Deep foundations such as driven piles are often used to bypass liquefiable layers of soil and bear on more competent strata. When liquefaction occurs, the skin friction around the deep foundation goes to zero in the liquefiable layer. As the pore pressures dissipate, the soil settles. As the soil settles, negative skin friction develops owing to the downward movement of the soil surrounding the pile. To investigate the magnitude of the skin friction along the shaft three driven piles, an H-pile, a closed end pipe pile, and a concrete square pile, were instrumented and used to measure soil induced load at a site near Turrell, Arkansas following blast-induced liquefaction. Measurements were made of the load in the pile, the settlement of the ground and the settlement of piles in each case. Estimates of side friction and end-bearing resistance were obtained from Pile Driving Analyzer (PDA) measurements during driving and embedded O-cell type testing. The H-pile was driven to a depth of 94 feet, the pipe pile 74 feet, and the concrete square pile 72 feet below the ground surface to investigate the influence of pile depth in response to liquefaction. All three piles penetrated the liquefied layer and tipped out in denser sand. The soil surrounding the piles settled 2.5 inches for the H-pile, 2.8 inches for the pipe pile and 3.3 inches for the concrete square pile. The piles themselves settled 0.28 inches for the H-pile, 0.32 inches for the pipe pile, and 0.28 inches for the concrete square pile. During reconsolidation, the skin friction of the liquefied layer was 43% for the H-pile, 41% for the pipe pile, and 49% for the concrete square pile. Due to the magnitude of load felt in the piles from these tests the assumption of 50% skin friction developing in the liquefied zone is reasonable. Reduced side friction in the liquefied zone led to full mobilization of skin friction in the non-liquefied soil, and partial mobilization of end bearing capacity. The neutral plane, defined as the depth where the settlement of the soil equals the settlement of the pile, was outside of the liquefied zone in each scenario. The neutral plane method that uses mobilized end bearing measured during blasting to calculate settlement of the pile post liquefaction proved to be accurate for these three piles.

Despite advancements in the analysis of statnamic load testing data, there exists uncertainty with underlying procedural assumptions. Two such assumptions are that the system mass and soil-related damping coefficient remain constant throughout the loading event. These assumptions are the culprit of aberrant predictions of the static capacity at small displacements when the overall displacement is large. An exploration of the assumptions may validate prior existing test results as well as solidify the current analysis process. However, an exploration could also reveal an overestimation or underestimation of portions of the predicted static load responses. The testing program outlined herein consists of a two-phase sequential agenda devoted toward the preparation and familiarization of a new laboratory statnamic device. The first phase involves the development of user guidelines for accurately targeting a desired statnamic test, and the second incorporates the guidelines into a preliminary testing regime specifically targeted at determining a suspected strain-dependant statnamic damping coefficient. The steps taken in this thesis are intended to launch future research endeavors toward obtaining a better understanding of the statnamic damping coefficient.

The role of surface chemical effects in hydraulic fracturing of shale is studied using the results of unconfined compression tests and Brazilian tests on Mancos shale- cored at depths of 20-60 ft. The rock mineralogy, total organic carbon and cation exchange capacity were determined in order to characterize the shale. Adsorption tests to study the interaction of the shale and aqueous fluid mixture were also carried out using surface tension measurements. The uniaxial compressive strengths and tensile strengths of individual shale samples after four hours exposure to water, 2.85 x 10^-3 M cationic surfactant (dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide-DTAB) and 2.81 x 10^-3 M anionic surfactant (sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate-SDBS) were analyzed using ANOVA and Bonferroni tests. These mechanical strengths were largely reduced on exposure to the aqueous environments studied, despite the relatively low clay and low swelling clay content of the Mancos shale. Further comparison of the uniaxial compressive strengths and tensile strengths of the shale on exposure to water, to the strengths when exposed to the surfactant solutions showed that their difference was not statistically significant indicating that exposure to water had the greatest effect on strength loss. The surface tension measurement of 2.85 x 10^-4 M DTAB and 2.81 x 10^-4 M SDBS solutions before and after equilibration with shale showed about 80% increase in surface tension in the DTAB solution and 10% increase in surface tension in the SDBS solution. The probable sorption mechanism is electrostatic attraction with negatively charged sites of the shale as shown by significant loss of the cationic surfactant (DTAB) to the shale surface, and the relatively minor adsorption capacity of the anionic surfactant (SDBS). Although these adsorption tests indicate interaction between the shale and surfactant solutions, within the number of tests carried out and the surfactant concentration used, the interaction does not translate into a significant statistical difference for impacts of surfactants on mechanical strength of this shale compared to the impact of water alone. The relevance of this work is to facilitate the understanding of how the strength of rock can be reduced by the composition of hydraulic fracturing fluids, to achieve improved fracture performance and higher recovery of natural gas from shale reservoirs.

