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Orientador: Fernando Cendes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T02:54:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Goncalves_EleonoraBorges_D.pdf: 2276279 bytes, checksum: d153e20d01fc2adb69c63827fff175d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Objetivos: Avaliar os transtornos depressivos em comorbidade com a epilepsia do lobo temporal (ELT), em pacientes com crises refratárias às drogas antiepilépticas (DAEs). Pacientes e métodos: Realizamos um estudo transversal, entrevistando e coletando informações dos prontuários de pacientes que procuraram atendimento no Ambulatório de epilepsia de difícil controle do HC-UNICAMP. A população foi de adultos, com idade igual ou maior de 24 anos, em acompanhamento no HC-UNICAMP, com diagnóstico de ELT refratária, em uso adequado da medicação instituída e ausência de rebaixamento intelectual, demência ou problemas de linguagem. Os pacientes foram submetidos a uma entrevista psiquiátrica semiestruturada, o que conferiu diagnóstico segundo a Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID-10)-OMS. Aplicamos os seguintes instrumentos: (1) Mini Entrevista Neuropsiquiátrica Internacional (MINI) e (2) Inventário de Depressão de Beck (IDB). Resultados: Foram incluídos 40 pacientes com idade de 24-60 anos, trinta e um dos 40 pacientes (77,5%) apresentaram transtornos depressivos: 14 (45,2 %) com distimia, 11 (35,5%) com transtorno depressivo recorrente e 6 (19,3%) com transtorno bipolar, na ocasião depressivo. Dois (5%) apresentaram transtorno misto de ansiedade e depressão. Os outros 7 pacientes (15%) apresentaram eventuais manifestações de depressão e ansiedade, sem constituírem um diagnóstico de depressão, sendo um deles com transtorno orgânico de ansiedade. Apenas 8 dos 31 pacientes (25,8%) receberam tratamento antidepressivo satisfatório prévio. A duração da epilepsia apresentou uma tendência a ser maior nos pacientes com transtorno depressivo (p=0.10); não houve associação entre depressão e frequência de crises. Conclusões: Este trabalho confirma que o transtorno depressivo é frequente e subdiagnosticado em pacientes com ELTM refratária às DAEs. A duração da epilepsia apresenta uma tendência a ser maior nos pacientes deprimidos. Não houve associação entre depressão e frequência de crises / Abstract: Objectives: To assess depressive disorders in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), refractory to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Patients and methods: We performed a cross-sectional study, interviewing and collecting information from records of patients who sought treatment at the Epilepsy Clinic of the HC-UNICAMP. The population consisted of adults aged greater than 24 years followed at UNICAMP, diagnosed with refractory TLE, in appropriate use of AEDs and lack of established mental retardation, dementia or language problems. Patients underwent a semi-structured psychiatric interview, which gave diagnosis according to the International Classification of Diseases (CID-10) - WHO. We applied the following instruments: (1) Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and (2) the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results: There were 40 patients aged 24-60 years. Thirty-one of these (77.5%) had depressive disorders: 14 (45.2%) with dysthymia, 11 (35.5%) with recurrent depressive disorder and 6 (19.3%) with bipolar disorder who had depression at the time of evaluation. Two (5%) had mixed anxiety disorder and depression. The other 7 patients (15%) showed signs of depression and anxiety, without imposing a diagnosis of depression, one of them with organic anxiety disorder. Only 8 of the 31 patients (25.8%) had received prior satisfactory antidepressant treatment. The duration of epilepsy tended to be higher in patients with depressive disorder (p = 0.10). There was no association between depression and seizure frequency. Conclusions: This study confirms that depressive disorder is common and underdiagnosed in patients with TLE refractory to AEDs. The duration of epilepsy had a tendency to be higher in depressed patients. There was no association between depression and seizure frequency / Doutorado / Neurologia / Doutora em Ciências Médicas

