The purpose of this study is to investigate municipal development activities of rural oriented areas of the west coast of Sweden. The chosen municipalities for this study are Tanum, Munkedal, Sotenäs and Orust where the aim is to give an understanding to the different municipalities work towards achieving local development and opposing depopulation. The nature of this study is primarily qualitative with a lightly deductive orientation since the presented concept of push and pulls factors of migration and the concept of governance with top down and bottom up approaches is used to understand and analyze the empirics. The empirics of this study give answer to the population situation of the municipalities, the prioritized factors for local development and methods adopted to oppose depopulation. The primary conclusion is that the problem of depopulation is handled by promoting local development through economical means in most municipalities.

Climate change is possibly the greatest threat facing human society in this century. The response to this challenge has been dominated by international negotiations for controlling greenhouse gas emissions. More recently there are efforts by the international community to engage other levels of governance in mitigation and adaptation response. While the framework for international action on climate change continues to evolve, there is mounting pressure from researchers to include cities as significant actors in the global climate change management strategy. Cities are centers of production and consumption in our society and as such will be crucial for global climate change management strategy. Despite these links, demands for consideration of climate change management issues in local policy making have remained a research rhetoric and have not yet translated into planning action. This gap between planning research and practice is probably due to lack of evidence based research on this issue. This study fills in this gap and provides empirical evidence supporting the key role of local development plans in climate change management. Specifically, in the first step, this research investigates the influence of local development plans on climate change mitigation by comparing change in carbon dioxide emissions in groups of cities with and without plans. Thereafter, climate change management capacity in local development plans is analyzed through policy analysis. Finally, this research study examines the effect of plan quality on the change in carbon dioxide emissions, while controlling for socio-economic, landscape and policy characteristics. Results of this study support the demands for using local development plans as tools for climate change management. This study identifies numerous planning policies in local development plans with potential to influence climate change management. The analysis also reveals wide variation in the quality of the climate change management policies. For example, policies related to site planning regulations and transportation are fairly detailed, whereas acquisition and incentive/disincentive tools are not. The detailed review of plan quality suggests that although development plans have the potential to significantly influence climate change, there is need for further improvement, especially of the overall plan implementation capacity. Finally, the research findings show that the quality of climate change management planning policies in local development plans have a significant impact on a communities’ emissions. Communities with better plan quality had significantly lower increase in per-capita emissions over the period of analysis. The study also discovered significant effects of wealth, travel behavior, occupation base and state policy on the change in emissions. Based on the research findings this study recommends evolving integrated local development policies that focus on dual goals of climate change management and sustainable development. Further studies are recommended to examine the opportunities and challenges to use of local development plans for climate change management.

The influence of globalization over local development arises the discussion about ¡§Glocalization¡¨. Because the range of free-trade becomes wider, the sovereignty state and non-state actors competitive their influence in the international structure, even in the very small and pure economic product can we see their wrestle. The flowers market is not only an emerging but also an issue that full of cooperation and competition. Taiwan is the main subject of this thesis, by narrating the developing history of its¡¦ flowers and plants industries, we see the interaction between Taiwan and global market, and discover that in this industry, the state plays the role of media. On the one hand, the state defends its¡¦ region industry from the pressure of non-state actors; on the other hand, it translates and injects news and messages from global market into local regions, then lets global market connect with local regions. The state conduces to a new local by combining the power of globalization, so we can say the state orientates a local development. And at the same time, states are still major actors in the global market, by means of strengthening local region, states become really strength actors. For this reason, the state does not like Liberalism opinion that loses its function in global economic integration, but becomes more and more big and powerful.

