Esta tese investiga a origem e a configuração do clamor na obra em prosa e verso de Cruz e Sousa, a partir do pressuposto de que nesse aspecto se revelam questões que dizem respeito à constituição do ser, à experiência mística e à representação de outrem. Apresentando-se claramente apenas na fase final da obra sousiana, em livros como Evocações e Últimos sonetos, o clamor pode ser entendido, à maneira heideggeriana, como um \"modo de discurso\" da consciência autoral resultante de um intenso processo criativo, espécie de situação terminal desse processo. Considera-se aqui que esse processo se desenvolve ao longo de cinco fases, compreendidas como estágios de uma mesma experiência de expressão artística: no primeiro estágio, observa-se a complicação da legibilidade da escrita; no segundo, observa-se que essa complicação deriva de uma problemática de percepção, uma dificuldade de dar visibilidade ao que supostamente se vê; no terceiro, observa-se que essa dificuldade é efeito de uma outra, qual seja, a de distinguir sujeito e objeto; no quarto estágio, observa-se que, em função mesmo dessa dificuldade de distinção, a obra se caracteriza, a partir de Missal, como movimento de figuração do íntimo, no sentido de uma natureza estética que não se coloca em situação dialética com aquilo que constitui sua exterioridade; no quinto estágio, observa-se, a partir de Broquéis, um gradativo esforço de dizer o indizível, de apresentar o que não se pode representar verbalmente. Tais aspectos, visados a partir do conceito lacaniano de \"letra\", permitem a compreensão do clamor como traço identitário da forma sousiana, através do qual se afirma a singularidade de um autor e sua obra na cultura brasileira. / This thesis investigates the origin and configuration of clamour in Cruz e Sousa´s work prose and verse, from pressupposition that aspect reveals questions about the constitution of being, the mistical experience and representation of other. Presents clearly only final fase sousiana´s work, in books like Evocações and Últimos sonetos, the clamour is a \"mode of discourse\" of authoral consciouness, according heideggeriana vision, aspect that results of intense criative process, a terminal situation of process. We considers here this process develops in five fases that we understand as moments of unique artistic experience of expression: in the first moment, we observes the complication of legibility of writing; in the second moment, we observes this complication descends from a problem of perception, because the subject doesn´t obtain to reveal what he perceives; in the third moment, we observes this complication is an efect of difficulty to distinguish subject and object; in the fourth moment, we observes that work is caracterized, after Missal, like moviment of figuration of inside, revealing a esthetics nature that isn´t in dialetical situation with external world; in the fifth moment, we observes, from Broquéis, a gradual effort for to say what isn´t possible to say, an effort to present what isn´t possible to verbalize. Those aspects, that we thinks from lacanian \"letter\" concept, permits to comprise the clamour like trace of identity of sousiana´s form, what reveals the singularity of an author and his work into brazilian culture.

Neste trabalho, analisamos a adjetivação em 10 cartas de leitores que foram publicadas no periódico anarquista La Battaglia, escrito em língua italiana e que circulou em São Paulo de 1904 a 1913. O jornal referido é uma fonte de notável relevância para estudos de imigração, anarquismo e língua italiana, pois era escrito por imigrantes italianos e evidenciava as posições políticas de um grupo, os anarquistas. Para alcançar nossos objetivos, inicialmente realizamos uma pesquisa em todos os exemplares do jornal La Battaglia, que constam em papel, microficha e microfilme, no Arquivo Edgard Leuenroth (AEL), na Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Posteriormente selecionamos 10 cartas publicadas nos anos de 1906 a 1912. Escolhemos analisar o gênero textual carta do leitor por ser diferente dos outros gêneros publicados no jornal, e sendo escrito por leitores, é rico em adjetivação, revelando grande subjetividade. Transcrevemos as cartas a fim de facilitar a leitura, e a partir dessa transcrição, realizamos a análise. Em cada carta fizemos um levantamento dos adjetivos qualificativos e analisamos: a formação dos adjetivos considerando os processos morfológicos, sintáticos e semânticos envolvidos, os prefixos e os sufixos dos adjetivos derivados, a função e a posição dos adjetivos nas frases e os efeitos de objetividade e subjetividade que eles exercem no texto. Com os dados obtidos, entre outros aspectos importantes, foi possível expor a predominância dos adjetivos derivados, a importância da sufixação para a formação de adjetivos e a significativa presença da subjetividade nas cartas. / This is a work in which the adjectivation containing in 10 readers letters published in La Battaglia an anarchist periodical written in Italian