Chez les patients souffrants d’épilepsie du lobe temporal (ELT), des troubles cognitifs sont fréquemment décrits. Toutefois, certaines capacités cognitives restent à ce jour peu explorées dans le domaine de la recherche en épileptologie et non évaluées en pratique clinique, telles que les capacités de cognition sociale. Pourtant, des difficultés psychosociales et psychocomportementales ainsi qu’une altération de la qualité de vie (notamment dans sa dimension sociale) sont relevées chez les patients ELT et elles pourraient être en relation avec des perturbations de la cognition sociale. Par ailleurs, les anomalies cérébrales retrouvées chez ces patients, situées à proximité mais également plus à distance du foyer épileptique, comprenent des structures sous-tendant les capacités de cognition sociale. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif général de cette thèse était la caractérisation des capacités de cognition sociale des patients ELT d’un point de vue comportemental et en neuroimagerie. Les études comportementales menées ont permis de préciser l’impact d’une ELT unilatérale sur les capacités de cognition sociale. Il est notamment mis en évidence chez les patients ELT : (i) des troubles de reconnaissance émotionnelle en modalité visuelle et auditive associés à la présence de biais émotionnels, (ii) une modification de l’expérience émotionnelle, et (iii) des déficits de théorie de l’esprit (TdE) plus particulièrement prononcés sur le versant affectif de cette capacité. Certaines caractéristiques cliniques (âge de début, durée, latéralité de l’épilepsie, présence d’une sclérose hippocampique) peuvent moduler la sévérité de ces troubles. Par ailleurs, ces troubles sont associés à certaines perturbations psychocomportementales (anhédonie, apathie, modifications de l’affectivité et de l’empathie) et à une altération de la qualité de vie des patients. Sur base de ces études comportementales, nous avons identifié que les troubles de TdE apparaissent fréquents, affectant plus de 80% des patients ELT. Une étude en neuroimagerie fonctionnelle et l’analyse de données d’imagerie structurelle préliminaires ont permis de préciser l’impact d’une ELT sur le réseau cérébral sous-tendant les capacités de TdE. Nous relevons notamment que chez les patients ELT mésial avec sclérose hippocampique, les troubles de TdE semblent liées à des anomalies cérébrales situées principalement à distance du foyer épileptique, dépendantes de la latéralité de l’ELT et modulées par l’âge de début et la durée de l’épilepsie. En conclusion, dans une perspective de compréhension et de prise en charge globale des patients ELT, il convient de ne pas négliger l’étude des troubles de cognition sociale chez ces patients, et leur évaluation en pratique clinique devrait être plus systématique. / In patients suffering from temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), cognitive disorders are frequently described. However, until now some cognitive capacities remain poorly explored in the field of epileptology research and not evaluated in clinical practice, such as social cognition capacities. However, psychosocial and psychobehavioral difficulties and an impaired quality of life (particularly in its social dimension) are raised in TLE patients and could be related to social cognition disorders. Furthermore, the cerebral abnormalities found in TLE patients, located close to the epileptic focus and also in more distant regions, include structures that support social cognition capacities. In this context, the general objective of this thesis was the characterization of social cognition capacities in TLE patients from a behavioral and neuroimaging point of view. Behavioral studies have allowed to specify the impact of unilateral TLE on social cognition capacities. It is notably identified in TLE patients: (i) emotion recognition disorders in both visual and auditory modality associated with emotional biases, (ii) changes in emotional experience, and (iii) theory of mind (ToM) disorders especially affecting the affective dimension of this capacity. Some clinical characteristics (age at onset, duration, laterality of epilepsy and presence of hippocampal sclerosis) can modulate the severity of these disorders. Furthermore, these disorders are associated with several psychobehavioral disorders (anhedonia, apathy, modified affectivity and empathy) and a worse quality of life for patients. On the basis of behavioral studies, it is identified that ToM impairments appear common, affecting more than 80% of TLE patients. A functional neuroimaging study and preliminary structural imaging data analysis have allowed to specify the TLE impact on the cerebral network underlying the ToM capacities. It is notably identified that in mesial TLE patients with hippocampal sclerosis, ToM disorders mainly reflect cerebral abnormalities located in distant cerebral regions from the epileptic focus, dependent of the laterality of epilepsy and modulated by the age at onset and the duration of epilepsy. In conclusion, in order to improve the understanding and the overall care of TLE patients, the investigation of social cognition disorders in these patients should not be neglected, and their assessment in clinical practice should be more regular.

