軍人退伍後工作一直是國家政策與研究關注的議題。既有研究多從「經濟-工作」角度來觀察軍人退伍生涯的議題與困境，容易忽略軍人退伍轉銜歷程與生活各面向連結的複雜性。因此，本研究的目的在於從生命歷程和老化的政治經濟觀點，理解男性選擇進入和離開軍人職業，以及此種進入、離開軍人職業和再工作歷程的關係，期能對軍人退伍轉銜歷程有動態性的理解。 據此，以制度性分析與傳記式的生命歷程取徑為方法。前者，透過國軍檔案與相關文獻進行檢視；後者，透過生命故事訪談(13位男性，出生於1957-1964年，平均年齡57歲)。 在制度分析的研究發現：國軍退輔制度演進可區分三個時期：歷史時期一「人口治理思維下的集中化管理與安置(1949-1969)」；歷史時期二「解嚴及民主浪潮下的間接安置(1970-1999)」；歷史時期三「軍事專業化後的『退輔制度變革-積極性與規範性的就業整合措施』(2000-迄今)」。其次，歷史時期(退伍時所處的歷史時期)和個人時期(個人生命階段何時退伍)深受個人所經歷的退輔制度之影響，進而決定個人在退伍時所擁有的經濟資源與生活條件。 在傳記式的生命歷程研究發現：「從軍」是故事主角在歷史、經濟、家庭等多重關係擠壓下的一個決定。從軍讓個人經濟上得以溫飽，可以繼續接受教育，個人與原生家庭的分立，形成另一個空間的情感連結與歸屬，而軍隊環境讓個人有身分認同感，使他們漂泊的生命暫時靠岸。軍隊服務期間，個人在工作環境的洞察與選擇，涉及「歸屬」與「自主」兩個議題。至於退伍後，軍職工作與退伍後第一個工作的過渡、連結、轉換，是具高度複雜性與重要性。「工作選擇」背後所指涉的是個人在不同文化場域的穿越，並隨著個人在退伍前的早期家庭經驗與軍隊環境，至退伍後面臨社會經濟環境、部落文化、工作環境、家庭環境以及個人生命發展等因素變化，個人在面臨不同情境，從服役時的「我們」狀態變成不同層次「我」的樣貌。此外，隨著生命歷程發展，個人工作選擇有不同的核心議題，工作對他們的意義也隨之改變，其中經濟資源、健康與社會支持扮演關鍵角色。據此，研究針對上述發現進一步提出「階級化退伍轉銜歷程」理論模式，亦即，軍人退伍轉銜呈現「持續向上型」、「後續穩定型」、「中途停滯型」等三類，而資源在其中因不同時機而產生不同程度的強化、替代與風險作用。 最後，針對軍隊社會工作制度與退輔制度，回應個人在退伍轉銜與生命歷程所面臨家庭、軍隊、社會文化與制度面向的議題，提供政策與實務上建議。 / Transitioning from military to civilian life has been a topical subject for national policy and studies. Existing researches mostly observe the issue and conundrums from the economy-career perspective, which tend to overlook the complexity of the linkage among military transition and all aspects of their lives. Therefore, this study aims to probe why male soldiers choose to enter and exit the military, and the correlation among the entrance, exit and reemployment, hoping to obtain a dynamic understanding of military career transition. Accordingly, the approaches used here are institutional analysis and biographic life course theory. The former is done through military records, files and pertinent literature while the latter is through interviews with 13 males (born 1957-1964 with an average age of 57). The institutional analysis found that the evolution of the ROC’s Institution of Veteran Service can be divided into: Phase I, the centralized management and placement under the ideology of demographic-management (1949-1969), Phase II, the indirect placement under the backdrop of abolishment of martial law and democratization (1970-1999), and Phase III , a reform in the institution of veteran service after military professionalization—a proactive and normative employment integration (2000-preesent). Also, the historical period (the period when one retires) and individual period (the life stage when one retires) are profoundly influenced by the institution of veteran service that one faces which determines the financial resources and living conditions one obtains when one retires and thus affects one’s aging and life adaptation. Furthermore, intertwined with the institution of veteran service are education and military ranks, which interact and are relevant to the career path after one’s retirement. The biographic life course theory found that “enlistment” is a decision made under multiple pressures from history, personal economic situation and family. Joining the army would bring financial support and continued education. The separation of individuals from their families of origin forms an emotional bond and attachment. The military gives them a sense of identity and a place for their drifting lives. During their service, their perception and choices interrelate with attachment and autonomy. The relations between what kind of military job they did and the transition, connection and transformation of their first employment after they retire are highly complicated and critical. Behind employment choices are different cultural backgrounds, which vary with experiences of their original family and the military as well as factors such as social-economic environment, community, work places, family and individual development. Facing different situations, the “We” during the military life became different levels of “Me”. In addition, along with the development of one’s life course, there are varied core issues about their employment choices and the meaning of jobs to them also changes while economic resources, health and social support play important roles. As a result, this study further proposes a “hierarchical military transition” model. They are: continuous improvement, later stabilization, and midway stagnation. And several resources generate varying degree of reinforcement, substitution, and risks effects in different times.