language and that was read in São Paulo from 1904 up to 1913 were analysed. Due to the fact that is was written by Italian immigrants with different political points of view, the anarchists, the journal is a source of remarkable importance for immigration and Italian language studies. For us to achieve our goals a research was made involving all samples of La Battaglia journal, in paper, microindex and microfilm located in Edgard Leuenroth (AEL) Files, at University of Campinas. Afterwards 10 letters published from 1906 to 1912 were selected. The kind of text closen to be analysed was the one written by the reader for the fast of being rich in adjectivation, reavealing a lot of subjectivity. It is quite different from the texts published by the journals. The letters were trancripted so as te make the reading easier and from this transcription on, analyses were accomplished. A survey and analysis of qualifying adjectives was performed in each letter. The points analysed were: the forming of adjectives considering morphological, syntactic, and semantic processes involved, the prefixes and suffixes of derivative adjectives in the sentences, your function and position, as well as the objectivity and subjectivity they exert in a text. Through the data basis obtained, among other important aspects, it was possible to expose the predominance of derivative adjectives, along with suffixes for adjectives formation and the significant subjectivity contained in letters.

The problem explored by this study is the nature of b-d confusion as it is exhibited by remedial and nonremedial readers at various elementary ages in the areas of letter identification, spelling, and reading. The purposes of Phase I of the study were to examine the progressive phase-out of b-d errors committed by samples of remedial and nonremedial readers and to explore certain factors that could be related to the problem. The object of Phase II was to describe subjects with extreme b-d reversal problems. Extreme b-d reversers were found to have been average or below on first-grade-readiness scores and significantly below grade-level placement in reading achievement. School marks were also generally low. As a whole, the extremes were predominantly right-handed and no sex bias was detected. When the extremes were compared to subjects above average in b-d responses, the extremes made significantly more errors on other letters, were able to read significantly fewer words, and required significantly more assistance in spelling. These groups significantly differed on position of b-d reversals in reading, but not in spelling, nor on the proportion of real words actually produced when reversals were made in reading. Reversal of b and d was not associated in the same population as b-p reversals.

The broad aim of this thesis is to demonstrate that the Victorian letter is more than the sum of its parts. By focusing on the archival collection of a gentry family from Derbyshire, it asserts that the material remains of a nineteenth-century letter are as important as the words and, as such, have a valuable contribution to make to the understanding of letters and letter writing culture of the period. Furthermore, throughout it is demonstrated that the nineteenth-century familial letter was important as an emotional and material object to both the reader and the sender but, as yet, is an undervalued tool in historical research. It argues against the dominant historical trend to read only the text of letters, and in so doing offers a model that can be adopted and adapted to investigate the nineteenth-century letter. The thesis applies James Daybell’s argument that, in order to understand an early modern manuscript, the historian must be directed both to the physical characteristics as well as to the social contexts of its composition, delivery, reception and latterly its archiving. By taking a case study approach, this thesis examines the unpublished nineteenth-century letters of the Turbutt family collection. Each chapter focusses on a particular aspect of letter writing which affords a greater understanding of the nineteenth-century letter as literary culture as well as material culture. Taking this approach uncovers a wide range of uses for the familiar letter and demonstrates that the letter was vital to the nineteenth-century Turbutt women of the Ogston estate. It is demonstrated that the Turbutt women used letters to perform their role as gentry women, to navigate courtship and the emotional and relational divide, and also determine how the letter writer used the material properties to their advantage and, if so, did the material and literary qualities of letters converge to further this. In so doing this thesis bridges the gap between text and materiality, two areas that have tended to be treated separately and, as such, it contributes to the scholarship of letter writing in the nineteenth century as both literary culture and material culture and also to the letter writing culture of nineteenth-century gentry women.

