orders that support the defense of defendant class actions in our country without any legislative change. The last chapter focused on the analysis of some procedural issues crucial to the place of defendant class actions, such as adequacy of representation and the res judicata, and the proposals of legal rules for defendant class actions / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo demonstrar os fundamentos que respaldam o cabimento das ações coletivas passivas no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro a despeito de qualquer alteração legislativa. Para tanto, foram elaboradas pesquisas bibliográfica e jurisprudencial, utilizando-se dos métodos indutivo, histórico e comparativo, para que, por meio da literatura especializada nacional e estrangeira, pudessem ser analisados os fundamentos mais relevantes para validar o cabimento das ações coletivas passivas. O primeiro capítulo é destinado a fazer um apanhado geral das ações coletivas desde a Idade Antiga até os dias atuais a fim de explicar por que a ação coletiva passiva não foi adequadamente desenvolvida. Também foi realizado um breve escorço histórico sobre o tema na legislação norte-americana e brasileira, e, quanto a esta, ainda foram abordadas as principais nuances que revestem o tema. No segundo capítulo foi traçado um panorama geral das ações coletivas passivas em vários ordenamentos jurídicos alienígenas para demonstrar que a relevância do tema não é exclusividade brasileira. Ainda foram trazidos à baila o conceito e algumas classificações das ações coletivas passivas, bem como foram apresentados os fundamentos de diversas ordens que sustentam a defesa das ações coletivas passivas em nosso ordenamento sem nenhuma alteração legislativa. O último capítulo centrou-se na análise de algumas questões processuais determinantes para o cabimento das ações coletivas passivas, como é o caso da representação adequada e da coisa julgada, bem como das propostas legais de regramento para as ações coletivas passivas