This paper studies the evasion of TV license fees in Austria. We exploit border differentials to identify the effect of fees on evasion. Comparing municipalities at the low- and high-fee side of state borders reveals that higher fees trigger significantly more evasion. Our preferred estimator indicates that a one percent increase in fees raises the evasion rate by 0.3 percentage points. The positive effect of fees on evasion is confirmed in different parametric and non-parametric approaches and survives several robustness checks.

Using license plates as a context, we will analyze patterns. I will share a technique for graphing, and you will design your own license plates with given parameters. Our graphs will offer entry into transformational geometry, and a mapping from letters to numbers allows us to experience early algebra in context.

Using license plates as a context, we will analyze patterns. I will share a technique for graphing, and you will design your own license plates with given parameters. Our graphs will offer entry into transformational geometry, and a mapping from letters to numbers allows us to experience early algebra in context.

Using license plates as a context, we will analyze patterns. I will share a technique for graphing, and you will design your own license plates with given parameters. Our graphs will offer entry into transformational geometry, and a mapping from letters to numbers allows us to experience early algebra in context.

Using license plates as a context, we will analyze patterns. I will share a technique for graphing, and you will design your own license plates with given parameters. Our graphs will offer entry into transformational geometry, and a mapping from letters to numbers allows us to experience early algebra in context.

<p>Det svenska förarprovet har vuxit fram ur praktisk yrkeserfarenhet. Oavsett vilken trafikinspektör som bedömer ett specifikt körprov ska bedömningen göras lika. Kognitiva egenskaper bedöms i körprovet genom att observera handlingar och beteenden. Syftet med denna uppsats var att ur ett teoretiskt perspektiv undersöka hur trafikinspektörer bedömer kognition, för att undersöka vilka likheter och skillnader som finns. Tre analyser gjordes utifrån tolv intervjuer med trafikinspektörer vid två av Vägverkets förarprovskontor.</p><p>Trafikinspektörerna ombads beskriva vad som är viktigt hos en bilförare. Samtliga formella kriterier för körprovet nämndes av någon informant. Utöver kriterierna nämndes även många andra begrepp av ett fåtal personer vardera. Dessa begrepp kan räknas till områdena kognitionspsykologi, allmän psykologi, bilkörning och övergripande egenskaper. De tre mest nämnda begreppen var uppmärksamhet, erfarenhet och riskmedvetande.</p><p>Sju körprovskriterier definierades av trafikinspektörerna. Många olika begrepp användes för att definiera kriterierna och samtliga kriterier definierades olika av informanterna. Definitionerna delades in i kategorier och de kategorier som användes för samtliga kriterier var förberedelser, handlingar och perception.</p><p>Ur det som sades av informanterna gjordes en analys om hur begrepp kopplas samman med varandra, för att hitta alla associationer som görs till varje begrepp. Många olika kopplingar kunde hittas genom denna analys och av dessa nämndes hälften av enbart någon informant. Två kopplingar nämndes av elva av informanterna. Den ena var manövrering – automatisering, den andra var uppmärksamhet – syn.</p><p>Studien påvisade både likheter och skillnader i åsikter informanterna emellan. I viss utsträckning använda sig informanterna av samma begrepp, men de lade olika innebörder i begreppen. Trafikinspektörernas olika synsätt medför en risk för att de bedömer körprov olika trots att de använder samma bedömningskriterier.</p> / <p>The Swedish driving license test has developed from practical professional experience. Regardless of which traffic inspector judges a specific driving test, the judgement is to be equal. Cognitive qualities are judged in the driving test by observing actions and behaviours. The purpose of this essay was to investigate, from a theoretical perspective, how traffic inspectors judge cognition, in order to investigate differences and similarities. Three analyses were made, based on twelve interviews with traffic inspectors working at two of the Swedish Road Administration’s offices for driving license tests.</p><p>The traffic inspectors were asked to describe what is important in a car driver. All formal driving test criteria were mentioned by some informant. In addition to the criteria, many other concepts were mentioned by a few persons each. These concepts belong to the areas cognitive psychology, general psychology, car driving and overall qualities. The three most mentioned concepts, including criteria and other concepts, were attention, experience and risk awareness.</p><p>Seven driving test criteria were defined by the traffic inspectors. Many different concepts were used to define the criteria and all criteria were defined differently by the informants. The definitions were divided into categories. The categories preparations, actions and perception were used for all criteria.</p><p>An analysis about how concepts were connected to each other was made, in order to find all associations made with each concept. Many different connections were found in this analysis and more than half of these were mentioned by only one informant.</p><p>Two connections were mentioned by eleven informants. One of these was manoeuvring – automation, the other was attention – vision.</p><p>Both similarities and differences in opinions were found among the informants in this study. The informants used the same concepts to some extent, but they associated different meanings with the concepts. The traffic inspectors’ differences in opinions lead to a risk of judging driving tests differently, although the same judgement criteria are used.</p>