Esta tese investiga a origem e a configuração do clamor na obra em prosa e verso de Cruz e Sousa, a partir do pressuposto de que nesse aspecto se revelam questões que dizem respeito à constituição do ser, à experiência mística e à representação de outrem. Apresentando-se claramente apenas na fase final da obra sousiana, em livros como Evocações e Últimos sonetos, o clamor pode ser entendido, à maneira heideggeriana, como um \"modo de discurso\" da consciência autoral resultante de um intenso processo criativo, espécie de situação terminal desse processo. Considera-se aqui que esse processo se desenvolve ao longo de cinco fases, compreendidas como estágios de uma mesma experiência de expressão artística: no primeiro estágio, observa-se a complicação da legibilidade da escrita; no segundo, observa-se que essa complicação deriva de uma problemática de percepção, uma dificuldade de dar visibilidade ao que supostamente se vê; no terceiro, observa-se que essa dificuldade é efeito de uma outra, qual seja, a de distinguir sujeito e objeto; no quarto estágio, observa-se que, em função mesmo dessa dificuldade de distinção, a obra se caracteriza, a partir de Missal, como movimento de figuração do íntimo, no sentido de uma natureza estética que não se coloca em situação dialética com aquilo que constitui sua exterioridade; no quinto estágio, observa-se, a partir de Broquéis, um gradativo esforço de dizer o indizível, de apresentar o que não se pode representar verbalmente. Tais aspectos, visados a partir do conceito lacaniano de \"letra\", permitem a compreensão do clamor como traço identitário da forma sousiana, através do qual se afirma a singularidade de um autor e sua obra na cultura brasileira. / This thesis investigates the origin and configuration of clamour in Cruz e Sousa´s work prose and verse, from pressupposition that aspect reveals questions about the constitution of being, the mistical experience and representation of other. Presents clearly only final fase sousiana´s work, in books like Evocações and Últimos sonetos, the clamour is a \"mode of discourse\" of authoral consciouness, according heideggeriana vision, aspect that results of intense criative process, a terminal situation of process. We considers here this process develops in five fases that we understand as moments of unique artistic experience of expression: in the first moment, we observes the complication of legibility of writing; in the second moment, we observes this complication descends from a problem of perception, because the subject doesn´t obtain to reveal what he perceives; in the third moment, we observes this complication is an efect of difficulty to distinguish subject and object; in the fourth moment, we observes that work is caracterized, after Missal, like moviment of figuration of inside, revealing a esthetics nature that isn´t in dialetical situation with external world; in the fifth moment, we observes, from Broquéis, a gradual effort for to say what isn´t possible to say, an effort to present what isn´t possible to verbalize. Those aspects, that we thinks from lacanian \"letter\" concept, permits to comprise the clamour like trace of identity of sousiana´s form, what reveals the singularity of an author and his work into brazilian culture.

This study examined the academic achievement of national social fraternity pledges compared to non-fraternity students at the University of Texas at Arlington. It was done to determine whether significant differences existed between the grade point averages of pledges of social fraternities and those of students who did not pledge a social fraternity, and to determine whether significant differences existed among fraternities when compared with each other with respect to academic achievement. This study was meant to provide a research design that could be used by other colleges and universities with fraternities to conduct the same comparison of academic performance. In the fall semester of 1989, 164 pledges were selected as the population for the study to be matched with non-fraternity students based on Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) scores, age, sex, classification, academic major, and number of hours attempted. A T-test of like groups was performed on the entire population with no significant difference found at the .05 level between all the fraternity pledges and all the matched pairs. A T-test of like groups was performed on the pledges from each separate organization and there was a significant difference among three of the fraternities. Two of the fraternities had significantly higher grade point averages than those of their matched pairs, and one group of matched pairs had a significantly higher grade point average than the fraternity. Of the 17 fraternities, 12 had higher grade point averages than their matched pairs and five of the matched pairs had higher grade point averages than the fraternities. The results of this study show that objective data can be collected to address the issue of academic excellence comparing fraternity and non-fraternity populations. It is recommended that further study be conducted in this area to establish longitudinal data, with specific examination of the scholarship programs of the individual groups that showed significant differences in academic performance.

