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The aim of this thesis is to analyze the transnational family relationships of Czech pre-1989 political émigrés and post-1989 love/ economic migrants in Sweden and their homeland-based relatives, by looking at the practices via which these relationships are initiated and maintained and the role of materiality in these practices. The theoretical framework builds on the notion of “transnationalism from below” as a perspective which intersects migration and family studies, and posits the focus on material culture as an effective analytical tool. After setting the research in the context of Czech and Czechoslovak migration in the 20th century, qualitative analysis of life history narratives and ethnographic interviews is used to investigate the topic in question. Considering the influence of historical and individual factors, the study identifies the parallels and divergences in the two migrant groups’ practices of long-distance communication and mutual visits and in their attitudes to the role of materiality in transnational family relationships. The thesis concludes by stating that in contrast to the pre-1989 émigrés, the post-1989 migrants’ transnational connections with the homeland-based kin are more frequent and intensive. While material aspects play a more significant role in the post-1989 migrants’ transnational family relationships, material differences are more pronounced in the pre-1989 émigrés’ relationships. The historical circumstances of migration, the individuals’ perceptions of their own acts of migration as voluntary or forced and the question of whether or not they were given a license to leave by their homeland-based kin are said to have a significant impact on relationship initiation, the practices of relationship maintenance and the inherent role of materiality. The importance of individual-level enquiry of the migration experience is thus emphasized.

Purpose: The thesis investigated how local entrepreneurs in Slite perceive Heidelberg Materials Cement Sverige AB (HMCS) 's upcoming carbon capture storage (CCS) project—the thesis aimed to explore their perceptions of both enthusiasm and concern regarding the forthcoming mega-project in eco-innovation. Method: A case study based on qualitative research consisting of semi-structured interviews. Theory: Stakeholder Theory and Social License to Operate Results: Economic benefits such as job creation and increased local business activity are acknowledged by the entrepreneurs, who are also concerned about environmental impact, especially dust and transport-related pollution. Some entrepreneurs felt that HMCS has decreased its community involvement over time, and there is a need for increased engagement. Communication gaps were evident, and some entrepreneurs were skeptical about the project's benefits versus its potential disruptions. There was optimism about the potential, but entrepreneurs strongly emphasized the urgent need for improved corporate responsibility, better communication, and genuine community engagement. Conclusion: In conclusion, the thesis recommends that HMCS set a robust community engagement strategy for the upcoming CCS project. To achieve this, it will be essential to emphasize transparent communication, mutual feedback procedures, and community benefits such as job creation and infrastructure improvements. Creating a genuine commitment to corporate social responsibility can mitigate the concerns of entrepreneurs and foster trust between HMCS and its stakeholders.

在二十一世紀中，節能已成為一個重要的議題，而在眾多的節能產品之中發光二極體的發展更是為全世界所注意。本研究有鑑於台灣於發光二極體產業之產值目前已經居於全球第二名，僅次於第一名的日本，嚐試進一步分析台灣於LED產業的技術面以及管理面有何優缺點，並試圖給予進一步的建議。本研究依據發光二極體的產業鏈位置、公司成立時間以及規模等因素挑選了四間具有代表性的公司進行個案公司的相關專利佈局分析以及探討。在本研究最後的研究結論分別針對市場面、技術面以及智慧財產經營管理面做出結論，研究中發現多數廠商有事業策略落後專利佈局以及佈局範圍不夠廣泛的問題。而相對於以上所提及之研究結論，本研究也進一步做出建議：在公司的研究發展方面應做到智慧財產的同步化、將智慧財產的概念體現於公司的組織定位中以及加強研發人員的教育訓練；在技術方面，台灣廠商應積極加入制定相關標準的組織，並在接受國外廠商授權時更要積極的同步建立自主技術及專利以提升技術層次，強化自身競爭力；在策略運用方面，台灣廠商應避免將智慧財產窄化成法律的議題、善用策略聯盟跳脫傳統代工的思維、積極的部屬而非消極的跟隨、以合作的思維替代競爭的思維以及注意分散風險的概念。 / The Light Emitting Diode (LED) has become the center of attentions from industries worldwide due to its performance in energy conservation. The value share of Taiwan’s LED industry has achieved a supreme degree only second to that of Japan. This thesis aims to analyze the merits and shortages of technical and management field of LED industries in Taiwan and to provide further suggestions. The research selects four representative companies as case studies of their patent strategies, The selection criteria includes the company’s position in the industrial chain, the age and the business scale. The thesis ascertains a fact that most industries’ patent strategy is usually restricted and falls behind their business plan. This thesis suggests the synchronization and realization of intellectual property in the R&D through organization assemble and personnel training. Taiwan industries should expand the content of IP management other than legal issues, well utilize strategic alliance, transcend old-fashioned OEM management thinking, adopt the role of an active agent instead of a passive follower, collaboration instead of competition, and pay attention to diversification.