Over the past 50 years, several advancements have been made in the research area of the mechanics of unsaturated soils. These advancements can be categorized into two groups; (i) development (or improvement) of testing techniques (or apparatus) to determine the mechanical properties of unsaturated soils and (ii) development of (numerical, empirical or semi-empirical) models to estimate the variation of mechanical properties of unsaturated soils with respect to suction based on the experimental results. Implementation of the mechanics of unsaturated soils in conventional geotechnical engineering practice, however, has been rather limited. The key reasons for the limited practical applications may be attributed to the lack of simple and reliable methods for (i) measuring soil suction in the field quickly and reliably and (ii) estimating the variation of mechanical properties of unsaturated soils with respect to suction. The main objective of this thesis research is to develop simple and reliable techniques, models or approaches that can be used in geotechnical engineering practice to estimate sol suction and the mechanical properties of unsaturated soils. This research can be categorized into three parts. In the First Part, simple techniques are proposed to estimate the suction values of as-compacted unsaturated fine-grained soils using a pocket penetrometer and a conventional tensiometer. The suction values less than 300 kPa can be estimated using a strong relationship between the compressive strength measured using a pocket penetrometer and matric suction value. The high suction values in the range of 1,200 kPa to 60,000 kPa can be estimated using the unique relationship between the initial tangent of conventional tensiometer response versus time behavior and suction value. In the Second Part, approaches or semi-empirical models are proposed to estimate the variation of mechanical properties of unsaturated soils with respect to suction, which include: - Bearing capacity of unsaturated fine-grained soils - Variation of bearing capacity of unsaturated fine-grained soils with respect to matric suction - Variation of initial tangent elastic modulus of unsaturated soils below shallow foundations with respect to matric suction - Variation of maximum shear modulus with respect to matric suction for unsaturated non-plastic sandy soils (i.e. plasticity index, Ip = 0 %) In the Third Part, approaches (or methodologies) are suggested to simulate the vertically applied stress versus surface settlement behavior of shallow foundations in unsaturated coarse-grained soils assuming elastic-perfectly plastic behavior. These methodologies are extended to simulate the stress versus settlement behavior of both model footings and in-situ plates in unsaturated coarse-grained soils. The results show that there is a reasonably good comparison between the measured values (i.e. soil suction, bearing capacity, elastic and shear modulus) and those estimated using the techniques or models proposed in this thesis research. The models (or methodologies) proposed in this thesis research are promising and encouraging for modeling studies and practicing engineers to estimate the variation of mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils with respect to matric suction.

Group of piles are widely used deep foundation systems to resist lateral and vertical loads. Seismic and static performance of pile groups mostly depend on soil type, pile spacing and pier rigidity. Not many pile lateral load tests have been performed due to high costs. Advanced and complex analytical methods were developed over the years to assess nonlinear lateral pile response. This research is conducted aiming at developing a practical analysis method to verify the lateral performance of pile groups and its effect on overall response of bridge utilizing the available pile lateral load test data. Empirical constants derived from evaluation of lateral load tests are used in a simple formulation to define the nonlinear behavior of the pile-soil system. An analysis guideline is established to model the nonlinear soil-bridge interaction by the help of a general purpose structural analysis program comprising recommendations for various cases. Results of the proposed method is compared to the results of industry accepted advanced methods using response spectrum and nonlinear time history analyses to assess the suitability of this new application. According to the analysis results, proposed simple method can be used as an effective analysis tool for the determination of response of the superstructure.

In this study, the load bearing behavior of piled raft foundations is investigated performing laboratory and field tests. Piled raft foundation of a multi storey building was also instrumented and monitored in order to study the load sharing mechanism of piled raft foundations. A small reinforced concrete piled raft of 2.3 m square supported by four mini piles at the corners was loaded and contribution of the raft support up to 41 % of the total load was observed. The soil was stiff fissured Ankara clay with no ground water. A building founded on a piled raft foundation was instrumented and monitored using earth pressure cells beneath the raft during its construction period. The foundation soil was a deep graywacke highly weathered at the upper 10 m with no ground water. The proportion of load that was carried by the raft was 21 to 24 % of the total load near the edge and 44 to 56 % under the core. In the laboratory tests, model aluminum piles with outerinner diameters of 2218 mm and a length of 200 mm were used. The raft was made of steel plate with plan dimensions of 176 mm x 176 mm and a thickness of 10 mm. The model piles were instrumented with strain gages to monitor pile loads. Model piled raft configurations with different number of piles were tested. The behavior of a single pile and the plain raft were also investigated. The soil in the model tests was half and half sand &ndash / kaolinite mixture. It has been observed that when a piled raft is loaded gradually, piles take more load initially and after they reach their full capacity additional loads are carried by raft. The proportion of load that was carried by the raft decreases with the increasing number of piles and the load per pile is decreased. Center, edge and corner piles are not loaded equally under rafts. It has been found that rafts share foundation loads at such levels that should not be ignored.