INTRODUÇÃO: A Companhia de Jesus desde o seu início influenciou as mais diversas esferas da sociedade, incluindo o campo informacional. Uma das formas de exercer tal influência foi através das cartas escritas pelos religiosos. OBJETIVO: Identificar e analisar as primeiras prescrições para a escrita epistolar da Companhia de Jesus, investigando o conteúdo das prescrições e comparando-as entre si. MÉTODO: Revisão de literatura sobre o contexto histórico-informacional do século XVI, mais especificamente sobre as primeiras décadas da expansão do impresso e a epistolografia no período, focando nos manuais para a escrita de cartas; a revisão procurou ressaltar as contribuições dos jesuítas no contexto. RESULTADOS: O levantamento encontrou três normas epistolares nos primeiros anos da Companhia: as Reglas (1547), alguns artigos das Constituições relativos ao tema (1558) e a Formula scribendi (1565), cuja tradução em língua portuguesa foi feita exclusivamente para este trabalho. A análise delas mostrou que a Companhia elaborou normativas rígidas para a produção e circulação das cartas, mas que possibilitaram a criação de uma verdadeira rede de informações epistolares pelo mundo. CONCLUSÕES: Os jesuítas tiveram papel relevante no contexto informacional do século XVI, sobretudo através de suas cartas. Por determinarem questões como autores, destinatários, temas das cartas e seus prazos, as normas epistolares foram de essencial importância para a manutenção dessa rede de informações. / INTRODUCTION: The Society of Jesus from its inception has influenced the most diverse spheres of society, including the informational field. One of the ways of exercising such influence was through the letters written by the religious. OBJECTIVE: To identify and analyze the first prescriptions for the epistolary writing of the Society of Jesus, investigating their contents and comparing them with each other. METHOD: Literature review on the historical-informational context of the sixteenth century, more specifically on the first decades of print expansion and epistolography in the period, focusing on manuals for writing letters; the review sought to emphasize the contributions of the Jesuits in the context. RESULTS: The survey found three epistolary norms in the first years of the Society: the Rules (1547), some articles of the Constitutions (1558) on the subject and the Formula scribendi (1565), whose translation into Portuguese was made exclusively for this work. Their analysis showed that the Society developed rigid norms for the production and circulation of letters, but that made possible the creation of a true network of epistolary information throughout the world. CONCLUSIONS: The Jesuits played a relevant role in the informational context of the sixteenth century, especially through their letters. By determining issues such as authors, recipients, themes of the letters and their deadlines, the rules of letters were of essential importance for the maintenance of this information network.

O presente trabalho tem como objeto a análise dos documentos preliminares, usualmente chamados de carta de intenções e memorando de entendimentos, firmados na fase das tratativas durante o período pré-contratual. Em um primeiro momento, busca-se entender a natureza desses documentos, mediante o exame dos atos das partes na fase das tratativas, em especial as negociações e as declarações de vontade, e a comparação com figuras afins, como a proposta, o contrato, o contrato preliminar, a carta-conforto e a minuta. A partir dessa compreensão, aliada à demonstração de sua tipicidade social, chega-se a uma definição de documentos preliminares, baseada no acordo de vontades capaz de produzir efeitos obrigacionais de intensidade variada. Em um segundo momento, expõe-se a principal forma de tratamento dispensada a esses documentos na common law, dividindo-os entre aqueles que têm eficácia jurídica contratual (binding) e aqueles que não têm eficácia jurídica (nonbinding). Posteriormente, são trazidos casos da jurisprudência brasileira, seguindo-se o mesmo método, culminando com o papel da figura do abuso de direito nos casos de rompimento das negociações, identificada como a principal situação que desencadeia a discussão dos efeitos desses documentos nos tribunais. Adiante, as obrigações autônomas, como a de confidencialidade, exclusividade e divisão de custo, muitas vezes verificadas nesses documentos, são objeto de estudo, finalizando-se com a análise de determinadas cláusulas, perquirindo-se sua validade e efeitos. O resultado deste estudo revela que os efeitos que serão produzidos por um documento preliminar dependem não apenas do seu conteúdo, mas também do comportamento das partes condizente com ele. A partir desses dois fatores será possível determinar se o documento produzirá algum efeito, incluindo efeitos de vinculação aos deveres de proteção ou de vinculação contratual. / The subject of this work is the analysis of the preliminary documents, usually known as letter of intent or memorandum of understanding, executed in the negotiation phase during the precontractual period. Firstly, it seeks to understand the nature of these