Le Brésil figure parmi les plus grands marchés consommateurs de médicaments. Cependant, le droit à l'accès aux médicaments, prévu dans sa Constitution Fédérale, ne fait pas partie de sa réalité. Cette situation est attribuable à plusieurs facteurs: le Brésil n'est pas capable de répondre à ses besoins internes et la consommation de médicaments n'est pas équilibrée. En réaction à cette constatation, nous analyserons la situation juridique actuelle du Brésil, afin d'indiquer les lacunes et barrières au plein accès aux médicaments et, surtout, de trouver une solution qui pourrait améliorer cette situation. Les organismes gouvernementaux brésiliens jouant un rôle important dans le développement des nouveaux médicaments sont présentés et, ensuite, l'encadrement juridique applicable à la recherche clinique et à l'autorisation de mise en marché des nouveaux médicaments est analysé; un bref survol de la législation applicable aux médicaments génériques est fait. Dans un deuxième moment de l'étude, la question d'accès aux nouveaux médicaments est mise en lumière: la législation brésilienne relative aux brevets, ainsi que le régime de licence obligatoire sont abordés; de plus, nous évaluons la compatibilité de ce régime avec l'Accord sur les ADPIC et nous évoquons les conflits internationaux qu'il a suscités. En vue de trouver des solutions aux difficultés brésiliennes identifiées, nous concluons notre étude avec l'examen de l'initiative canadienne pour favoriser l'accès aux médicaments aux pays du Sud (RCAN). Nous constatons que l'utilisation du RCAM pourrait, à court terme, favoriser l'accès aux médicaments au Brésil et, à moyen terme, aider à réduire les conflits internationaux. Finalement, à long terme, nous croyons que le Brésil pourrait jouer un rôle de leader international en adoptant une loi semblable à celle du Canada et, ainsi, il serait capable d'aider d'autres pays dans le besoin, qui n'ont aucune capacité de production locale, comme par exemple, plusieurs pays en Afrique. / Brazil is amongst the largest markets for medication and, even though the access to it is guaranteed by Brazilian Federal Constitution, it cannot be taken for granted. This situation is due to several factors: Brazil is not capable of fulfilling its needs and the consumption of drugs does not follow a balanced pattern. Given these facts, we will analyze Brazil's current legal system in order to assess which barriers and gaps prevent the population from gaining full access to medication and, most importantly, what could be done to change this reality. Brazil's government agencies involving in the development of new drugs will be presented, followed by an analysis of the legal norms applicable to clinical research and authorization to market new drugs; also, a brief assessment of the generic drugs legislation will be made. Besides, the access to new drugs issue will be put under light: Brazilian legislation concerning patents and compulsory licensing will be analyzed; as a complement, we will evaluate the compatibility of these rules with the system implemented by the TRIPS Agreement and the international conflicts related to this issue will be shown. Aiming at finding a solution to these issues, this study will focus its final part on the Canadian initiative to improve medication access on the South countries (CAMR). We find that CAMR's initiative could, on the short run, improve medication access in Brazil and, later on, could help to decrease international conflicts. On the long run, we believe Brazil could play a key role in the international scene by adopting a law similar to the Canadian one in order to be able to help countries in need that lack local production capacity, e.g., most of African countries.

