Die License to Operate eines Unternehmens sichert dessen Optionen zukünftiger Handlungsbedingungen und somit seine Existenz und Gewinnpotenziale. Große Unternehmen sehen sich im Konflikt mit Ansprüchen von Stakeholdern jedoch zunehmend mit der Herausforderung von Erhalt oder Wiedererlangung der License to Operate konfrontiert. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht die vorliegende Dissertation die Interaktion von Unternehmen und Stakeholdern am Beispiel eines deutschen Rohstoff-Konzerns mit dem Ansatz der Ökonomischen Ethik. Eine erfolgreiche Interaktion benötigt hierbei ein hinreichend gemeinsames „Spielverständnis“, welches u.a. durch die Akzeptanz von Positionen der Spielpartner, Vertrauen, Transparenz und Selbstbindung entstehen kann. Die entwickelten Vorschläge für erfolgreiche Interaktion zum gegenseitigen Vorteil werden am Praxisfall beispielhaft illustriert.:Abbildungsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1.1 Hinführung zur Thematik 1.2 Hintergrund 1.3 Die Problemstellung im ökonomischen Kontext 1.4 Zielstellung und Eingrenzung 1.5 Vorgehensweise und Aufbau 2 Theoretischer Rahmen einer Ethik der Wirtschaft 2.1 Ökonomik 2.2 Ethik im ökonomischen Umfeld 2.3 Ökonomische Ethik 2.4 Die gegenwärtige Umsetzung in der unternehmerischen Praxis 2.5 Theorie der Fokalen Punkte nach Schelling 3 Die Bedeutung von Vertrauen für gelingende Kooperationen 3.1 Vertrauen – eine Begriffsklärung 3.2 Vertrauen in Organisationen 3.3 Vertrauen vor dem Hintergrund von Zeitdimensionen 3.4 Vertrauen und Verantwortung 3.5 Inkonsistenzen 4 Die Interaktion zwischen Unternehmen und Stakeholdern 4.1 Interaktion – eine Begriffsklärung in der Ökonomik 4.2 Akteure von Interaktionen aus unternehmerischer Sicht 4.3 Dialoge als Werkzeug 4.4 Probleme im Kontext 4.5 Neue Institutionenökonomik in Bezug auf Interaktion 4.6 Therapierungen in der Beziehung Unternehmen-Stakeholder 5 Ein Praxisbeispiel in Deutschland 5.1 Ein Konflikt in der Praxis 5.2 Der Untersuchungsgegenstand 5.3 Konflikte im Praxisbeispiel 5.4 Ökonomische Ethik im Kali-Bergbau 5.5 Interaktion von Konfliktparteien 6 Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen 6.1 Unternehmen und Stakeholder in Interaktion 6.2 Der praktische Syllogismus der Interaktion 6.3 Erkenntnisse 6.4 Handlungsempfehlungen 6.5 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Literaturverzeichnis

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Als Triumph der Open Source Bewegung wurde im vergangenen Jahr das Urteil des Landgerichts München I1 gefeiert, das als weltweit erste Gerichtsentscheidung der General Public Licence (GPL) rechtliche Verbindlichkeit zusprach und einem Sofwarehersteller die kommerzielle Verwertung eines unter der GPL stehenden Computerprogramms ohne Quellcodeweitergabe untersagte.

The MA thesis "Minimum Legal Drinking Age in the U.S.: A Reasonable Exception to Age of Majority?" examines the U.S. legal limit for consumption of alcohol from the perspective of policies aimed at controlling drunk driving because the minimum drinking age was set to twenty-one - higher than the age of majority - in order to reduce drunk-driving fatalities. The thesis analyzes different aspects of this issue and concludes that the high minimum legal drinking, which constitutes a severe limitation of personal freedom of those aged eighteen to twenty, did not fulfill the expectations with which it was introduced in 1984. The thesis suggests alternatives to the high age limit, and examines how and if they are implemented or what prevents their frequent use. The thesis has four parts: one provides basic facts about drinking, driving, and drunk driving in the U.S. society including the attitudes of the public toward the issue. The following part looks into the legal developments of the drinking age limits and legal challenges to the law arranging the age limit for its supposed unconstitutionality. The third chapter looks at the results of scientific research and suggests ways to deal with drunk driving more efficiently. The last part examines what prevents these more effective measures from being widely...