<p>Functional impairment is increasingly prevalent among middle-aged and older adults, with 2 in 5 adults over the age of 65 having some form of disability, the majority being limitations on mobility. Many older adults are able to maintain functional capacity well into later life, but the factors that contribute to high levels of function and the mechanisms by which they operate are unclear, although prior work has demonstrated the importance of social relationships for health. Guided by principles from the life course perspective and perspectives on social connectedness, this dissertation examined the role of social connectedness across the life course as a predictor of functional capacity in adulthood. I used existing longitudinal data from the national Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study to pursue three central aims.</p> <p><br></p> <p>First, Paper 1 compared theoretical and data-driven approaches to classifying life course relationships, including multiple dimensions of social connectedness at different time points across the life course. Results showed that the data-driven approach (i.e., latent profile analysis) was a stronger predictor of functional limitations than the theoretical approach and revealed relationship trajectories consistent with life course cumulative processes. Second, using the profiles obtained from Paper 1, Paper 2 probed the association between life-course social connectedness and functional limitations by examining the potential mediating role of candidate biological and behavioral mechanisms, and moderation by socioeconomic status (SES). Paper 2 findings suggested that observed differences in later-life functional limitations based on life-course social connectedness can be at least partially explained by physical activity, but do not vary by SES. Contrary to hypotheses, inflammation was not a significant mediator. Third, Paper 3 used monozygotic twin data and within-family analyses to sharpen the focus on potential causal associations between life-course social connectedness and adult functional status. Results suggested that the association is likely driven by genetic and/or shared environmental influences. </p> <p><br></p> <p>Taken together, these results add to our understanding of social connectedness and health and address important gaps in the literature. These findings are used to generate theory- and intervention-relevant insights into the successful maintenance of health, independence, and function across the lifespan.</p>

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Syftet är att kartlägga anhörigstödet kring övergången från barnhabilitering till vuxenhabilitering utifrån kuratorers erfarenhet. Genom att undersöka ämnet övergång utifrån olika aspekter såsom organisation, samverkan, roller samt vinster med ett aktivt anhörigstöd eller brist i avsaknad av den, är förhoppningen att skapa djupare förståelse för de svårigheter som kan eventuellt tillkomma under processens gång. Studien bygger på en kvalitativ hermeneutisk ansats med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Teorierna som används i studien är Systemteori, Ekologisk systemteori, Rollteori och Livsloppsperspektivet. Följande teman framkom i resultatet Organisation, Samverkan och Roller. Resultatet visar att förbindelse mellan forskningen och det praktiska arbetet när det gäller anhörigstöd i övergången är bristfällig. Studien visar även att övergången är en orolig tid med många förändringar och där många unga vuxna likväl anhöriga upplever en oro. I resultatet framkommer det att anhörigstöd finns inom habiliteringen men att det främst erbjuds i relation till den unga vuxnas diagnos, vilket enligt resultatet indikerar att anhörigstöd i övergångsprocessen i dag är otillräckligt. Stödet behöver ses utifrån ett större perspektiv, där samverkan med andra instanser är av stor vikt för att kunna möta de behov som kan finnas hos de anhöriga. / The purpose is to identify the support for relatives in the transition from child habilitation to adult habilitation, based on the experience of health care curators. By examining the transition of the subject based on various aspects such as organisation, cooperation, roles and benefits with active relative support or disadvantages in lack of it, the expectation is to create a deeper understanding of the difficulties that may occur during the process. The study is based on a qualitative hermeneutic approach, based on semi-structured interview. The theories used in this study are Systems theory, Ecological system theory, Role theory, and Life course perspective. The themes that emerged were Organization, Cooperation, and Roles. The study shows that the connection between the research and the practical work regarding relative support in the transition is flawed. The transition is a troubled time and with many changes taking place and young adults, as well as relatives, experience a higher level of concerns. The results show that while support for relatives is available in habilitation, the support in question is primarily provided in relation to the young adult's diagnosis, which according to the results indicate that relatives support in the transition process is insufficient. The relatives support needs to be seen from a broader perspective where collaboration with other services is of great importance.