Damage and condition identi&amp / #64257 / cation of existing structures using non-destructive tests is a common challenge that has been worked on for a long time. In this study, two di&amp / #64256 / erent methods were developed to &amp / #64257 / nd existing force on cables as well as determine bending characteristics (EI coe&amp / #64259 / cients) of beam like structures (such as bridges). Comparing forces in symmetrically placed cables or against values obtained from design drawings would indicate structural imbalance as well as &amp / #64257 / nding EI coe&amp / #64259 / cients at a number of segments on a bridge girder might indicate weak regions that might possibly have undergone structural damage, having weak connections, lost composite action etc. With the help of the proposed algorithm, the sti&amp / #64256 / ness parameters of bridges can be assessed and the location of any damage that is in the magnitude which can a&amp / #64256 / ect displacement behavior of system can be located. The developed methods are demonstrated using the values analytically obtained from the created models and the e&amp / #64256 / ectiveness of the algorithm is criticized. Furthermore, several damage scenarios on a scaled lab beam was used to test the application using real experimental data / including tests on undamaged beam (for identi&amp / #64257 / cation) and tests on the damaged beam. Additional experiments were conducted on a cable stretched in the laboratory instrumented using a load cell to measure instantaneous axial load on the cable and compare these values against the values obtained from the developed tension measurement device. The results are compared and conclusions are derived.

