In his book Ritual House, Ralph Knowles states, "The houses we inhabit, the cities surrounding our houses, even the clothes we wear - all are shelters we erect against the elements. But they are also manifestations of ancient rituals, developed in response to nature's rhythms" (2006). Implicit within this quote is the importance of nature's rhythms in our lives, particularly those related to the movement of the sun. Many built environments have no connection to the exterior. Those who work in these spaces are disconnected from these natural rhythms and often experience detrimental physiological effects. However, technology has the potential to reintroduce aspects of natural rhythms into built environments. This research crossed disciplinary boundaries separating architecture, engineering, psychology, and building science during the design of an architectural intervention for an interior workspace known as the Sandbox, at Virginia Tech. The design proposal includes skylights that combine Photovoltaic-integrated glazing with LED lighting to create conditions that stimulate the occupants while connecting inside to out. To reestablish a connection to natural rhythms the BIPV energy monitoring is used during the day to record variations in solar radiation which at night are played back through intensity and color variations of LED lighting. The effect of the LED lighting was compared with the sunlight entering through the skylights using quantitative analysis methods and qualitative visual comparison tools including time lapse photos and videos. The research merges architectural design, lighting technology and BIPV to demonstrate a proof-of-concept for the reintroduction of natural rhythms into built environments. / Master of Science

Current residential building designs have become very close and confined. This confinement has made the house lacking in the feeling of open space and the gradual transition from the outdoor to the indoor spaces. These units lack to ventilation, natural lighting, and the connection with the natural environments. In this study, a non-conventional design of the residential building is introduced. This design has revealed the elements of the ideal that is missing in the typical residential buildings today. / Master of Architecture

Nighttime intersection crashes account for nearly half of all the intersection crashes, making them a major traffic safety concern. Although providing lighting at intersections has proven to be a successful countermeasure against these crashes, existing approaches to designing lighting at intersections are overly simplified. Current standards are based on recommending lighting levels, but do not account for the role of human vision or vehicle headlamps or the numerous pedestrian-vehicle conflict locations at intersections. For effective intersection lighting design, empirical evidence is required regarding the effects of lighting configuration (part of the intersection illuminated) and lighting levels on nighttime visibility. This research effort had three goals. The first was to identify an intersection lighting design that results in the best nighttime visibility. The second goal was to determine the effect of illuminance on visual performance at intersections. The third goal was to understand the relationships between object luminance, contrast, and visibility. To achieve these goals, three specific configurations were used, that illuminated the intersection approach (Approach), intersection box (Box), and both the intersection approach and box (Both). Each lighting configuration was evaluated under five levels of illumination. Visibility was assessed both objectively (visual performance) and subjectively (perceptions of visibility and glare). Illuminating the intersection box led to superior visual performance, higher perceived visibility, and lower perceived glare. For this same configuration, plateaus in visual performance and perceived visibility occurred between 8 and 12 lux illuminance levels. A photometric analysis revealed that the Box lighting configuration rendered targets in sufficient positive and negative contrasts to result in higher nighttime visibility. Negatively contrast targets aided visual performance, while for targets rendered in positive contrast visual performance was dependent on the magnitude of the contrast. The relationship between pedestrian contrast and perceived pedestrian visibility was more complex, as pedestrians were often rendered in multiple contrast polarities. These results indicate that Box illumination is an effective strategy to enhance nighttime visual performance and perceptions of visibility while reducing glare, and which may be an energy efficient solution as it requires fewer luminaires. / Ph. D.