The purpose of this study was to examine formal volunteering among retirees in order to explore whether their volunteer experiences represent an extension of their career in the paid workforce or whether their volunteer activities represent a completely new direction, and how this influences their career self-concept, as interpreted through Donald Super’s life-span, life-space theory of career development. This study employed a developmental mixed-method design. In Phase 1, qualitative interviews were conducted with 12 participants to better understand retirees’ volunteer experiences. Phase 1 informed the design of an instrument for the Phase 2 survey which examined the issues among a larger sample of 214 retirees. The Phase 2 results supported the Phase 1 findings and indicated that many retirees sought an extension of career in volunteer activities in that they used similar skills and knowledge. Study participants also displayed a desire for lifelong learning. Retirees relinquished their paid-work career, took on the retiree and volunteer roles, and integrated these roles within their career self-concept to create a new sense of self. These results indicated that the retirees had entered a new stage of life, qualitatively different from ‘retirement’. To better reflect the experiences of these retirees, it was proposed that Donald Super’s life-span, life-space theory of career development be extended to include Redirection. This theorizing is consistent with the finding that retirees both wanted to and are able to integrate previous paid work elements as well as seek out lifelong learning opportunities within their volunteer activities. This study demonstrates that the volunteer role in the lives of retirees can lead to personal renewal and reshaping of the career self-concept, or what is labeled as the stage of Redirection. This study also has implications for volunteer management, retirement planning and social policy, and may be of interest to volunteer managers, nonprofit organizations, career counsellors, financial planners, retirement planning consultants, life coaches and policy planners.

The purpose of this study was to examine formal volunteering among retirees in order to explore whether their volunteer experiences represent an extension of their career in the paid workforce or whether their volunteer activities represent a completely new direction, and how this influences their career self-concept, as interpreted through Donald Super’s life-span, life-space theory of career development. This study employed a developmental mixed-method design. In Phase 1, qualitative interviews were conducted with 12 participants to better understand retirees’ volunteer experiences. Phase 1 informed the design of an instrument for the Phase 2 survey which examined the issues among a larger sample of 214 retirees. The Phase 2 results supported the Phase 1 findings and indicated that many retirees sought an extension of career in volunteer activities in that they used similar skills and knowledge. Study participants also displayed a desire for lifelong learning. Retirees relinquished their paid-work career, took on the retiree and volunteer roles, and integrated these roles within their career self-concept to create a new sense of self. These results indicated that the retirees had entered a new stage of life, qualitatively different from ‘retirement’. To better reflect the experiences of these retirees, it was proposed that Donald Super’s life-span, life-space theory of career development be extended to include Redirection. This theorizing is consistent with the finding that retirees both wanted to and are able to integrate previous paid work elements as well as seek out lifelong learning opportunities within their volunteer activities. This study demonstrates that the volunteer role in the lives of retirees can lead to personal renewal and reshaping of the career self-concept, or what is labeled as the stage of Redirection. This study also has implications for volunteer management, retirement planning and social policy, and may be of interest to volunteer managers, nonprofit organizations, career counsellors, financial planners, retirement planning consultants, life coaches and policy planners.