digitalisering@umu

A relaÃÃo entre modernizaÃÃo e o modo de vida das comunidades tradicionais da zona costeira cearense à o eixo central da presente dissertaÃÃo. O estudo tem, como referÃncia, as experiÃncias vivenciadas por duas comunidades situadas a leste do Estado, Canoa Quebrada e Vila do EstevÃo. Por meio de uma metodologia qualitativa, as investigaÃÃes seguiram as vias da observaÃÃo e realizaÃÃo de entrevistas temÃticas, identificando os impactos provocados pelo tensionamento do modelo de desenvolvimento vigente, que tenta impor padrÃes de comportamento aos povos das tradiÃÃes. A percepÃÃo dos diferentes atores sociais sobre o processo de modernizaÃÃo vivido por essas populaÃÃes foi a base para a contextualizaÃÃo e formulaÃÃo de uma anÃlise sociolÃgica, acerca da civilizaÃÃo do capital em tempos contemporÃneos. Essa problemÃtica tem vÃrios pontos de contato com outros debates atualmente em curso nas ciÃncias sociais e humanas, tendo por isso um dispositivo teÃrico amplo que abarca a pluralidade de concepÃÃes e percepÃÃes sobre as relaÃÃes entre trabalho, tempo e Ãcio; os paradigmas da tradiÃÃo e da modernidade; e as estratÃgias de enfrentamento das organizaÃÃes coletivas pela coexistÃncia com essa realidade. Nesse contexto, os conceitos de âsociologia das ausÃnciasâ e de âsociologia das emergÃnciasâ propostos por Boaventura de Sousa Santos, as concepÃÃes de tempo social do sociÃlogo Norbert Elias, e as definiÃÃes de MÃszÃros sobre a crise estrutural do capital e sua estrutura fundante constituem os utensÃlios teÃricos nessa investigaÃÃo. As inspiraÃÃes analÃticas dialogam entre as teorias da SaÃde PÃblica, da Sociologia PolÃtica e da Antropologia Social, associadas, do ponto de vista metodolÃgico e epistemolÃgico, a elaboraÃÃo da aÃÃo do pesquisador no ato da pesquisa, cabendo destacar contribuiÃÃes da histÃria oral (Daniel Bertaux) e da antropologia interpretativa (Geertz). O estudo chega Ãs percepÃÃes das dificuldades enfrentadas nas dimensÃes econÃmicas, sociais, ambientais e culturais, provocaÃÃes que causam reaÃÃes diferentes, ora de luta, ora de adaptaÃÃo ao sistema do capital. Na resistÃncia, encontram-se aÃÃes transformadoras nascidas das bases, desafiando o poder dominante, em um esforÃo coletivo para dar visibilidade aos povos litorÃneos, garantindo um universo de pluralidade, por meio de polÃticas sustentadas pela consciÃncia profunda dos sujeitos sociais.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-05-18T13:57:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Cristina Inacio de Melo Lins e Silva.pdf: 2879551 bytes, checksum: 99df543e063a91426dc8d05c2c18c5f1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-18T13:57:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Cristina Inacio de Melo Lins e Silva.pdf: 2879551 bytes, checksum: 99df543e063a91426dc8d05c2c18c5f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-20 / The general objective that guides this scientific research is to examine to what extent the National Program of Biodiesel Production and Use (PNPB) influences the insertion of family agriculture in the geographic area under study: the Agreste Fishing Pole of biodiesel, State of Pernambuco, Brazil. The focus of the study consists in questioning the inherent lack of inputs for biodiesel production in the Agreste Fishing Pole of biodiesel in Pernambuco state, and even the low level of organization of family farmers inserted in PNPB and the need to develop production standards of technical quality and financial and environmental best practices. The National Program of Biodiesel Production and Use (PNPB) is supported by actions focused on the inclusion of small farmers in the production process of biodiesel to achieve new opportunities of employment and to raise income to the farmer. It can be noticed in the study, the existing situation in the surroundings of the farms included in the Agreste Fishing Pole of biodiesel and the effectiveness of public policies aimed at maintaining production and generation of extra income for producers of castor oil, who joined the National Program for Production and Use of Biodiesel. In this work it was selected a qualitative research methodology, using scripts interviews, applied to actors working in the local development process of the Agreste Fishing Pole of Biodiesel. There were interviewed 34 farmers and eight agents representing institutions related to public policy actions, the selection