Meditation is known as a practice of bringing oneself to a peaceful state of mind. It will become more interesting to more people if they can find its meaning in many more things around them. In this study, the roles which repetition plays in meditation will be used in architecture in many ways. Repetition can create the visual rhythm of shape, form, pattern, and space. The transformable ideal of repetition changes to become an architectural space. This project attempts to discus meditation in terms of architectural studies, and how the structures of materials together with their lighting elements can create a space for meditation. / Master of Architecture

Αντικείμενο της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η αναφορά των επιπτώσεων που προκαλούν οι κεραυνοί σε διατάξεις χαμηλής τάσης και o τρόπος, με τον οποίο ο άνθρωπος μπορεί να προστατέψει μια κατασκευή. Ώς μοντέλο, για να διαπιστωθεί αν η θεωρία μπορεί να γίνει πράξη, χρησιμοποιήθηκε ένα υπάρχον κτιριακό συγκρότημα που βρίσκεται σε περιοχή της Κύπρου, όπου κατά τη διάρκεια κεραυνικών πληγμάτων σημειώνονταν ηλεκτρολογικές ζημιές. Η μελέτη έγινε σύμφωνα με τους ισχύοντες διεθνείς κανονισμούς αντικεραυνικής προστασίας και τη σχετική βιβλιογραφική θεωρία. Μετά τη μελέτη και τον υπολογισμό όλων των υπολοίπων τμημάτων που απαρτίζουν το σύστημα αντικεραυνικής προστασίας ακολουθεί η σχεδίαση του στο πρόγραμμα σχεδίασης AutoCAD. Τέλος, με εξομοίωση του ισοδύναμου κυκλώματος, του ΣΑΠ, στο λογισμικό πρόγραμμα EMTP-ATP, μελετάται η μεταβατική συμπεριφορά του συστήματος γείωσης για να κριθεί αν το σύστημα που σχεδιάστηκε είναι αποτελεσματικό ή όχι. Το προτεινόμενο σύστημα αντικεραυνικής προστασίας όπως παρουσιάζεται στην πιο κάτω διπλωματική εργασία σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα, μπορεί να παρέχει μια αξιόπιστη και ασφαλή λειτουργία του κτιριακού συγκροτήματος χωρίς περαιτέρω ζημιές. / The main subject of this thesis is the study and designing of a lighting strike protection system in an existing building complex. In addition, the consequences of lighting strikes in buildings are studied and what someone can do to protect buildings. In order to apply the theory in practice, an existing building complex located in Cyprus, is used as a model in order to design the lighting protection system, since damages were observed during several lighting strikes the last few years. The study and the design of the protection system is made by following the national lighting strike protection rules and theory presented in existing literature. The study and calculations of the other parts that belong to the complete lighting strike protection system are followed by the designing of the complete system in Autocad. Moreover, a study of the transient behaviour of the Earth-termination system is done via the simulation of the building complex by using the EMTP-ATP software. It is important to mention that the phenomenon of ionization is consider as well in this step. The proposed lighting protection system as it is presented in this thesis and according to the results, can provide a reliable and safe operation of the building complex without any further damages.

Within the lighting industry, major focus on rules and restrictions must be followed when developing luminaires. To be able to place a lighting luminaire in a wet room certain requirements must be fulfilled. These requirements are something that must be taken into account and be followed early in the product development process. The study was conducted in collaboration with the company Bsweden Belysningsbolaget AB (Bsweden). Bsweden expressed a desire to receive one or more proposals for products that would expand or strengthen their product variety. The product would be included in the segment “lighting luminaries that can withstand water and are suitable for bathrooms”. The purpose of this study was therefore to develop a proposal of a lighting luminaire that could withstand water and that are suitable for bathrooms. The methods used were literature study, case study, competitor analysis and a design process. Literature study was carried out in the following areas; lighting theory, light sources, choice of material, electrical safety and theory about the design process. The case study consisted of document study and interviews with Bsweden and with the company Intertek Semko AB. A competitor analysis of Bsweden’s nearest competitors was also conducted. All the gathered information was then used during the design process where a design requirement specification and functional analysis was created. These were used as a guideline during the design process and to develop the result of the study. The result contains of a product proposal consisting a stripped and timeless lighting luminaire, adapted for bathrooms. The product proposal meets Bswedens’ requirements and the requirements in the design specification and the functional analysis; therefore the purpose of the study is fulfilled. Because of the existing conditions, the proposed product could not be tested in reality. If a prototype of the product would been manufactured and sent to testing, the requirements for the product could be tested and the results could therefore become more reliable. / Inom belysningsbranschen är det stort fokus på regler och restriktioner som måste efterföljas vid framtagning av armaturer. För att en belysningsarmatur ska få placeras i ett våtrum måste den uppfylla vissa krav. Dessa krav är något som det måste tas hänsyn till och efterföljas tidigt i en produktframtagningsprocess.   