Prevailing low fertility rates in several European states, such as Germany, have been studied widely in recent years. Findings include discrepancies between fertility preference and actual family size as well as between fertility intentions and fertility behavior; an ‘unmet need’ for children found on the individual and the societal level. Fertility preference is specified as the individual ideal number of children, and fertility intentions as the long- or short-term plans to have a child. Apart from investigating the rates of realization, these measures have been understudied. The objective of this study is to illuminate a new angle of low fertility rates in Germany by reviewing fertility measures previously considered to be stable predictors of fertility behavior. The aim is to investigate the stability of fertility preferences and of positive short-term fertility intentions of Germans in their reproductive age. According to the Theory of Planned Behavior and the life-course perspective, attitudes and experiences can influence fertility preferences and short-term fertility intentions. In this study, the suspected connection between unstable preferences and intentions and certain attitudes towards and experiences with the career, working life, and childcare situation is examined. These processes are expected to differ between men and women, and between childless individuals, parents with one child and parents with more than one child. Using data from seven survey waves of the German family panel pairfam, fixed-effects and random-effects regression models are run separately for women and men and for those of different parities. The results suggest that those with high career importance and those who expect or perceive a negative effect of children on the career are more likely to have unstable positive intentions. Although fertility preferences are shown to be somewhat unstable, no relevant relationships can be found. The differences between the findings on men and women regarding relevant determinants and direction of the relationships are unexpectedly small. Childless individuals are as likely to hold unstable preferences and intentions as parents.

À l’ère du militantisme digital, il est fréquent d’apercevoir des militants se placer en tant que porte parole sur différents champs de bataille au fil du temps. Dans ce contexte, la légitimité de leurs prises de position est questionnée par le tribunal médiatique. Là où certains dénoncent un opportunisme politique, nous avançons la thèse selon laquelle une multitude d’éléments peuvent motiver les changements de champs d’action militants visibles. C’est pourquoi la recherche présentée vise à mettre en lumière les processus influençant les transitions d’engagements militants au travers des mouvements sociaux protestataires. Pour ce faire, des entretiens semi-directifs ont été menés auprès de 8 militants alors actifs au sein de la mouvance opposée aux mesures sanitaires. Dans cette démarche, le récit des participants et un calendrier de vie ont été combinés dans un protocole d’enquête narrative biographique. Finalement, les données d'entretiens collectées ont été analysées à l'aide d'une méthode de théorisation ancrée s'appuyant sur un cadre théorique mobilisant la perspective du parcours de vie. Cette méthode a permis de montrer que les expériences influençant les trajectoires militantes diffèrent selon les modalités de transitions ; c’est-à-dire selon si elle s’effectue entre des groupes contestataires au sein d’un même mouvement, ou entre des mouvements défendant des causes différentes. Les résultats ont montré que les transitions d’engagements entre groupes contestataires peuvent être influencées par des insatisfactions liées aux stratégies d’actions ; alors que les transitions d’engagement actif entre deux mouvements protestataires peuvent être expliquées, soit (a) par un cumul d’engagement survenu suite à l’apparition d’un événement imprévu induisant une priorité d’action, soit (b) par une stratégie visant à faire perdurer les rétributions de la carrière militante au moment du déclin du mouvement alors investi. Par ailleurs, ce projet de recherche contribue plus généralement à expliquer les expériences ayant motivé des transitions d’engagements militants selon les propos des acteurs de cet objet d’études, dont 5 leaders du mouvement opposé aux mesures sanitaires. / In the age of digital activism, it's common to see activists positioning themselves as spokespersons on different battlefields over time. In this context, the legitimacy of their positions is questioned by the media tribunal. Where some denounce political opportunism, we put forward the thesis that a multitude of elements can motivate visible changes in activist fields of action. For this reason, the research presented here aims to shed light on the processes influencing transitions in activist commitment through social protest movements. To this end, semi-directive interviews were conducted with 8 activists then active within the movement opposed to health measures. In this approach, the participants' narratives and a life calendar were combined in a biographical narrative survey protocol. Finally, the interview data collected were analyzed using a grounded theorizing method based on a theoretical framework mobilizing the life-course perspective. This method enabled us to show that the course influencing militant trajectories differs according to the modalities of transitions, i.e. whether they take place between protest groups within the same movement, or between movements defending different causes. The results show that transitions of commitment between protest groups can be influenced by dissatisfaction with action strategies ; whereas transitions of active commitment between two protest movements can be explained either (a) by an accumulation of commitment following the appearance of an unforeseen event inducing a priority for action, or (b) by a strategy aimed at maintaining the rewards of the activist career at the time of the decline of the movement then invested. In addition, this research project contributes more generally to explaining the experiences that motivated militant transitions in activist commitments according to the words of the actors in this object of study, including 5 leaders of the movement opposed to health measures.