Thesis (doctoral)--Universiẗat Frankfurt (Main), 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. ix-xxv).

Uppsatsen diskuterar huruvida en ökad reglering av fastighetsmäklarbranschen kan hämma och skada effektiviteten på mäklarmarknaden. För att ge en bredare kontext som kan belysa frågeställningen har en översiktlig jämförelse gjorts mellan Sverige och England.

Ocker är ingen ny företeelse, då det finns uttryck för ocker i Bibeln. Definitionen för ocker har ändrats genom åren. Syftet med uppsatsen är att belysa ocker och jämföra med 36 § avtalslagen Uppsatsen använder traditionell juridisk metod. Traditionell juridisk metod innebär att man använder olika rättskällor som lagstiftning, förarbeten, praxis och doktrin. Kriterier för ocker är trångmål, oförstånd, lättsinne och beroendeställning. Det ska också ha förekommit ett uppenbart missförhållande. Trångmål är situationer, där ockraren vet att den svagare parten är i stort behov av att låna pengar, för att köpa något och banken har sagt nej till lån. Oförstånd är en situation, där den ena parten inte är allmänt mer eller mindre intelligent, men kan inte förstå hela omfattningen av sitt handlande. Lättsinne innebär att personen handlar med ockraren utan att se vilka konsekvenser handlandet kan få. Beroendeställning är att ena parten är starkare än den andra och drar nytta av den svagare partens brist på egen insats eller medverkan. Ett uppenbart missförhållande innebär att avgöra de olika prestationernas värde, mellan det krävda värdet. / Usury is not a new commonplace, although there are expressions for usury in the Bible. The definition for usury has changed through the years. The purpose of this essay is to elucidate the usury prerequisite in the contract law and compare with the 36 § in the contract law. The essay uses a traditional jurisprudential research method. The traditional jurisprudential method means that you use different kind of accounting practise such as legislation, legislative history of an enactment, codes of practise and doctrines. The criteria for usury are distress, want of judgement, license and dependent attitude. There must also have been a clear case of abuse. Distress situations are those where there the usurer knows that the victim is in need of money, to buy something and the bank had said no to raise a loan. Want of judgement is a situation where one part is not less intelligent but cannot understand the full extent of the action. License means that a person deals with the usurer without realising the consequences of the action. Dependent attitude means that one part is stronger than the other part and takes advantage of the weaker part’s incapability to think or act by himself or herself. A clear case of abuse is to conclude the value of different performances, between the demanded values.

License Plate Recognition (LPR) systems are frequently utilized in various access controls and security applications. In this thesis, an experimental constraint based real-time License Plate Recognition system is designed, and implemented in Java platform. Many of the available constraint based methods worked under strict restrictions such as plate color, fixed illumination and designated routes, whereas, only the license plate geometry and format constraints are used in this developed system. These constraints are built on top of the current Turkish license plate regulations. The plate localization algorithm is based on vertical edge features where constraints are used to filter out non-text regions. Vertical and horizontal projections are used for character segmentation and Multi Layered Perceptron (MLP) based Optical Character Recognition (OCR) module has been implemented for character identification. The extracted license plate characters are validated against possible license plate formats during the recognition process. The system is tested both with Turkish and foreign license plate images including various plate orientation, image quality and size. An accuracy of 92% is achieved for license plate localization and %88 for character segmentation and recognition.