Studien har utförts i samarbete med företaget Bsweden belysningsbolaget AB (Bsweden). Bsweden uttryckte en önskan om att få ett eller flera förslag på produkter som skulle kunna utöka och stärka deras sortiment. Produkten skulle ingå i segmentet belysningsarmaturer som är anpassade för badrum. Syftet med studien har därför varit att ta fram ett förslag på en belysningsarmatur som är våtrumsanpassad för badrum.     De metoder som användes var litteraturstudie, fallstudie, konkurrentanalys och designprocess. Litteraturstudie genomfördes inom områdena belysningsteori, ljus-källor, materialval, elsäkerhet samt designprocess. Fallstudien bestod av dokument-studier och intervjuer med uppdragsgivaren Bsweden samt med företaget Intertek. Dessutom utfördes en konkurrentanalys av Bswedens närmsta konkurrenter. All insamlad information användes sedan under designprocessen där en designkravspeci-fikation och funktionsanalys skapades. Dessa användes som vägvisare under designprocessen för att leda fram till studiens resultat.   Resultatet består av ett produktförslag på en avskalad och tidlös belysningsarmatur, anpassad för badrum. Produktförslaget uppfyller de krav som Bsweden ställt samt kraven i designkravspecifikationen. Därmed anses det att studiens frågeställningar har besvarats och således har studiens syfte uppfyllts.   Utifrån de förutsättningar som fanns kunde inte produktförslaget testas i verkligheten. Om en prototyp av produktförslaget hade tillverkats och skickats iväg på testning kunde kraven för produkten testats och resultatet hade således blivit mer tillförlitligt.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:44:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ANA CAROLINA DE FARIA.pdf: 3678742 bytes, checksum: 140dc6483cae0309eb8ac3a1056ce995 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-10 / Artificial lighting is essential to modern living and presents a major challenge for the twenty-first century. Many problems associated with it have become major global concerns, not only because of the scarcity of natural resources it requires, but also because of the extent of the negative consequences arising from the segment. By means of an exploratory, participatory research, and a theoretical and documentary review, with emphasis on sustainable principles, it was seen that the problems caused by artificial lighting, in addition to energy consumption, also include people s health and well-being, changes in the natural cycle of animals, plants and insects, emission of greenhouse gases, pollution and contamination of the air, water and soil. Light Emitting Diodes (LED) has been presented to the market as an efficient and sustainable product to replace the different existing lamps, while promising to revolutionize lighting in general. This study set out to explore certain aspects involving the sphere of artificial lighting, to identify problems, point to solutions and analyze why LED is the most appropriate resource available today. The survey records the many benefits of LED as a solution to the different problems identified. It is a promising, commercially available technology which is likely to be a serious alternative to conventional technologies and will increase the energy efficiency of lighting systems. LED makes a major contribution to the artificial lighting sphere, but is not sufficient to make the segment sustainable. To become sustainable, social, economic, political and environmental aspects must be addressed. / A iluminação artificial é imprescindível na vida do homem moderno e tem sido um grande desafio para o século XXI. Diversos problemas já foram identificados, o que tem sido uma grande preocupação mundial, não apenas pela escassez dos recursos naturais utilizados para produzi-la, mas pela dimensão de consequências negativas provenientes do setor. Através da pesquisa exploratória, participativa, revisão teórica e documental, com ênfase nos princípios sustentáveis, identificou-se que os problemas causados pela iluminação artificial além do consumo de energia, incluem a saúde e o bem-estar do homem, alteração do ciclo natural de animais, plantas e insetos, emissão de gases de efeito-estufa, poluição e contaminação do ar, água e solo entre outros. Os Diodos Emissores de Luz (LED) tem sido apresentados no mercado como um produto eficiente e sustentável, para substituição das diversas lâmpadas existentes, prometendo revolucionar a iluminação de modo geral. O estudo teve como objetivo explorar alguns aspectos que envolvem o âmbito da iluminação artificial, identificar os problemas, apontar algumas soluções e investigar por que o LED é o mais indicado recurso disponível na atualidade. A pesquisa registra os diversos benefícios do LED enquanto solução para os diversos problemas apontados. É a tecnologia promissora que está disponível no mercado e provavelmente será uma importante alternativa para substituir as tecnologias convencionais e aumentar a eficiência energética dos sistemas de iluminação. O LED é um fator de grande contribuição para o âmbito da iluminação artificial, porém não é suficiente para que o setor se torne sustentável. Para chegar a resultados positivos que visam à sustentabilidade do segmento, os aspectos sociais, econômicos, políticos e ambientais devem ser inseridos neste contexto.