Konceptet automatiserad igenkänning och avläsning av registreringsskyltarhar utvecklats mycket de senaste åren och användningen av Artificiellaneurala nätverk har introducerats i liten skala med lovande resultat. Viundersökte möjligheten att använda detta i ett automatiserat system förgarageportar och implementerade en prototyp för testning. Den traditionellaprocessen för att läsa av en skylt kräver flera steg, i vissa fall upp till fem.Dessa steg ger alla en felmarginal som aggregerat kan leda till över 30% riskför ett misslyckat resultat. I denna uppsats adresseras detta problem och medhjälp av att använda oss utav Artificiella neurala nätverk utvecklades enkortare process med endast två steg för att läsa en skylt, (1) lokaliseraregistreringsskylten (2) läsa karaktärerna på registreringsskylten. Dettaminskar antalet steg till hälften av den traditionella processen samt minskarrisken för fel med 13%. Vi gjorde en Litteraturstudie för att identifiera detlämpligaste neurala nätverket för uppgiften att lokalisera registreringsskyltarmed vår miljös begränsningar samt möjligheter i åtanke. Detta ledde tillanvändandet av Faster R-CNN, en algoritm som använder ett antal artificiellaneurala nätverk. Vi har använt metoden Design och Creation för att skapa enproof of concept prototyp som använder vårt föreslagna tillvägagångssätt föratt bevisa att det är möjligt att implementera detta i en verklig miljö. / The concept of automated recognition and reading of license plates haveevolved a lot the last years and the use of Artificial neural networks have beenintroduced in a small scale with promising results. We looked into thepossibility of using this in an automated garage port system and weimplemented a prototype for testing. The traditional process for reading alicense plate requires multiple steps, sometimes up to five. These steps all givea margin of error which aggregated sometimes leads to over 30% risk forfailure. In this paper we addressed this issue and with the help of a Artificialneural network. We developed a process with only two steps for the entireprocess of reading a license plate, (1) localize license plate (2) read thecharacters on the plate. This reduced the number of steps to half of theprevious number and also reduced the risk for errors with 13%. We performeda Literature Review to find the best suited algorithm for the task oflocalization of the license plate in our specific environment. We found FasterR-CNN, a algorithm which uses multiple artificial neural networks. We usedthe method Design and Creation to implement a proof of concept prototypeusing our approach which proved that this is possible to do in a realenvironment.

In first part thesis contains known methods of license plate detection. Preprocessing-based methods, AdaBoost-based methods and extremal region detection methods are described.Finally, there is a described and implemented own access using local detectors to creating visual vocabulary, which is used to plate recognition. All measurements are summarized on the end.

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企業の新技術導入インセンティブと市場構造の関係を分析し、政府が行うべき経済政策を示す。分析には寡占市場モデルを使い、競争、新技術の導入費用、費用関数の違い、リーダー企業の存在が与える影響を分析している。また、3章では新技術の戦略的運用方法についての分析を行う。寡占市場では、政府は新技術導入に対して補助金または課税政策を行い、企業の新技術導入を促す、あるいは抑制することが望ましい。 / This paper analyzes the relationship between the incentive for the new technology adoption and the market structure and shows the optimal policy for the new technology adoption by using oligopoly models. The competitivenesss among firms, fixed cost for new technology adoption, the form of cost function and the existence of leader firm affect the incentive for new technology adoption and optimal policy. The concluding chapter analyzes the optimal strategic uses of new technology which include licensing to the other firm in the new market or entry to the new market or both of them. / 博士(経済学) / Doctor of Economics / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