of subjects in this study was performed by criteria of convenience. At most, it was used the description of the family farm, from the point of view of Silva, et al (2008). With the support and use the content analysis it was found that the National Program of Biodiesel Production and Use is actually entering the family farm in the biodiesel production chain in Agreste Fishing pole of Biodiesel. The yield of castor seed oil is increasing in the region due to the efforts of actors to pass on technology and the development of appropriate management agriculture. In fact, the connection of the family farmers to the entity of class and its effective participation in decisions and inherent institutional PNPB actions show that currently, the level of organization of producers of castor oil is growing within the time. In fact it was seen that the previous farmers' participation in the meetings were seasonal and little return was raised, because of ideological differences. It was observed that institutional actions are taking effect on building more productive organization looking for a better biodiesel productive organization. It is concluded that there is still a lack of a major political effort form the Program to get to a real inclusion of family farming, both social and economically. In summary, the National Program of Biodiesel Production and Use has its frustration and successful areas. / O objetivo geral que norteia este trabalho científico consiste em analisar em que medida o Programa Nacional de Produção e Uso do Biodiesel (PNPB) influencia na inserção da agricultura familiar no espaço geográfico em estudo: Polo Agreste Pesqueira de biodiesel, Estado de Pernambuco. O foco do estudo consistiu na problematização da insuficiência de insumos inerentes a produção do biodiesel na região do Polo Agreste Pesqueira no estado de Pernambuco, e ainda no baixo nível de organização dos agricultores familiares inseridos no PNPB, além da necessidade de se desenvolver uma produção com padrões de qualidade técnica, financeira e ambiental. O Programa Nacional de Produção e Uso do Biodiesel (PNPB) está apoiado em ações com foco na inclusão do pequeno agricultor ao processo produtivo do biodiesel, proporcionando novas possibilidades na geração de emprego e renda ao agricultor. Pode-se perceber no estudo a realidade existente no entorno dos agricultores familiares inseridos no Polo Agreste Pesqueira de biodiesel e a efetividade das políticas públicas direcionadas a manutenção da produção e geração de uma renda extra para os produtores de mamona que aderiram ao Programa Nacional de Produção e Uso do Biodiesel. Elegeu-se como metodologia a pesquisa qualitativa, com utilização de roteiros de entrevistas semiestruturadas, aplicados aos atores atuantes no processo de desenvolvimento local do Polo Agreste Pesqueira de Biodiesel. Foram entrevistados 34 agricultores familiares e 8 agentes representantes de instituições relacionadas as ações de políticas públicas, a seleção de sujeitos nesta pesquisa foi realizado ponderado por critério de conveniência. No mais, foi utilizada a descrição da agricultura familiar, sob o ponto de vista de Silva, et al (2008). Com o apoio e uso da análise de conteúdo, foi verificado que o Programa Nacional de Produção e Uso do Biodiesel está efetivamente inserindo a agricultura familiar na cadeia produtiva do biodiesel no polo Agreste Pesqueira de Biodiesel. Por sua vez, a produtividade da cultura da mamoma está aumentando na região, devido aos esforços dos atores em repassar tecnologia e manejo adequado ao desenvolvimento da cultura. De fato, a ligação do agricultor familiar à entidade de classe e sua efetiva participação na tomada de decisão inerente às ações intitucionais do PNPB, mostra que atualmente o nível de organização dos produtores de mamona vem crescendo no decorrer do tempo. Visto que, anteriormente a participação dos agricultores nas reuniões era sazonal e obtinham pouco retorno aos pedidos levantados, devido a divergências de cunho ideológico. Percebe-se que as ações institucionais estão surdindo efeito na construção de uma maior organização produtiva, com vistas a produção de Biodiesel no Polo Agreste de Pesqueira. Muito embora, falta um esforço maior, a se fazer, para que seja evidente a inclusão da agricultura familiar, sócio e economicamente. Em síntese o Programa Nacional de Produção e Uso do Biodiesel vem obtendo sucesso e frustração em algumas áreas.