L'épilepsie du lobe temporal est fréquente et souvent pharmacorésistante. L'épileptogenèse est imputée à la mort neuronale, l'inflammation ou au déséquilibre de la neurotransmission. Récemment, la perméabilité vasculaire a été reconnue comme une cause de crises d'épilepsie. Dans un modèle d'épilepsie chronique, nous avons montré une angiogenèse associant vascularisation, surexpression de VEGF, perte de protéines des jonctions serrées et perméabilité de la BHE. L'observation des immunoglobulines G (IgGs) comme marqueurs de perméabilité vasculaire nous a permis de découvrir que les IgGs s'accumulent dans les neurones. Nous avons alors étudié le rôle de ces protéines dans l'épileptogenèse. Ensuite, afin de corréler la perméabilité de la BHE à l'épileptogenèse, nous avons étudié le kindling, un modèle dans lequel les crises sont induites mais pas spontanées. Nous n'avons observé aucun remaniement vasculaire, si ce n'est une dérégulation transitoire de deux protéines de jonctions serrées. La comparaison de ces deux modèles confirme la contribution de la dérégulation de la BHE dans la genèse des crises et la désigne comme une nouvelle cible thérapeutique. / Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most frequent form of pharmacoresistant epilepsies. Epileptogenesis is commonly imputed to neuronal loss, inflammation and an imbalance in neurotransmission. Now, vascular permeability was shown to participate in epileptic seizures generation. In a model of chronic epilepsy, we showed a neo-vascularisation associated with VEGF over expression, loss of tight junction proteins and BBB permeability. The use of immunoglobulins G (IgGs) as markers of permeability vascular allowed us to discover that the IgGs accumulates in neurones. We then studied the role of these proteins in epileptogenesis. Then, to correlate BBB permeability to epileptogenesis, we studied the kindling, a model in which seizures are induced but never spontaneous. We observed no vascular remodeling, except for a transient deregulation of tight junctions proteins. The comparison of these models confirms the contribution of BBB deregulation and points it as new therapeutic target.

Les convulsions fébriles (CF) surviennent chez 2 à 5 % des jeunes enfants. La grande majorité de ces épisodes sont complètement bénins et aucune conséquence ne découle de ces convulsions. Une récente étude a par contre démontré qu'au sein d'une population pédiatrique atteinte d'épilepsie du lobe temporal (ELT), plusieurs enfants ont développé des CF avant l'apparition de ce trouble neurologique. De plus, cette étude a démontré une prévalence élevée de double pathologie chez ces enfants (sclérose de l'hippocampe et malformation corticale), suggérant un lien de causalité entre les CF, la malformation corticale et le développement de l'ELT. En se basant sur ces observations cliniques, la présente étude a pour but d'étudier les changements morphologiques et métaboliques cérébraux survenant suite aux convulsions hyperthermiques chez un modèle raton atteint de dysplasie corticale focale. Pour ce faire, une analyse du changement d'intensité de signal IRM en pondération-T[indice inférieur 2] et de multiples images TEP obtenues à l'aide de différents radiotraceurs([[indice supérieur 18]F]-FDG, [[indice supérieur 13]N]-NH[indice inférieur 3], [[indice supérieur 11]C]-acétoacétate) a été effectuée. De plus, un suivi longitudinal du développement volumétrique de l'hippocampe et des ventricules latéraux a été effectué. Les résultats de cette étude présentent une atteinte plus prononcée de l'hippocampe suite aux convulsions hyperthermiques chez le cerveau avec dysplasie corticale. En effet, 5 h après