Orientador: Miriam Gonçalves Miguel / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T14:10:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Scallet_MarcellaMaschietto_M.pdf: 1855400 bytes, checksum: 6ec58c53afe478625fb1fa36239f671c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o comportamento de estacas escavadas de pequeno diâmetro, submetidas a carregamentos axiais de compressão através de provas de carga estática realizadas no Campo Experimental de Mecânica dos Solos e Fundações 2 da Unicamp. O CEMSF2 apresenta um perfil geológico cuja primeira camada é constituída de argila siltosa, coluvionar, laterítica e colapsível. Pretendeu-se avaliar as capacidades de carga e os recalques dessas estacas nas condições: a) sem pré-inundação e sem melhoria de ponta; b) sem pré-inundação e com melhoria de 1 ponta, com o lançamento de um volume de 18 litros de brita 1 no fundo da estaca antes da concretagem; c) com pré-inundação e sem melhoria de ponta e d) com préinundação e com melhoria de ponta. Todas as estacas foram submetidas a dois carregamentos (ensaios e reensaios), sob uma mesma condição acima descrita. Foram instalados tensiômetros convencionais para a leitura das sucções matriciais do solo durante a realização das provas de carga. Através das curvas carga versus recalque foram definidas as capacidades de carga e as resistências ao atrito lateral e de ponta, por meio de métodos de interpretação dessas curvas com o solo sem inundação e préinundado por 48horas, considerando as reduções dos valores da sucção matricial do solo, devido às duas condições de umidade. A capacidade de carga das estacas nos ensaios foi menor do que nos reensaios, para as estacas sem pré-inundação, devido ao aumento da resistência de ponta nos reensaios. Nas provas de carga com préinundação, em geral, não houve aumento de resistência de ponta dos ensaios para os reensa ios. A resistência ao atrito lateral foi maior que a resistência de ponta em todas as provas de carga. O lançamento de brita 1 não trouxe melhorias na capacidade de carga. Reduções consideráveis na capacidade de carga foram observadas em função da pré-inundação do solo, sendo essas reduções mais expressivas para as estacas com melhoria de ponta / Abstract: This paper aims to study the behavior of bored piles of small diameters, subjected to axial compression loads by static load tests carried out at the Field of Experimental Soil Mechanics and Foundation 2 at Unicamp. The CEMSF2 has a geological profile whose first layer is composed of silty clay, with coluvionar, lateritic, and collapsible features.This study intended to evaluate the load capacities and the settlements of these foundations in such conditions: a) without any pre- wetting nor improvement in the tip; b) without any pre-wetting but with a tip improvement, placing a volume of 18 liters of stones 1 in the base of the pile before concreting c) with pre- wetting but without tip improvement and d) with pre-wetting and tip improvement. All these piles were subjected to two loading (tests and retests), under the same test condition described above. Conventional tensiometers were installed to read the matric suctions of the soil during the performance of the load tests. Throughout the load versus settlement curves the load capacities and the strength to lateral friction and tip were defined using methods of interpretation of these curves with the soil without any pre-wetting and 48-hour-pre wetting, considering the reductions of the values of the soil matric suction due to two moisture conditions. The load capacity of piles in the tests was smaller than the one in the retests for the piles without any pre-flooding, due to the increase of the tip strength in the retests. In the load tests with pre-flooding, in general, there was not any increase of strength in the tip of the tests for the retests. The strength to the lateral friction was greater than the tip strength in all loading tests. The placing stones 1did not result any improvement to the bearing capacity. Considerable reductions in bearing capacity were observed because of the pre-wetting soil, such reductions are more significant for the piles with improved tip / Mestrado / Geotecnia / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: Paulo Jose Rocha de Albuquerque / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T04:04:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Melo_BarbaraNardi_M.pdf: 6782464 bytes, checksum: 2db509605b90c7d9ce2ae5bbdafbb1c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A dificuldade de se atingir a ruptura dos elementos de fundação nos ensaios estáticos fez com que, ao longo de várias décadas, diversos métodos de extrapolação da curva carga vs recalque fossem sugeridos por inúmeros pesquisadores, no intuito de determinar a carga de ruptura, destacando-se os métodos propostos por Van der Veen (1953), Mazurkiewics (1972), Décourt (1996) e NBR 6122/1996. Porém, a experiência confirma que os resultados podem variar consideravelmente entre um método e outro. Este trabalho destaca o Conceito de Rigidez proposto por Décourt (1996, 2008), método que, nos últimos anos, vem sendo utilizado pela comunidade geotécnica e é destacado pelo autor como um método que oferece informações de resistência de ponta e atrito lateral, além da carga de ruptura em provas de carga comuns, ou seja, sem instrumentação. Com a interpretação dos resultados, levantados em estacas do tipo escavadas, hélice contínua, raiz, ômega, pré-moldadas, apiloadas e metálicas em seis campos experimentais localizados nas cidades de Campinas/SP, Recife/PE, Vitória/ES, Londrina/PR, Ilha Solteira/SP e Brasília/DF obtiveram-se valores satisfatórios de carga de ruptura convencional em provas de carga levadas a grandes deslocamentos e algumas restrições em provas de carga interrompidas prematuramente. Os resultados de atrito lateral comparados com resultados de estacas instrumentadas trazem valores satisfatórios, ou seja, dentro dos domínios. / Abstract: The difficulty of reaching the rupture of the foundation elements in the static loading made that along several decades several methods of extrapolation of the load - settlement curve were suggested by many researchers, with the intent of determining the load failure, such as the methods proposed by Van der Veen (1953), Mazurkiewics (1972), Décourt (1996) and NBR 6122/1996. But the experience confirms that the obtained results can vary considerably from one method to another. This work details the Concept of Rigidity, proposed by Décourt (1996, 2008), a method that in the last years it has been used by the geotechnical community and which the author claims as a method that provides information on tip resistance and lateral friction, along with the load at failure in common load tests, it means, without instrumentation. Whit the interpretation results raised in bored piles, continuous flight auger, root, omega, driven concrete, "hamered" and metal pile in six experimental fields localized in Campinas/SP, Recife/PE, Vitória/ES, Londrina/PR, Ilha Solteira/SP and Brasilia/DF got satisfactory values of conventional load failure in load tests carried to big movements and some restrictions in load tests not carried to failure. The lateral friction results compared with load tests on instrumented piles results show satisfactory values, it means, in the domains. / Mestrado / Geotecnia / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: Paulo Jose Rocha de Albuquerque / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T17:50:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Zammataro_BrunoBraz_M.pdf: 5071414 bytes, checksum: 81ca663defad90551f9f175888acb63f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Nesta pesquisa estudou-se o comportamento de estacas tipo escavada e hélice contínua, submetidas a prova de carga estática horizontal. Estes elementos encontram-se instalados no Campo Experimental da Feagri, Unicamp, cujo perfil compõe-se de solo estratificado predominantemente argiloso, porém com comportamento de arenoso. Como objetivo principal, obtiveram-se valores de nh, para um intervalo escolhido e através de valores de deslocamento horizontal e carga aplicada. Além disso, obtiveram-se, para diversos métodos, valores de carga de ruptura e carga admissível horizontal, verificando sua validade / Abstract: The behavior of bored and continuous flight auger piles was studied, under static horizontal load. These elements are installed in the Feagri Experimental Field, at the Unicamp campus, with a soil section profile which is predominantly stratified clay, but behaving as sandy soil. The main objective was to obtain values for nh,for a chosen interval and through values of horizontal displacement and applied load. Besides this, for various methods, values were obtained for horizontal loading at rupture and safe loading, verifying their validity / Mestrado / Geotecnia / Mestre em Engenharia Civil