Além do discurso de desenvolvimento nacional associado à construção de usinas hidrelétricas, tem sido destacado nos planos do setor de energia, nos discursos do governo e nos documentos técnicos relativos ao processo de avaliação de impacto um potencial de indução do desenvolvimento local associado à instalação de usinas hidrelétricas no território. Este suposto desenvolvimento local é favorecido por alguns aspectos relativos à construção das hidrelétricas, como o potencial de dinamização econômica das regiões onde os projetos são instalados e o aumento das receitas dos municípios diretamente afetados, uma vez que estes passam a receber recursos financeiros provenientes diretamente da geração de energia elétrica. Neste sentido, estes fatores têm sido utilizados para justificar uma série de novos projetos, planejados e em implantação expressos nos Planos Decenais de Expansão de Energia. Devido à falta de evidências empíricas que atestem esta relação entre existência de usinas hidrelétricas no território e o desenvolvimento local, o objetivo desta tese é o de verificar se municípios diretamente afetados por hidrelétricas têm desempenho de desenvolvimento melhor do que municípios indiretamente afetados, pertencentes a uma mesma região. Neste sentido, os desempenhos de desenvolvimento de três grupos de municípios, sob influência das hidrelétricas de Machadinho, Itá, Barra Grande e Campos Novos, foram comparados a partir do teste estatístico de Mann-Whitney. Buscou-se avaliar também a correlação entre a quantidade de recursos financeiros recebidos pelos municípios diretamente afetados com o desempenho de desenvolvimento, relativo à variação de um conjunto de indicadores de desenvolvimento local no tempo. Apesar de um dos grupos ter se destacado em relação à dimensão econômica, para a maioria dos indicadores utilizados não foi possível destacar um melhor desempenho por parte dos grupos diretamente afetados. Ressalta-se que um dos grupos de municípios diretamente afetados apresentou pior desempenho em relação à produção industrial e à concentração de renda. Encontrou-se correlação positiva entre a quantidade de recursos recebidos e a produção relativa ao setor de serviços e ao IDH renda. Porém, encontrou-se uma correlação negativa para o indicador alfabetismo. Concluiu-se, para a região estudada para o período de 2000 a 2010 que as UHEs e seus fatores associados, como os recursos financeiros, não têm servido à promoção dos fatores locais de desenvolvimento. Assim, sugere-se uma discussão a partir da formação potencial de um enclave associado a esta atividade. / In addition to the national development discourse associated to the construction of hydroelectric power plants, it has been highlighted the potential of this kind of projects in promoting local development, this has been appearing in the plans for the energy sector, in the speeches of the government and in technical documents related to the environmental impact assessment process. This supposed local development is supported by some aspects concerning the construction of dams, such as the potential for economic dynamism of the regions where the projects are installed and the income increase of the directly affected municipalities, since they start to receive financial resources from the electricity generation. In this sense, these factors have been used to justify a number of new projects, planned and under construction, expressed in the Decennial Plan for Energy Expansion. Due to the lack of empirical evidence attesting this relation between existence of hydropower plants in the territory and its local development, the aim of this thesis is to determine whether municipalities directly affected by hydropower development have e better development performance than those municipalities that are indirectly affected but belong to a same region. In this sense, the development performances of three groups of municipalities, under the influence of Machadinho, Ita, Barra Grande and Campos Novos hydro powers, were compared from the statistical test of Mann-Whitney. Attempt was also made to evaluate the correlation between the amount of funds received by the municipalities directly affected and the variation of a set of indicators of local development. Although one of the groups have been highlighted in relation to the economic dimension, for most of the indicators has not been possible to highlight better performances by neither of the groups. It is noteworthy that one of the groups directly affected showed worse performance in relation to industrial production and the concentration of income. There was a positive correlation between the amount of funds received and the production concerning the service sector and the HDI income. However, it was found a negative correlation for the literacy indicator. It was concluded, to study case for the 2000-2010 periods that the HPPs and associated factors such as financial resources, have not served to the promotion of local development factors. Thus, it is suggest a debate over the potential to enclave\'s establishment due to this sort of activity.

O desenvolvimento local é um assunto controverso e pouco estudado no Brasil, assim como no debate internacional. A despeito das opiniões divergentes, autores da área concordam com a emergência do tema do desenvolvimento de localidades e regiões, impulsionado pelo novo contexto globalizado, marcado por paradoxos, incerteza e complicações, em que os benefícios gerados permanecem restritos a poucas regiões. Assumindo a relevância do tema acerca do desenvolvimento, é crescente a atenção às abordagens em âmbito local, já que nessa esfera os problemas são mais bem identificados, além de haver maior possibilidade de integração entre os diferentes setores e atores envolvidos. Nesse contexto, a complexidade é apontada como característica das dinâmicas de desenvolvimento, o que exige um tratamento a partir de um fundamento epistemológico coerente. Somente com a compreensão da dinâmica que envolve o próprio processo de desenvolvimento é que se pode pensar em formas de impulsioná-lo por meio das ações dos seus atores. Assim, este esforço de pesquisa busca verificar se a dinâmica do desenvolvimento local envolve características que justifiquem seu tratamento tendo por base uma abordagem epistemológica compatível com os paradigmas científicos contemporâneos acerca da teoria da complexidade. Partindo de uma discussão teórica, este trabalho realiza uma revisão conceitual, embasado em uma análise do problema, segundo a fenomenologia de Husserl. Os resultados foram submetidos a um processo analógico, realizado por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica em obras que tratam da teoria da complexidade, em busca de conceitos básicos fundamentais, que foram transpostos à essência do desenvolvimento local. Como resultado, a essência do fenômeno do desenvolvimento foi descrita em um esboço, configurando uma rede formada pelas interações entre seus subsistemas. Esta configuração foi analisada