Background: This research study investigates the position of legal interpreting within the England and Wales’ criminal justice system, as well as the status of legal interpreters. This study has been carried out with nine categories of personnel within the criminal justice system, comprising of judges, lawyers, clerks to the justices, magistrates, probation officers, police officers, prison officers, immigration officers and immigration advisory service officers, 186 number in total. Methods: a qualitative method of enquiry is adopted with questionnaires sent to the above categories, which formed the basis of nine questions used in semi-structured interviews with 38 members from the above categories. The categories were not equally represented, depending on access. These interviews have been considered as the major method of investigation. Participant observation is used as an informal method of enquiry for deepening contextualisation of the study. Themes: four main themes have emerged. They are: culture and communication, role and contradictory role of the interpreter, the position of the interpreter and context of interpreting barriers. Findings: the practice of interpreting is misunderstood and undervalued. The interpreter is not considered as an active participant in the legal process. The role of the interpreter is viewed in terms of a mechanical one, since interpreters are expected to interpret word for word without seeking clarifications of unclear utterance or concept. Implications of the study: criminal justice personnel need a deeper understanding of the practice of interpreting and the diverse role of the interpreter. The study highlights the professional status of interpreters. Proposals have been put forward for improvements to the present situation through statutory recognition and protection of title.

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The central focus of this master's thesis is to provide an overview of the works of the contemporary Argentinian interpreter, translator and interpreting historian, Sergio Viaggio. The thesis contains his biography, an in-depth analysis of his work and an overview of his articles, studies and books that concern interpreting. In each chapter we analyse his works and provide a concise and comprehensive evaluation and summary. The motivation behind the genesis of this thesis was to offer the works of Sergio Viaggio to Czech researchers, who might find inspiration in his work, but wouldn't be able to look for it because of the language barrier. This is a theoretical thesis, similar to other theses on important figures dedicated to the works of contemporary translation studies scholars. Key words: Sergio Viaggio, interpreting, Argentina, interpreting teaching, legal interpreting

Comment définir un professionnel de la traduction et de l’interprétation judiciaire ? Aujourd’hui le métier de traducteur et d’interprète judiciaire en France et en Espagne est en voie de professionnalisation. Les structures professionnelles – formation, associations, régulation de l’État – contribuent à cette transformation de même que les attitudes favorables à la professionnalisation des praticiens, autrement dit le professionnalisme. Nous avons constaté que les travaux en traductologie n’ont pas développé la notion de professionnalisme et ont accordé une place centrale à la formation, laissant souvent de côté les aspects attitudinaux. Par ailleurs, la formation se révèle comme un critère de différenciation des traducteurs et interprètes, distinguant ceux qui sont diplômés en traduction – qualifiés de « professionnels » – de ceux qui ont acquis des compétences en traduction par la pratique – qualifiés de « natifs » (« naturels » ou « non-professionnels »). Cette thèse interroge cette dernière distinction et propose un modèle pour l’étude du professionnalisme centré sur cinq dimensions : l’idéal de service, l’intérêt pour les associations professionnelles et pour la qualité-efficacité dans la réalisation des tâches, les souhaits d’amélioration des conditions de travail et enfin les références en principes éthiques. Par le recours à ce modèle, notre travail explore les différences de professionnalisme entre traducteurs et interprètes judiciaires « natifs » et « professionnels » travaillant en France et en Espagne à partir d’entretiens biographiques. Les résultats avancent que l’interaction entre les acteurs interviewés et les structures professionnelles autres que la formation, détermine la définition du professionnalisme et du professionnel de la traduction. / What defines a professional on the field of legal translation and court interpretation? Nowadays, France and Spain are in the process of professionalizing this field. Even now, professional structures like a formal education, organizations and state regulations are contributing to this transformation, as well as demonstrating a favorable attitude towards the professionalization from its practitioners. In other words, professionalism. We have noticed that translation studies do not have a notion of professionalism, but keep a central role in formal education, which in effect neglects its attitudinal aspects. Furthermore, a formal education becomes the differentiation between translators and interpreters, distinguishing those who are certified in translation (qualified as “professionals”) from those who have acquired their translation skills through practice (qualified as “natives”, “naturals” or “non-professionals”). This thesis draws into question the above differentiation and proposes a model that studies professionalism focused on five aspects: the ideals of service, the interest for professional associations and quality-efficiency in task completion, the desire to improve working conditions and finally the standards in ethical principles. Through the use of this model, we performed biographical interviews to explore the differences in professionalism between “natives” and “professional” legal translators and court interpreters who work in France and Spain. The results indicate that, the interaction between the interviewees and the professional structures, other than a formal education, determines the definition of professionalism and of a translation professional.