l'induction des convulsions hyperthermiques, un hyposignal IRM T[indice inférieur 2] est présent dans l'hippocampe de ce groupe comparativement au groupe contrôle atteint de dysplasie corticale seule. Les images TEP acquises pendant des convulsions hyperthermiques prolongées révèlent une inhomogénéité importante de captation du [[indice supérieur 18]F]-FDG au sein des structures cérébrales. L'hippocampe est d'ailleurs la structure avec la plus faible captation de [[indice supérieur 18]F]-FDG. À P38, une atrophie de l'hippocampe dorsal et une dilatation des ventricules latéraux sont mesurées au sein du groupe d'intérêt. Nos observations nous amènent à poser l'hypothèse que les perturbations remarquées chez le rat adulte sont causées par une vascularisation immature et inhomogène de l'hippocampe à P10 causant une atteinte hypoxique durant l'épisode de convulsion fébrile atypique. Ces résultats suggèrent donc que l'hypoxie durant un épisode de convulsions fébrile atypique mérite d'être davantage investiguée afin de développer de nouvelles avenues thérapeutiques pouvant diminuer l'impact des convulsions fébriles atypiques sur le développement cérébral.

Implementation intentions have been shown to improve prospective memory performance among a variety of populations. In two studies, the effectiveness of implementation intentions was examined among young and older adults. In Experiment 1 64 young adults were placed into one of four instructional conditions (Read-Only, Imagery, Implementation Intention, Combined) before completing a laboratory-based prospective memory task. Results reveal that prospective memory performance improves under each of the three experimental conditions, but that there is no additional benefit of combining imagery with implementation intentions. In a novel finding, imagery alone produced improvements comparable to implementation intentions. Experiment 2 investigated the effect of implementation intentions among 32 older adults, who were characterized as possessing high- or low-frontal function based on neuropsychological test performance. Implementation intentions improved prospective memory among both groups, regardless of frontal function. The results of these studies suggest that implementation intentions can improve prospective memory among both young and older adults. Importantly, these findings reveal that imagery alone may be an effective means of improving prospective memory. Additionally, that implementation intentions improved prospective memory among older adults, regardless of frontal function, raises important questions about potential mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of implementation intentions.

La coexistencia de esclerosis hipocampal con una lesión extrahipocampal potencialmente epileptógena, situación conocida como patología dual, traza un reto para planificar la cirugía resectiva de epilepsia farmacorresistente. Presentamos un caso de epilepsia focal farmacorresistente asociada a patología dual (esclerosis hipocampal izquierda y gliosis frontal izquierda), abordada con estimulación eléctrica cortical directa y electrocorticografía intraoperatoria, con buenos resultados a corto plazo. / The coexistence of hippocampal sclerosis with a potentially epileptogenic extra hippocampal injury is known as dual pathology, and presents a challenge to resection surgery strategies in cases of drug-resistant epilepsy. We present a case of drug-resistant focal epilepsy associated with dual pathology (left hippocampal sclerosis and left frontal gliosis), treated by means of direct cortical electrical stimulation and intraoperative electrocorticography with good short-term results.