a partir dos conceitos da teoria da complexidade, em uma descrição de sua dinâmica que caracteriza o desenvolvimento local como um fenômeno complexo, considerando esta base teórica como abordagem adequada ao seu tratamento. / Local development is a controversial and poorly studied matter in Brazil, as well as in the international debate. Despite differing opinions, authors agree that the emergence of the theme of development of localities and regions has been driven by the new globalized context, characterized by paradoxes, uncertainty and complications, in which the generated benefits remain restricted to a few regions. Assuming the relevance of the development issue, there is growing attention to approaches at the local extent, since in the local scope problems are better identified, beyond the greater possibility of integration between different sectors and stakeholders. In this sense, complexity is seen as a feature of the development dynamics, requiring a coherent epistemological foundation for studies. The only alternative for finding ways to promote the development process through the actions of agents/actors, such as business organizations, is by understanding the dynamics surrounding it. Thus, this research aims at verifying if the local development dynamics involve characteristics that justify its treatment based on an epistemological approach consistent with the contemporary scientific paradigms of complexity theory. From a theoretical discussion, this work performs a conceptual revision, based on an analysis of the problem, according to Husserl\'s phenomenology. Results were submitted to an analog procedure, performed through a bibliographic research in literature dealing with the complexity theory, in pursuit of fundamental basic concepts, transposed to the essence of the local development. As a partial result, the essence of the development phenomenon was described in a sketch, setting up a network constituted by interactions between its subsystems. This configuration was analyzed based on the concepts of complexity theory, in a description of the dynamics that characterizes the local development as a complex phenomenon, considering this theoretical basis as a suitable approach to its treatment.

Avec l’avènement de la décentralisation au Sahel depuis les années 90 et l’expérience acquise par les pays du Sahel, suite aux sécheresses à répétition1 qui ont affecté leurs zones, des systèmes d’information pour la planification d’actions de développement voient le jour à différentes échelles territoriales. Mais, selon l’avis des communautés de base, ces outils mis en place au niveau local et destinés à l’aménagement du territoire, tant au niveau de la collecte des données que de l’usage du système d’information obtenu, demeurent toujours en deçà de leurs attentes et reste à la disposition et au service exclusifs des décideurs et des techniciens.Or, la prise en compte des connaissances locales des populations, notamment celles relatives à l’information géographique, donne des moyens plus efficients de collecte de données, à partir desquelles peuvent être construits des outils adaptés à la participation et à la négociation entre les différents acteurs et à la planification de projets économiques, ce qui nécessite l’élaboration d’une approche basée sur l’analyse et une gestion participative de l’information géographique issues des connaissances des dites populations.La présente thèse veut accompagner les acteurs locaux des régions sahéliennes dans la mise en oeuvre du développement local de leurs collectivités territoriales, et dans le renforcement de leur citoyenneté par une meilleure participation aux prises de décision. Il s’agira de contribuer à une bonne gestion des ressources naturelles par l’élaboration de plans d’aménagement des différentes zones à travers une gestion participative de l’information géographique locale et la mobilisation des connaissances et savoir-faire locaux.La question est de savoir comment co-définir avec les populations sahéliennes les plans de développement locaux, avec chacune ses spécificités socio-économiques (pasteurs, agropasteurs, agriculteurs, leaders d’opinions, agents d’Etat…) et intégrer leurs connaissances, notamment spatiales, dans la conception d’outils de planification de projets de développement économique.Les résultats de l’expérience menée dans le Nord du Mali ont permis de faire le point surl’état d’avancement des processus de décentralisation, des difficultés de participation despopulations locales dans les prises de décision, des approches du développement local et l’immense connaissance des communautés. Ces résultats ouvrent également des perspectives pour le développement local des collectivités spécifiques du Sahel en les dotant d’outils de planification issus d’une gestion harmonieuse et participative de l’information géographique locale. / When decentralization came to the Sahel in the 90s, and with the experienced gained after repeated droughts impacting their countries, information systems for planning development actions were implemented at various levels. But, according to the communities, these tools implemented at the local level for land planning, both for data collection and using the information system thus obtained, fell short of expectations and remain in the exclusive hands of decision-makers and technicians.Yet, when the expertise of the people is taken into account, including geographic information,data collecting is made easier and can help build tools tailored to the participation and negotiation between the various operators and program economic projects, which requires an approach based on the analysis and participative management of geographical management based on the expertise of these peoples.This thesis aims to be a support for local operators in the Sahel region when implementinglocal development plans and empower them by allowing a larger say in the decision making process. The aim is to contribute to a sound natural resources management by the development of management plans in the various areas, through a participative management of local geographical information and by mobilizing local expertise and knowhow.The question is how to define local development plans with the Sahel peoples, each with its own socio-economic specificity (pastoralists, agro-pastoralists, farmers, public figures, state officials ...) and to integrate their expertise, including their spatial expertise, in the developments of planning tools for economic development programmes.The results of the Southern Mali experience was an opportunity to take stock of the progress in the decentralization process, of the difficulties in having local peoples participate in decision making, of local development approaches and the vast expertise of the communities. These results offer prospects for the local development of specific communities in the Sahel, giving them planning tools based on a well-balanced participative management of local geographic expertise.