Le Brésil figure parmi les plus grands marchés consommateurs de médicaments. Cependant, le droit à l'accès aux médicaments, prévu dans sa Constitution Fédérale, ne fait pas partie de sa réalité. Cette situation est attribuable à plusieurs facteurs: le Brésil n'est pas capable de répondre à ses besoins internes et la consommation de médicaments n'est pas équilibrée. En réaction à cette constatation, nous analyserons la situation juridique actuelle du Brésil, afin d'indiquer les lacunes et barrières au plein accès aux médicaments et, surtout, de trouver une solution qui pourrait améliorer cette situation. Les organismes gouvernementaux brésiliens jouant un rôle important dans le développement des nouveaux médicaments sont présentés et, ensuite, l'encadrement juridique applicable à la recherche clinique et à l'autorisation de mise en marché des nouveaux médicaments est analysé; un bref survol de la législation applicable aux médicaments génériques est fait. Dans un deuxième moment de l'étude, la question d'accès aux nouveaux médicaments est mise en lumière: la législation brésilienne relative aux brevets, ainsi que le régime de licence obligatoire sont abordés; de plus, nous évaluons la compatibilité de ce régime avec l'Accord sur les ADPIC et nous évoquons les conflits internationaux qu'il a suscités. En vue de trouver des solutions aux difficultés brésiliennes identifiées, nous concluons notre étude avec l'examen de l'initiative canadienne pour favoriser l'accès aux médicaments aux pays du Sud (RCAN). Nous constatons que l'utilisation du RCAM pourrait, à court terme, favoriser l'accès aux médicaments au Brésil et, à moyen terme, aider à réduire les conflits internationaux. Finalement, à long terme, nous croyons que le Brésil pourrait jouer un rôle de leader international en adoptant une loi semblable à celle du Canada et, ainsi, il serait capable d'aider d'autres pays dans le besoin, qui n'ont aucune capacité de production locale, comme par exemple, plusieurs pays en Afrique. / Brazil is amongst the largest markets for medication and, even though the access to it is guaranteed by Brazilian Federal Constitution, it cannot be taken for granted. This situation is due to several factors: Brazil is not capable of fulfilling its needs and the consumption of drugs does not follow a balanced pattern. Given these facts, we will analyze Brazil's current legal system in order to assess which barriers and gaps prevent the population from gaining full access to medication and, most importantly, what could be done to change this reality. Brazil's government agencies involving in the development of new drugs will be presented, followed by an analysis of the legal norms applicable to clinical research and authorization to market new drugs; also, a brief assessment of the generic drugs legislation will be made. Besides, the access to new drugs issue will be put under light: Brazilian legislation concerning patents and compulsory licensing will be analyzed; as a complement, we will evaluate the compatibility of these rules with the system implemented by the TRIPS Agreement and the international conflicts related to this issue will be shown. Aiming at finding a solution to these issues, this study will focus its final part on the Canadian initiative to improve medication access on the South countries (CAMR). We find that CAMR's initiative could, on the short run, improve medication access in Brazil and, later on, could help to decrease international conflicts. On the long run, we believe Brazil could play a key role in the international scene by adopting a law similar to the Canadian one in order to be able to help countries in need that lack local production capacity, e.g., most of African countries.