Over the last 150 years the natural nighttime environment has been drastically altered by the proliferation of artificial light. The amount of artificial light at night is on the increase, and there is a current trend to replace older lighting with more energy efficient types such as light emitting diodes (LEDs) or ceramic metal halide; in Cornwall, UK, there has been a relatively recent replacement of the street lighting, from low pressure sodium to ceramic metal halide. Alongside the increasing amount of artificial nighttime light, recent research has highlighted declines in macro moth numbers. Given the well-known ‘flight-to-light’ behaviour of moths, and the negative effects this behaviour can have, alongside other known and potential ways in which nighttime light can affect moths, the increasing amount of artificial light in the environment is a suspected contributor to the declines. It is particularly important to understand how modern lighting technologies will impact upon moths, as different spectra of light are known to vary in terms of how attractive they are. As a means to determine the potential impact of different street lighting types on moths, particularly the ceramic metal halide lighting rolled out in Cornwall, UK, we compared the attractiveness to macro moths, of a number of increasingly used, energy efficient, street lighting types. We found that shorter wavelength metal halide lighting attracted significantly more individuals and species of moth than longer wavelength high pressure sodium lighting. In a second experiment, we also found ceramic metal halide lighting to be more attractive to macro moths than LED lighting. Reduced emissions of short wavelength UV light was deemed the likely reason behind the fewer macro moths attracted to the high pressure sodium and LED lighting. Interestingly, we also found striking differences in the relative attractiveness of the different lighting types to different moth groups. The metal halide lighting attracted significantly more Noctuidae than high pressure sodium lighting, whereas both high pressure sodium and metal halide lighting were equally attractive to Geometridae. Understanding accurately the extent to which different groups of moth are attracted to different wavelengths of light could be useful in determining the impact of artificial light on moth populations. In addition to impacting moths through attraction, artificial light has the potential to alter the day length as perceived by organisms, which at mid- to high latitudes is utilised by certain species as an abiotic cue to ensure the coincidence of development with favourable environmental conditions. Due to a paucity of knowledge on how raised ambient nighttime light levels affect moths and the trophic levels with which they interact, we carried out analyses into the impact of nighttime light on the winter moth and its host plant oak; a well-studied model system, where synchrony between moth egg hatch and oak budburst is important for the moth’s survival. Firstly we carried out an analysis looking at the relationship between the amount of nighttime light and the date of oak budburst. Spatially referenced budburst dates were matched with satellite imagery of nighttime lighting and average spring temperature data, and the relationship between the variables was analysed. Model predictions suggested that oak budburst occurs earlier in brighter areas. In addition, the predicted advance of budburst in brighter areas was still apparent when analysing only the data points that fell outside of large urban areas, where the urban heat island effect is likely reduced. The findings suggested that artificial nighttime light may be causing an advance in oak budburst. To follow up the spatial analysis we carried out a field experiment. We used light cages that simulated various nighttime lighting scenarios to test whether oak budburst and winter moth egg hatch were affected by low intensity light at night. In contrast to the spatial analysis, there was no significant relationship found between light treatment and the phenology of either oak budburst or winter moth egg hatch. However, there was a suggestion in the data that the higher buds of the oak saplings emerged earlier in the yellow light treatment, highlighting the need for further research into the potential impact of artificial nighttime light on phenology and species interactions. In conclusion, the findings of this research project provide information useful to those seeking ecologically sensitive lighting solutions, and also highlight a potential tool to assist in determining whether light at night is a causative factor behind apparent moth declines. In addition, they suggest that artificial light at night may be affecting the phenology of an ecological system at a national scale. Finally, this research project has highlighted the complexity of the ecological impacts of artificial light at night, and also a need for further research.