documents, through the examination of the parties’ acts during the negotiation phase, especially their dialogues and declarations, and the comparison with the proposal, the contract, the preliminary contract, the comfort letter and the minute. Given this comprehension, added to its social typicality, it reaches a definition of the preliminary document, based on the agreement capable of producing obligational effects of varied intensity. Secondly, it introduces the main approach given to these documents by the common law system, dividing them between those that have contractual legal effects (binding) and those that don’t have any legal effects (non-binding). Subsequently, cases from the Brazilian Case Law are brought, following the same method, ending with the role of the abuse of the law in the cases in which the parties break the negotiations, which are identified as the main situation that triggers the courts debate about the effects of such documents. Furtherly, the independent obligations, such as confidentiality, exclusivity and sharing of expenses, commonly identified in these documents, are studied, finalizing with the analysis of certain clauses investigating its validity and effects. The result of this work reveals that the effects that will be produced by a preliminary document depend not only of its content, but also of a parties’ behavior suitable with it. From these two factors it will be possible to determine whether or not the document will produce any effect, including binding effects in relation to protection duties or binding contractual effect.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A importÃncia do desenvolvimento da competÃncia escrita em nossa sociedade letrada à reconhecida por todos os professores, que vivenciam uma realidade difÃcil: alunos que se mostram desmotivados a produzirem textos escritos no contexto escolar e que respondem por resultados ainda nÃo satisfatÃrios nas avaliaÃÃes diagnÃsticas e atividades escolares. Nesse sentido, com o objetivo maior de contribuir para o desenvolvimento da competÃncia escrita dos alunos, esta pesquisa teve como intuito propor uma sequÃncia didÃtica para a produÃÃo de texto argumentativo no 9 ano. Seguindo, entÃo, pressupostos teÃricos acerca da concepÃÃo de escrita como processo (Hayes e Flower, 1981; Vieira, 2005) e do procedimento da sequÃncia didÃtica (Dolz, Noverraz e Schneuwly, 2004), esta pesquisa analisou o desempenho de alunos do 9 ano de uma escola da rede pÃblica municipal de Fortaleza, diante de atividades voltadas para o gÃnero carta de reclamaÃÃo. A anÃlise dos dados permitiu a identificaÃÃo de progressos nas produÃÃes observadas apÃs a aplicaÃÃo da sequÃncia didÃtica, comprovando a eficiÃncia do procedimento como proposta de intervenÃÃo para o ensino da produÃÃo de textos no Ensino Fundamental. Para os professores, torna-se gratificante constatar a evoluÃÃo dos alunos, motivando-os a continuarem realizando trabalhos que contribuam para o desenvolvimento das habilidades de leitura e escrita, atravÃs do ensino da produÃÃo de textos. Para os estudantes deste nÃvel de ensino, à primordial â alÃm de progredirem nessas habilidades â perceberem o avanÃo em suas produÃÃes e concluÃrem o Ensino Fundamental mais bem preparados para as prÃximas etapas escolares, conscientes de que a competÃncia escrita, assim como o conhecimento acerca dos gÃneros argumentativos, à fundamental para a formaÃÃo dos indivÃduos em uma sociedade letrada. / The significance of writing skill development among our literate society is recognized by all teachers, who have undergone a hard reality: students who seem discouraged to produce written texts, in the school context, and under results without fulfilment in diagnostic evaluations and school activities. In this regard, with the ultimate goal of contributing to the development of writing skills of students, this study aimes to propose a didactic sequence for argumentative genre production in 9th grade classes. Following, then, theoretical support based on writing concepts as the process (Hayes & Flower, 1981; Vieira, 2005) and procedure of the didactic sequence (Dolz, Noverraz & Schneuwly, 2004), this research analyzed the performance of 9th grade students of a municipal public school in Fortaleza city, on activities aimed at textual genre study of complaint letter. Data analysis has made it possible to identify the progress in writing activities observed after practicing didactic sequence, proving the efficiency of the procedure as an option of intervention for text production teaching in Elementary Education. For teachers, it is gratifying to see the progress of students, encouraging them to continue accomplishing tasks that contribute to the development of reading and writing skills through text production teaching. For students at this level of education, it is paramount - beyond having progress in these skills â they realize the advance in their own writing and finish elementary school better prepared for the next school periods, being aware that writing competence, as well as knowledge about argumentative genre is essential for the development of individuals in a literate society.