Load, haul and dump machines (LHDs) are commonly used in underground mines around the world. The machines are used to transport fragmented ore after blasting in the ore body. The main propellant used is diesel which accounts for a large part of the diesel consumed in mines today. This master thesis is a pilot study for further work to be done by LTU and Atlas Copco in a project called SIMS or Sustainable Intelligent Mining Systems, where the aim is to physically demonstrate diesel free LHDs doing productive work in mines. The objective of the thesis was to assess if the integration of battery-powered LHD machines is plausible in today’s underground mines. The aims were to map the current state of the production and to perform risk and job analysis of the new technology in the current systems. A theoretical framework was constructed with focus on safety, risk, hazards and change in work content. Social acceptance was then researched to be able to analyze how the new technology is received. Data gathering was done through interviews, observations, a focus group and reviewing documents while visiting Atlas Copco and two underground mines in Sweden. Diesel and electric-powered LHDs were studied in the mines and battery-powered LHDs were studied at Atlas Copco. The results present the current state of diesel, electric and battery-powered LHDs. How the machines are used in the visited mines and the identified risks with the work is presented along with the mapping of the battery system being developed by Atlas Copco. New risks that the battery system will bring to the work environment were identified using energy and deviation analyzes. The change in work content was discussed using the information from the visits and identifying what tasks will change, disappear and be added with the new technology. A large part of the thesis was analyzing the results with support from the theoretical framework. The analysis showed that a switch from diesel to battery-power would improve the overall health and safety inside the mines. A switch does not change the skill needed to operate the machines but can increase the qualifications for the service personnel. The main obstacles, in terms of social acceptance, with implementing the battery systems in the current state are that the need for constant battery exchange would cause problems in the production, the prejudice that the batteries would increase the consequences of a fire and the initial cost of making the switch. Recommendations for Atlas Copco going forward in the SIMS project were made. They need to emphasizing the safety of the technology to the users, developing the battery exchange so it can be done closer to the stopes and involve the operators in the projects of SIMS to help them understand the benefits it will have on them directly. / Gruvlastmaskiner (LHD) används ofta i gruvor runt om i världen. Maskinerna används för transportera fragmenterade malm efter malmen sprängts. Det huvudsakliga drivmedlet som används är diesel, som står för en stor del av den diesel som förbrukas i gruvor idag. Detta examensarbete är en pilotstudie för ytterligare arbete som ska utföras av LTU och Atlas Copco i ett projekt som heter SIMS eller Sustainable Intelligent Mining Systems. Syftet är att fysiskt demonstrera dieselfria LHD-maskiner göra produktivt arbete i gruvor. Syftet med examensarbetet var att bedöma om integrationen av batteridrivna LHD-maskiner är möjligt i dagens underjordiska gruvor. Målet var att kartlägga den aktuella produktionssituationen och att utföra risk- och arbetsanalyser av den nya tekniken i nuvarande system. En teoretisk referensram konstruerades med fokus på säkerhet, risk och förändring i arbetsinnehåll. Social acceptans undersöktes sedan för att kunna analysera hur den nya tekniken tas emot. Datainsamlingen gjordes genom intervjuer, observationer, en fokusgrupp och granskning av dokument givna vid besök på Atlas Copco och två underjordiska gruvor i Sverige. Diesel- och el-drivna maskiner studerades i gruvorna och batteridrivna studerades hos Atlas Copco. Resultaten presenterar det nuvarande läget för diesel, elektriska och batteridrivna LHDmaskiner. Hur maskinerna används i de besökta gruvorna och de identifierade riskerna med arbetet presenteras tillsammans med kartläggningen av batterisystemet som utvecklas av Atlas Copco. Nya risker med batterisystemet identifierades med hjälp av energi- och avvikelsesanalyser. Ändringarna i arbetsinnehåll diskuterades med hjälp av informationen från besöken och klargör vilka uppgifter som ska förändras, försvinnas och läggas till med den nya tekniken. En stor del av arbetet var att analysera resultaten med stöd från den teoretiska referensramen. Analysen visade att bytet från diesel till batterier skulle förbättra hälsan och säkerheten i gruvorna. Teknologibytet förändrar inte den färdighet som krävs för att kunna manövrera maskinerna men kan öka kvalifikationerna för servicepersonalen. De viktigaste hindren när det gäller social acceptans med att implementera batterisystemen i det nuvarande tillståndet är att behovet av konstant batteribyte skulle orsaka problem i produktionen, fördomarna om att batterierna skulle öka konsekvenserna av en brand och de initiala kostnaderna att göra ett byte. Rekommendationer för Atlas Copco för fortsatt arbete i SIMS-projektet gjordes. De behöver klargöra säkerheten hos den nya teknik för användarna, utveckla batteribytet så att det kan göras närmare produktionen och involvera operatörerna i SIMS-projekten för att hjälpa dem att förstå de fördelar som det kommer att ha på dem direkt.

The increasing global demand for critical raw minerals is increasing the demand for expansion of the mining industry, requiring quicker issuance of environmental and mining permits while maintaining sustainability standards. Social License to Operate (SLO) is crucial for gaining local support for mining projects. The EU's increased influence on member statesmineral policies through the Critical Raw Mineral Act (CRMA) could lead to local power shifts and conflicts. This study examines how CRMA affects local power dynamics and conflicts, focusing on two mining projects in Sweden to investigate the local impacts of the EU's CRMA and its effect on SLO. Using a qualitative case study approach, the study applies MacPhail et al.'s (2022) theoretical framework, focusing on process legitimacy, value compatibility, and expected distributional outcomes. The findings indicate that CRMA may negatively impact SLO and may lead to reduced power for indigenous populations and increased conflicts among stakeholders. The study highlights the need for inclusive, transparent, and fair permitting processes to secure SLO and minimize conflicts, emphasizing the importance of integrating indigenous rights and values in political decisions and permitting processes to support democratic and sustainable development in the mining industry.