Grâce à la politique du "Doi moi", le développement urbain au Vietnam en général et l’évolution de l’éclairage urbain en particulier ont obtenu des résultats considérables. Quelques villes vietnamiennes ont recueilli des résultats appréciables dans la création d’une identité urbaine grâce à leur politique d’éclairage. Cependant, l’éclairage de la capitale Hanoï, une ville bien appréciée pour sa richesse des patrimoines culturels et architecturaux, n’a pas encore créé une profonde impression, en particulier l’éclairage de sa fête du Millénaire qui a été une déception bien qu’il ait été pris en charge par la plus grande société de tout pays dans le domaine de l’éclairage et qu’il ait reçu une somme énorme d’investissement considérable. Dans le contexte où l’éclairage urbain se développe et devient un facteur de développement socio-économique et un bon outil de valorisation d’identité urbaine aussi, l’attirance faible de l’éclairage a fait perdre plusieurs chances d’essor à Hanoï. L’obligation de l’élaboration de l’urbanisme lumière est un grand enjeu de la ville, surtout son dernier SDAU soulève encore bien des doutes. Même si l’on peut dresser un bon document d’urbanisme lumière pour Hanoï, lequel vise à économiser de l’énergie et à limiter les impacts de l’éclairage sur l’environnement, tout en répondant aux besoins de vision et de sécurité, à la création d’identité urbaine aussi, l’éclairage de Hanoï ne pourra pas prendre son envol tant que son marché non concurrentiel et non transparent continuera à régner. / Thanks to the policy of "Doi moi", urban development in Vietnam in general and the evolution of urban lighting in particular have achieved considerable results. Some cities in Vietnam have been successful in creating an urban identity through their lighting policy. However, the lighting in the capital Hanoi, a city highly appreciated for its riches in cultural and architectural heritages, has not created any good impression. Especially, the lighting during the Millennium celebrations was such a disappointment even though it was taken care by the biggest company of the country and received an enormous amount of investment. In the context where urban lighting develops and becomes a factor of socioeconomic development and a good tool in promoting urban identity, the poor attraction of lighting contributed to the loss of several chances for development for Hanoi. The obligation of elaborating a lighting planning is a big challenge for the city, especially when the most recent city planning of Hanoi has even raised more doubts. Even if they can create a good lighting planning for Hà-Nội, one that saves energy and limits the impacts of the lighting on the environment, while meeting the needs of vision and security, one that also creates an urban identity, the lighting of Hanoi will not be able to take off as long as its uncompetitive and non-transparent market will continue to reign.

In Uppsala, Sweden, Vattenfall has a combined heat and power plant. On the premises there is an engineering workshop with old fluorescent and mercury lamps that need to be replaced. This provides a great opportunity to save energy and money by installing more efficient lighting. The main purpose of this study was to present two functional and energy efficient lighting systems including control system. The lighting systems were designed by investigating the working environment, measuring illuminance and by simulations in the software DIALux. Additionally Life Cycle Cost (LCC) was used as an instrument of comparison. One alternative was designed using mainly modern T5 fluorescent lighting. For the other alternative powerful LED-lamps were chosen as the primary light source. The simulations showed the two alternatives to be equally good in regard to performance and energy saving potential. With sustained illuminance level the installed power of both systems was around 34 kW ascompared to 54 kW, the estimated value of the existing lighting system. The LCC, however, differed significantly with the fluorescent alternative having a total cost of 1.1 million SEK over a 20 year period while the same number for the LED alternative being 2.2 million SEK. The difference in LCC makes fluorescent lighting the preferable alternative. The present consumption is estimated to 142 MWh. The fluorescent lighting alternative would have an approximated energy consumption of 78.6 MWh including a control system, giving an energy saving potential of 45 %.