As many as one in five children and adolescents may suffer from a mental health disorder, yet there are barriers that often prevent children from receiving optimal treatment. The current study explores the influence of practitioner license type, therapy modality, diagnosis, age, and gender on mental health therapy for children and adolescents. Data was provided by Cigna, a leading health care insurance provider in the United States. Participants include 106,374 boys (53.2%) and 93,753 girls (46.8%) ages 3 to 18 (M = 12.1, SD = 3.9) who were treated in outpatient facilities throughout the United States of America. Results indicate that there are differences in dropout, recidivism, cost, and treatment length by provider license, therapy modality, diagnosis, age, and gender. Specifically, results suggest that marriage and family therapists have the lowest percent recidivism and are among the lowest in terms of dropout and cost effectiveness. The results also suggest that family therapy is more cost effective than individual or mixed therapy and that mixed therapy has a much lower percent dropout than individual or family therapy. Analysis by diagnosis suggests a potential severity scale based on dropout, recidivism, and number of sessions. There are also significant differences in dropout and recidivism by age suggesting that younger children are more likely to dropout of treatment. These results provide valuable information about mental health treatment of children and adolescents. Specifically, utilizing a family based approach may help reduce the total length of treatment while utilizing a mixed mode approach to therapy may help reduce the risk of dropout from treatment. Also, some diagnoses appear to be more difficult to treat, with higher percentages of dropout and requiring more time and money for successful treatment. Limitations and future directions are discussed.