After the initial excitement about the Internet as a space outside of governmental control has evaporated and courts in several states have applied national laws to ‘Cyberspace’, there is now a consensus among scholars that regulators have in principle the authority and capacity to regulate the Internet. Nevertheless, the application of the established tools of regulation - legislation and adjudication - to the current challenges to copyright regulation posed by the Internet has proven to be ineffective and produced undesirable side effects. Although market self-regulation has been suggested as a more efficacious approach to regulating the Internet and has proven effective in content regulation and Internet governance, the market has so far been unsuccessful in providing an effective and efficient remedy to the challenges to copyright regulation. The purpose of this thesis is to examine a novel approach to regulation and analyse its benefits and limitations. The novel approach defies the conceptualisation as co- and self-regulation, but introduces the solution from outside the regulated environment through entrepreneurship and innovation, and relies on the forces of the market to become effective. In this thesis, I analyse the regulatory systems implemented by two private organisations, Noank Media and Creative Commons, in China’s reportedly ineffective copyright law environment and find that their market-based and innovative approach to regulation can be understood as a form of social entrepreneurship. Social enterprises have been claimed to deliver social goods more effectively and efficiently than governmental intervention, because they are said to rely on local knowledge, to be driven by the demand of the stakeholders, and to be focused on social value creation. Based on quantitative and qualitative fieldwork with Noank Media’s and Creative Common’s stakeholders in China I analyse to what extent these two enterprises managed to successfully leverage the assets of social entrepreneurship. I conclude that while the novel approach has demonstrated the potential to produce more effective and more efficient regulation, it does not automatically result in Better Regulation. Further efforts are required to ensure participation, transparency, and public accountability, and to avoid regulatory fragmentation.

The privileges arising from patent protection on pharmaceutical products often prevent the full realization of the right to health, especially in developing countries with scarce resources. This thesis first identifies the international agreements that have established the right to health in international law, obligations and violations associated with it, the problems encountered in the implementation of human rights on the field, compared with the implementation and sanctions associated with economic rights from the World Trade Organization regulatory framework. A comparative study of the legislative frameworks of both developed and developing countries will reveal to what extent Canada, the United States, the European Union, Brazil, India, and South Africa conformed with patent protection exceptions arising from international patent law to protect public health. Finally, the author identifies the crucial indicators that need to be considered in order to assess the conformity of a given approach with the right to health, before he underscores the temporary character of the relevant WTO measures, and the future stakes concerning an increased access to essential medicines. / Les droits issus des brevets d'invention sur les produits pharmaceutiques empêchent souvent la réalisation pleine et entière du droit à la santé, plus spécialement dans les pays en voie de développement ayant des ressources plus limitées. Ce mémoire de recherche retrace d'abord les accords internationaux ayant établi le droit à la santé en droit international, les obligations et les violations qui en découlent, la problématique quant à la mise en oeuvre des droits de l'homme sur le terrain, en comparaison avec la mise en oeuvre et les sanctions pour le non-respect de droits économiques dans le cadre réglementaire de l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce (OMC). Ensuite, une étude comparative des cadres législatifs de pays développés et de pays en développement révèlera dans quelle mesure le Canada, les États-Unis, l'Union Européenne, le Brésil, l'Inde, et l'Afrique du Sud se sont conformés aux exceptions aux règles de protection issues du droit international des brevets pour cause de santé publique. L'auteur identifie finalement les points de première importance qu'il considère primordial de considérer afin d'évaluer si une approche conforme au droit à la santé a été respectée dans le commerce de médicaments essentiels, avant de souligner l'aspect temporaire des mesures courantes prévues dans l'OMC et des futurs enjeux quant à l'accroissement de l'accès aux médicaments essentiels.