A epilepsia do lobo temporal mesial (ELTM) é uma síndrome epiléptica de alta prevalência e de difícil controle medicamentoso. Cerca de 80% das cirurgias realizadas em centros de epilepsia são para tratamento desta síndrome. Do ponto de vista neuropsicológico, os pacientes portadores da ELTM podem apresentar prejuízos no processamento de memória declarativa, sejam elas de caráter verbal e/ou não-verbal, além de outras esferas da cognição. Normalmente, associam-se às queixas de memória, dificuldade de adaptação psicossocial e, consequentemente, piora na qualidade de vida. A reabilitação neuropsicológica tem demonstrado efeitos positivos como forma de tratamento para pacientes com lesões cerebrais de etiologias diversas. O presente estudo investigou os efeitos da reabilitação neuropsicológica no desempenho cognitivo, nas queixas de memória e sintomas de humor de 26 pacientes com ELTM clínica ou cirurgicamente tratados comparados a 14 indivíduos sem queixas neurológicas. De maneira geral, a reabilitação mostrou-se viável para pacientes com epilepsia independente do momento do tratamento: houve melhora na memória episódica auditivo-verbal, na aprendizagem, na fluência nominal, na intensidade das queixas de memória e nos sintomas depressivos. Mudanças semelhantes também foram observadas no grupo sem queixas neurológicas. Adicionalmente pode-se observar que a melhor resposta cognitiva após intervenção ocorreu no grupo com epilepsia cirurgicamente tratado, com melhora na maioria das variáveis cognitivas. / Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a high prevalence and drug resistant epileptic syndrome. Around 80% of surgeries performed at epilepsy centers aim this syndrome treatment. From the neuropsychological point of view, the patients with the TLE show declarative memory impairment, neither verbal and / or nonverbal processing and other cognitive failures. Usually, they are associated with memory complaints, difficulty in psychosocial adaptation and, consequently, worsening in quality of life. Neuropsychological rehabilitation has demonstrated positive effects as one of the treatments for patients with diverse brain injuries. The present study investigated the effects of neuropsychological rehabilitation on cognitive performance, memory complaints and mood symptoms of 26 TLE patients clinically or surgically treated compared to 14 individuals without neurological symptoms. Overall, rehabilitation proved to be feasible for patients with epilepsy regardless treatment timing: there was improvement in verbal episodic memory, learning, verbal fluency, memory complaints and depressive symptoms. Similar changes were also found in the group without neurological conditions. Additionally, the best cognitive response after intervention occurred in the group surgically treated, with improvement in most of the cognitive variables.

Pacientes com epilepsia do lobo temporal farmacorresistente, frequentemente, possuem esclerose hipocampal como lesão epileptogênica. Muitas vezes, estes pacientes se beneficiam de lobectomia temporal para redução da ocorrência de crises epilépticas. Para que possam se submeter a este procedimento, é necessário o uso da videoeletroencefalografia prolongada para delimitação apurada da zona epileptogênica. Apesar dos avanços dos métodos diagnósticos nesta área, a busca por um instrumento que permita uma avaliação clara da chance de uma vida livre de crises após cirurgia permanece. No presente trabalho, a apresentação do padrão eletroencefalográfico ictal foi estudado, de forma a se pesquisar se existe relação entre a sua ocorrência e permanência em apenas um hemisfério cerebral com um melhor prognóstico pós-cirúrgico. Foram revisados os dados eletroencefalográficos ictais e os prontuários médicos de 284 pacientes. Procedeu-se à classificação de seus padrões eletroencefalográficos ictais em unilaterais ou bilaterais, e seu prognóstico após um, dois e cinco anos após cirurgia em livre de crise ou não livre de crise epiléptica. Apresentavam padrão unilateral 132 pacientes, e 152 apresentavam padrão bilateral. Estavam livres de crises 236 pacientes, e 48 ainda persistiam com crises epilépticas após cirurgia. Não houve associação entre padrões ictais unilaterais e uma vida livre de crises epilépticas após a cirurgia (diferença de 7,5%; p=0,092; chi-quadrado). Dessa forma, não se pode aplicar o padrão ictal eletroencefalográfico como ferramenta para predição de uma vida livre de crises após lobectomia temporal em pacientes com epilepsia da região mesial do lobo temporal associada à esclerose hipocampal. / Patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy usually have hippocampal sclerosis as an epileptogenic lesion. Most of the times, these patients are benefited from temporal lobectomy for seizure relief. For this procedure to occur, a long-term videoelectroencephalogram is necessary for the accurate delineation of the epileptogenic zone. Despite the developments in the diagnostic methods on this area, the quest continues for an instrument that allows a clear evaluation of the chance to obtain a seizure-free life after epilepsy surgery. In the present study, the electroencephalographic ictal patterns were evaluated, and the relationship between its occurrence and permanence in one cerebral hemisphere and the possibility of a seizure-free outcome after surgery were compared. The ictal electroencephalografic and medical records of 284 patients were analyzed. A classification of ictal patterns, whether unilateral or bilateral, was issued, and the seizure outcome after one, two, and five years after surgery annotated. Unilateral ictal patterns occurred in 132 patients, and bilateral ictal patterns in 152. Seizure-free status was obtained in 236 patients, and 48 still persisted with seizures. There was no association between a unilateral ictal status and a seizure-free outcome after surgery (difference of 7.5%, p=0.092; chi-square). So, the electroencephalographic ictal pattern is not a valuable tool for predictions regarding seizure outcome in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy associated with hippocampal sclerosis that are submitted to temporal lobectomy.