nÃo hà / O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi o de descrever e caracterizar a carta-crÃnica como um gÃnero discursivo, numa perspectiva sincrÃnica, e como uma tradiÃÃo discursiva (TD), numa perspectiva diacrÃnica. O referencial teÃrico no qual nos apoiamos para descrever esse gÃnero foi a teoria enunciativa de Bakhtin (2010, 2003, 1988, 1976), especialmente os conceitos de transmutaÃÃo e hibridismo; a teoria dos gÃneros com base em Bhatia (2009, 2004, 2001, 1990; Swales (2009, 2004, 1990); Bazerman (2005, 1994) e Maingueneau (2011, 2006). Para caracterizar a carta como uma TD tomamos como referÃncia Coseriu (1979, 1980, 2007); Schlieben-Lange(1983); Kabatek (2004a,b ) e Koch (2008). A metodologia utilizada baseou-se no modelo proposto por Zavam (2009) para a anÃlise diacrÃnica de gÃneros. A aplicaÃÃo dessa metodologia permitiu que constituÃssemos um corpus de 75 cartas-crÃnica, coletadas nos jornais do Rio Grande do Norte, A RepÃblica, Diario de Natal (Propriedade do âCentro da igreja Catholica) e Tribuna do Norte , no perÃodo de 1914 a 2010. Para conhecer a trajetÃria da carta-crÃnica e identificar as transformaÃÃes pelas quais elas foram afetadas ao longo do tempo, dividimos os corpus em trÃs fases, com uma amostra de 25 cartas em cada fase. A anÃlise dos dados nos autoriza a afirmar que a carta-crÃnica à uma tradiÃÃo discursiva no jornalismo potiguar. Os resultados mostram que a tradiÃÃo discursiva carta-crÃnica se caracteriza pela evocaÃÃo ao passado. Portanto, a narrativa de histÃrias passadas evocadas pela memÃria à o traÃo definidor dessa TD. / As main objective of this research we describe and characterize the chronicle-letter as a discursive genre, in a synchronic perspective, and as a discursive tradition (DT), from a diachronic perspective. The theoretical reference which we based on to describe this genre was the discursive theory by Bakhtin (2010, 2003, 1988, 1976), specially the concepts of transmutation and hybridism; genre theory, based on Bhatia (2009, 2004, 2001, 1990); Swales (2009, 2004, 1990); Bazerman (2005, 1994) and Maingueneau (2011, 2006). To characterize the letter as a Discourse Tradition we have taken into account Coseriu (1979, 1980, 2007); Schilieben-Lange (1983); Kabatek (2004a,b) and Koch (2008). The methodology was based on the model proposed by Zavan (2009) to analyze genre diachronically. Through this methodology we constituted a corpus composed of 75 chronicle lett ers, collected in the following newspapers from Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil: A RepÃblica, DiÃrio de Natal , (a Catholic Church Center Newspaper), and Tribuna do Norte, from Rio Grande do Norte, in the period from 1914 to 2010. In order to analize the route of the chronicle letter and to identify the transformations that affected them along time, we approached them in three phases, with a sample of 25 letters in each one. The data analysis allows us to affirm that the chronicle letter is a Discursive Tradition in Rio Grande do Norte journalism. The results show that a chronicle letter Discursive Tradition is characterized by past evocation. Thus, the narrative of evoked past histories through memories is a defining feature in this Discursive Tradition.