Reaching shared understanding during court hearings is a prerequisite to ensure a fair trial and maintaining legal certainty. Every month between 2,000 and 3,000 court hearings in Sweden make use of interpreters. Interpreter-mediated conversations involve an extra discourse compared to monolingual conversations which increases the risk of misunderstandings. Using methodology of conversation analysis the study explores how bilingualism is expressed during interpreter-mediated court hearings, at which occasions the Spanish-speaking laymen switch to Swedish and what function the codeswitching fulfills. The study identifies patterns in codeswitching and categorizes them into six different types. Furthermore the ideology of monolingualism in court is challenged and the advantages and disadvantages of codeswitching is discussed. The analysis concludes that even though certain types of codeswitching lead to delays in the conversation, the interaction is mostly favored by the Spanish-speaking party understanding some Swedish. Court proceedings would benefit from being more permissive toward bilingualism and the types of codeswitching that favor intersubjectivity.

Alla människor ska vara lika inför lagen och bistås med anpassning utifrån sina individuella behov. Tidigare forskning har synliggjort rättsuppdragets komplexa natur som hänger samman med fackspråket, kravet på adekvat kunskap och utbildning samt motstridiga förväntningar på tolken. Bristen på tolkar med relevant kunskap och utbildning kan leda till en rättsosäker situation som kan medföra konsekvenser för den döva eller hörselskadade personen. Föreliggande uppsats utgår från en intervjustudie där teckenspråkstolkar med erfarenhet av rättstolkning skildrar utmaningar och lösningar i samband med uppdrag i rätten. Bearbetningen av materialet genomfördes enligt en tematisk analys. Utifrån materialet sammanställdes totalt fem teman: 1. Rättssalen som arbetsplats, 2. Vikten av förberedelser inför tolkuppdrag, 3. Målgruppsanpassning, 4. Förväntningar på tolken och tolkningen och 5. Etiska dilemman. Studien visar att i likhet med befintlig forskning om teckenspråktolkning i rätten är frågor om delaktighet i rättsprocessen och att få göra sin röst hörd centrala frågor hos informanterna i yrkesutövningen. Informanterna var också väl rustade för detta genom gedigen utbildning och erfarenhet, vilket de påvisade genom att ta initiativ i rätten, förbereda sig enskilt och med tolkkollegan och målgruppsanpassa tolkningen. På så sätt kunde informanterna nå både sina och andras förväntningar i olika situationer och hantera etiska dilemman. / All people should be equal before the law and receive support tailored to one’s individual needs. Previous research has illuminated the complex nature of legal interpreting, linked to specialized language, the demand for adequate knowledge and training, as well as conflicting expectations placed on interpreters. The shortage of interpreters with relevant knowledge and training can lead to a situation of legal uncertainty, which may have consequences for the deaf or hard-of-hearing person. This essay is based on an interview study where sign language interpreters experienced in legal interpreting describe challenges and solutions associated with assignments in court. The analysis of the material was conducted using a thematic analysis. Five themes were identified from the material: 1. The courtroom as a workplace, 2. The importance of preparation before interpreter assignments, 3. Target group adaptation, 4. Expectations on the interpreter and the interpretation and 5. Ethical dilemmas. The study demonstrates that, in accordance with existing research on sign language interpreting in legal settings, issues of participation in the legal process and having one’s voice heard are central concerns for the informants in their professional practice. The informants were well- equipped for this through comprehensive education and experience, which they demonstrated by taking initiative in court, preparing individually and with fellow interpreters, and adapt the interpretation to the target group. In this way, the informants were able to meet both their own and others’ expectations in various situations and manage ethical dilemmas.