A avaliação neuropsicológica é instrumento auxiliar para lateralização em epilepsia temporal (ET). Desempenho comprometido em memória verbal (MV) e não verbal (MNV) sugeririam, respectivamente, disfunção no sistema de memória do hemisfério dominante e não dominante. Não há consenso sobre a capacidade lateralizatória da avaliação de memória em pacientes com epilepsia. Estudou-se o poder lateralizatório da avaliação neuropsicológica em testes de memória verbal e não verbal em ET secundária a esclerose mesial temporal (EMT) unilateral. Comparamos o desempenho em memória verbal (RAVLT e o Memória Lógica) e não verbal (RVDLT e a figura complexa de Rey) em 87 pacientes destros com EMT (44 direita, 43 esquerda) e 42 controles. Pacientes e controles tinham escolaridade>8 anos, QI>70, sem comorbidades. Pacientes com EMTE tiveram desempenho rebaixado comparado a controles e EMTD em evocação livre e tardia do RAVLT. EMTE e EMTD tiveram desempenho rebaixado em relação a controles em evocação livre e tardia em Memória Lógica. EMTD tiveram desempenho rebaixado em relação a controles em evocação tardia da figura complexa de Rey. Observou-se baixa prevalência de dificuldade em ambos tipos de memória em ambos os grupos. Quando considerado acometimento de específico de MV observou-se associação com EMTE, com baixa sensibilidade, médio valor preditivo positivo (VPP) e alta especificidade. Quando considerado acometimento específico de MNV observou-se associação com EMTD, com baixa sensibilidade e altos valor preditivo positivo (VPP) e especificidade. O poder lateralizatório da testagem neuropsicológica de memória em EMT é observado, em apenas uma parcela de pacientes com EMT unilateral / Neuropsychological testing is a standard tool in the evaluation of patients with epilepsy. It allows assessment of performance in various cognitive domains, and is used as a lateralizing tool for seizure focus localization. Poor performance in verbal memory (VM) test is believed to indicate a dominant hemisphere focus. Poor performance in nonverbal memory (NVM) tests would localize the focus to the nondominant hemisphere. There still is a paucity of evidence of the ability of neuropsychological testing to predict seizure focus lateralization. We studied the lateralizing ability of neuropsychological testing of VM and NVM in a sample of 87 right handed patients with epilepsy secondary to unilateral mesial sclerosis (MTS) (44 right R, 43 left - L) and 42 controls (C), with an IQ>70, eight or more years of schooling, without comorbidities. LMTS patients performed significantly worse than controls in free and delayed recall of RAVLT items. L and RMTS performed worse than controls in immediate and delayed recall of the Logical Memory stories. RMTS performed worse than controls in delayed recall of the Complex Rey Figure. Our findings showed a low prevalence of VM and NVM impairment in both groups, an association between specific VM deficit and LMTS, with fair PPV and good specificity, and low sensibility. Selective NVM impairment was associated with RMTS, with good PPV and specificity for RMTS, and low sensibility. The lateralizing power of neuropsychological testing is noted only in a minority of patients with specific selective patterns of VM and NVM impairment