In this qualitative ethnological study I explore the local development work undertaken by the municipal Botkyrka, located south of Stockholm. The material is primarily based on the municipals development programs and interviews with officials from the municipal working with local development. Their work is primarily based on achieving sustainable development in various problem areas such as education, unemployment, urban environment, climate change. My aim was to investigate how a municipality, with a declared focus on the benefits of diversity, that at the same time struggles with unequality (in regard to ethnic segregation and disparities in income, education, employment, housing and health), through its local development work presented its different districts. Guided by discourse analysis and postcolonial theory I focused on how the citizens in the districts where portrayed and how the physical and natural environment in these where described. The result shows that the municipal through its local development work is differentiating the districts and their citizens by adopting neoliberal labour market and housing policies, reproducing urban planning ideals and ideas regarding national beloning. / <p>POPULÄRVETENSKAPLIG SAMMANFATTNING</p><p>När man tänker på Botkyrka kommun, söder om Stockholm, är det nog främst till norra Botkyrka associationerna går. Miljonprogramsområdena och röda linjens tunnelbanestationer Alby, Fittja, Norsborg och Hallunda. Eller kanske har man hört sloganen ”Långt ifrån lagom” och vet att kommunen är en av Sveriges mest blandade vad gäller befolkningens ursprung. Men Botkyrka består också av en södra halva och här ligger områdena Tumba, Tullinge, Vårsta och Grödinge. Inte lika kända och inte heller på samma självklara sätt kopplade till Botkyrka som de ovan nämnda områdena i norr.</p><p>I min studie har jag undersökt hur Botkyrka kommun arbetar med områdesbaserad utveckling i sina kommundelar. Utgångspunkten för min analys är själva basen i detta arbete: kommundelarnas långsiktiga utvecklingsprogram. När jag samlade materialet till denna studie fanns tre sådana program framtagna, ett för Alby, ett för Tullinge och ett för Fittja. I dessa program formuleras de viktigaste nyckelområden som varje kommundel behöver arbeta kring för att uppnå en hållbar och långsiktig utveckling. Det intressanta med dessa program och det arbete som dessa föranleder är det skillnadsskapande som görs mellan norra och södra Botkyrka. I Fittja och Alby kretsar arbetet kring medborgarnas utbildning och sysselsättning samt områdenas stadsmiljöer. I Tullinge är målen: att utveckla och säkra områdets kvaliteter, att utveckla dialogen med medborgarna och att möjliggöra att leva klimatsmart.</p><p>Genom att titta på hur områdena och de människor som befolkar dem beskrivs i utvecklingsprogrammen och hur de kommunala tjänstemän som arbetar med detta förhåller sig till dessa frågor har jag utifrån en diskursanalytisk och postkolonial ansats kommit fram till att det områdesbaserad utvecklingsarbetet i Botkyrka kommun är del i en politisk och samhällelig åskådning som särskiljer platser och människor. Det områdesbaserade utvecklingsarbetet medverkar därmed till att reproducera bilden av den problematiska invandrarförorten och det idylliska villasamhället. Framställningarna som görs i mitt material visar hur kommunen positionerar sina kommundelar i relation till varandra. Tullinge utgör det oproblematiska, normativa och osynliga medan Alby och Fittja representeras av problembilder, det annorlunda och hjälpbehövande. Kommunen marknadsför sig som en progressiv aktör som arbetar för mångfald och mänskliga rättigheter, emot rasism och diskriminering samtidigt som man genom det områdesbaserad arbetet är delaktig i stigmatiseringen av platserna och människorna i norra Botkyrka. </p>