En el contexto latinoamericano, las comunidades indígenas viven en situaciones de vulnerabilidad pese a que existen derechos constitucionales que los reconocen. En el Perú, específicamente, el acontecimiento del “Baguazo” evidenció los vacíos normativos de un sistema de justicia intercultural y los diferentes retos a los que se enfrenta el intérprete de lenguas indígenas en contextos judiciales. A pesar de que diversos estudios de Traducción e Interpretación se enfocan en la labor del intérprete de lenguas indígenas en el ámbito judicial, todavía no se ha analizado esta labor desde su trayectoria personal y profesional. Por lo tanto, la presente investigación se centrará en la trayectoria de la intérprete de lenguas indígenas Dina Ananco que participó en un caso de acceso a la justicia intercultural —juicio oral “Curva del Diablo”— debido al conflicto social del “Baguazo”. Mediante este estudio pretendemos conocer y analizar no solo el rol de esta intérprete indígena dentro del ámbito judicial, sino también cómo los contextos de su propia comunidad y del juicio influyeron en el ámbito personal y profesional de la intérprete durante y después de su participación. Para ello, utilizaremos entrevistas de historia de vida —método de investigación cualitativa— que nos permitirá reconstruir la trayectoria de la intérprete de lenguas indígenas. / In the Latin American context, indiginous communities live in vulnerable situations despite the existence of constitutional rights that recognize them. In Peru, the “Baguazo'' occurrence demonstrated not only the normative voids within an intercultural justice system but the different challenges faced by the indigenous interpreters in judicial contexts. Several studies on Translation and Interpreting are focused on the indigenous interpreter’s role in the judicial field. Nevertheless, the study of this role based on the personal and professional trajectory of the interpreter has not been analyzed yet. Therefore, this research will focus on the indigenous interpreter Dina Ananco’s trajectory who participated in a case of access to intercultural justice—“Curva del Diablo'' oral trial—due to the “Baguazo”social conflict. The aim of this study is to recognize and analyze the role of the above-mentioned indigenous interpreter in the judicial field, but also how the contexts of her own community and of the oral trial influenced in her both personal and professional aspects during and after her participation. For that purpose, we will use life story interviews—qualitative research method—in order to rebuild the indigenous interpreter’s trajectory. / Trabajo de investigación

This Master's thesis provides an overview of the work of the contemporary Belgian researcher, teacher and interpreter Heidi Salaets. It focuses on the prominent fields of her research, which is predominantly legal interpreting but also videoconference interpreting and interpreting in healthcare. The thesis introduces research projects the Belgian researcher was involved in as their coordinator or coresearcher. It includes a biography of Heidi Salaets, an overview of her didactic activities and reception of her research in the Czech Republic. The main motivation for this thesis was to introduce this important persona of Belgian interpreting studies to the Czech academic community. This is a theoretical descriptive study that was written as a follow-up to other theses dedicated to famous personalities of the international interpreting studies scene. Key words: Heidi Salaets, interpreting studies, interdisciplinary approach, legal interpreting, police interpreting, health care interpreting, interpreting for children, videoconference interpreting

In sign-language interpreting and conference interpreting it is common for interpreters to work in pairs and well-established norms exist for how that cooperation is carried out. Working in pairs is becoming more common in Swedish courts for spoken language interpreting. Yet how court interpreters collaborate in these situations is not well described. This study, based on 29 hours of audio-files, examines how interpreters working in English and Swedish cooperate during consecutive interpreting when defendants are questioned in Swedish courts. Using Goffman’s terms, the interpreters can be said to be either ratified or bystander at any given point. Five types of cooperation were identified. Two show prompted support - the ratified interpreter either explicitly asks for support or her communicative behaviour makes the bystander conclude that support is needed, two show how the bystander interpreter self-selects to provide support. The fifth covers situations when a bystander interpreter is using non-renditions to explicitly coordinate the interaction. The study can confirm that interpreters are more noticeable in the courtroom than the traditional view of a good interpreter allows. It also shows how a team of two interpreters together can solve communicative problems related to the interpreter’s parallel tasks of translating and coordinating. / Inom teckenspråkstolkning och konferenstolkning är det vanligt att två eller fler tolkar arbetar tillsammans. Det finns väletablerade normer för hur samarbetet ska genomföras. Svenska domstolar anlitar ibland två tolkar till uppdrag i talade språk, men det saknas forskning om hur domstolstolkar samarbetar. Föreliggande studie, baserad på 29 timmar inspelat material undersöker på vilket sätt tolkar med engelska som arbetsspråk samarbetar vid konsekutivtolkning av förhör med tilltalade i svenska domstolar. Med Goffmans terminologi kan tolkarna sägas vara antingen ratified eller bystander vid varje given tidpunkt. Studien identifierar fem typer av samarbeten. Två av dem innefattar efterfrågat stöd där tolken som är ratified antingen ber om stöd eller agerar kommunikativt på ett sätt som får tolken som är bystander att dra slutsatsen att stöd behövs. Två andra kategorier beskriver situationer där tolken som är bystander tar initiativ att erbjuda en rättelse eller ett tillägg. Den femte kategorin täcker situationer där en tolk som är bystander använder sig av icke-återgivningar för att explicit samordna interaktionen. Studien bekräftar att tolkar tar mer plats i en rättssal än vad den gängse uppfattningen är, men också att samarbetande tolkar för det mesta smidigt löser kommunikativa problem relaterade till tolkens två parallella praktiker, att översätta och samordna.