台灣科技業代工廠常面臨購買合法來源零組件，仍無法擺脫專利侵權控訴之命運，亦或常居於談判地位劣勢之被授權方角色，只能接受授權方完全排除自身擔保責任之契約條款，導致國內廠商始終擺脫不了高額權利金及侵權損害賠償金之累。本論文之核心研究問題，即在於探討如何在專利授權之架構下，降低未來潛在之第三人侵權責任風險？並區分法律制度層面、契約設計層面、管理制度層面，三個面向進行探討，嘗試提出可行之風險管控策略。個案研究方面，選擇美國最高法院Quanta v. LG專利侵權訴訟案，此案受各界宣稱為近期美國司法界對於專利制度最具指標性之判決，本論文透過判決評析探求美國法院見解真意，並在此架構下，提出個人意見及看法，進而對於專利權人未來之策略轉變，以及台灣代工業者應之因應方式提出建議。 1、法律制度面管控： 被控侵權者可運用專利制度下賦予專利權本質上限制之「專利權耗盡原則」，衡平原則發展下之「默示授權原則」，以及「再授權理論」對於專利權人之權利主張限制，以達降低侵權責任成立之風險。美國法下針對專利權耗盡原則及默示授權原則發展出多種態樣，惟其是否於個案中有所適用空間，往往仍取決於授權契約條款之解釋，此即彰顯出事先明確定義授權條款之重要性。 2、契約設計面管控： 由於我國法與美國法下對於專利授權契約定性上之差異，進而推衍出我國法下相較於美國法較加重授權人責任之結果，是以我國學說有主張當被授權人因運用授權標的遭受第三人主張侵權時，應準用民法瑕疵擔保規定使授權人承負一定責任者；反之，美國學說則普遍否認授權人存在有此等法定契約責任，此亦和雙方政策選擇保護立場互異之結果不謀而合。惟在現階段實務及學說對於授權人是否承擔被授權人之侵權瑕疵擔保責任尚無定見之下，以契約條款預先分配侵權風險最可達成管控風險之目的。美國企業之授權契約發展已十分成熟，與侵權責任分配相關之典型條款，如：授權條款、聲明擔保條款、補償條款，均存有許多附隨之細節需於契約設計談判時預先留意。惟若於契約條款中無法獲得有利於己之責任分配模式，即應評估風險性高低，決定是否採行其他之風險管控方式，如：專利侵權責任保險、企業自行提撥風險準備金、進行專利侵權訴訟評估與管理等。 3、管理制度面管控： 授權做為專利眾多換價模式之一，其背後最終之目的即在於具體落實為企業利潤收益，自然無法背離商業策略思維而獨立運作。國內現階段之專利授權實務發展成效不彰，其原因即在於國內普遍認為授權是單純法律之範疇，而未於企業內建立一套完備之授權管理制度。事實上，授權契約設計亦應與智財行銷要素、商業模式建構要素，以及企業營運流程相互配套，藉由平時有效之管理制度，方能確實將侵權風險防患於未然。 4、個案判決評析結論： 國內代工業者Quanta雖於本案中獲得最終勝訴判決，可說是貫徹了美國最高法院近年來持續傾向限縮專利權人權能之見解。然其是否代表台灣代工業者獲得了完全的勝利？往後不需再為合法採購之零件是否侵權一事苦惱？本論文採取保留之態度。因本案判決事實上僅圍繞在判斷LG與Intel授權範圍之解釋，並未對於能否以契約條款限制專利權耗盡原則表示見解。且本案判決出爐後，專利權人未來勢必轉變其授權策略，亦可預見其授權條款將更趨嚴苛，以規避判決中劃定之界限。台灣代工廠商實應謹慎集思因應策略以對。 / Taiwan OEMs are often situated in the role as licensees with inferior bargaining power when negotiated license agreements with foreign companies, and usually had no choice but to accept unfair contract terms. Therefore, Taiwan companies cannot get ride of high royalties and infringement penalty for all these years. This paper aims to discuss how to reduce potential patent infringement risk under the license system. The discussion will be elaborated from three aspects: Legal, Contract, and Management, and it will also try to propose some feasible risk management strategies. Furthermore, the paper will include a case study on Quanta v. LG, which is believed to be the most significant patent infringement case in United States Supreme Court in 2008.Through the analysis of Court opinions, the thesis then proposes some different suggestions about conversion of the patentee’ license strategies and how Taiwan OEMs should cope with the change in the future. 1.Legal Aspect: The defendant of a infringement case can apply for the doctrine of patent exhaustion, implied license, and sublicense. These doctrines are derived from patent right essential limitation. The U.S. law develops a lot of different models of patent exhaustion and implied license. It often depends on the interpretation of the terms of license agreement whether theses doctrines should be applied to individual case. This demonstrates the importance of precise definition and arrangement of contracts in advance. 2.Contract Aspect: The contract qualification of patent license agreement are different in Taiwan Law and the U.S. Law. Taiwan law intensifies licensor’s liability than American Law. Some Taiwan theories consider that when the licensee is accused of infringement because of the use of licensed articles, the licensor should have liability corresponding to the liability of warranty against defects in Civil Law. On the contrary, the majority of American theories deny such contract liability from law of licensor. Such difference corresponds to the different policies adopted in both countries. Since the defect warranty liability of the licensors are still in dispute, it will be the best way for risk management to distribute the infringement liability of both parties in contract explicitly. License agreement research has been fully developed in the U.S.. Grant Clause, Representations & Warranties and Indemnifications are all accompanied with details to be concerned. If the corporation unfortunately cannot obtain favorable clauses for its own side, it should evaluate risk to decide should it adopt another way for risk control, such as insurance, setting up risk reserves or litigation management. 3.Management Aspect: License is one of business models for corporation to make profit from patent. Its main purpose is to realize intangible patents into tangible profit. Accordingly, licensing strategy cannot be apart from commercial strategies. Patent license practice is still immature in Taiwan. Domestic corporations generally consider license as only a legal issue and do not properly construct a management system. In fact, license agreement design is a multidisciplinary subject and should coordinate with IP marketing strategies, business model, and enterprise operation procedure. Effective management system can establish necessary precautions against infringement liabilities. 4.Case Study: United States Supreme Court finally decided in favor of Quanta, Taiwan OEM, in Quanta v. LG case. The judgment does not mean a complete victory for Taiwan OEMs and neither did it indicate that the manufacturers do not need to bother for patent infringement by combining licensed components. Because the Court opinion only focuses within the scope of the license agreement by LG to Intel, without mentioning about if license conditions could break free of the doctrine of patent exhaustion. Furthermore, the stricter license conditions from the licensor is expectable after this case. Taiwan OEMs should make their best to find a solution.