Γίνετε ανασκόπηση των πιο σημαντικών προβλημάτων της Ανάλυσης Χωροθέτησης. Παρατίθονται συγκρίσεις των προβλημάτων της Ανάλυσης Χωροθέτησης με τους Αλγορίθμους Ομαδοποίησης. Ακολούθως αναγράφεται μια αριθμητική εφαρμογή μιας σύγκρισης. / This project is a review of the more important algorithms of the Locational Analysis. The main theme is the comparison of the algorithms of Location Analysis against the algorithms of Clustering.

The Changing Landscape of Financial Services in Manitoba: A Location Analysis of Payday Lenders, Banks and Credit Unions ABSTRACT This study traces the emergence and expansion of payday lending outlets in Winnipeg and the rural Manitoba communities of Brandon, Portage la Prairie, Thompson and Dauphin during the period 1980-2009, in order to look for shifts over time in the site location strategies of payday lenders relative to mainstream banks. Location analysis, in the context of financial exclusion theory, is used to examine the spatial void hypothesis that mainstream banks have played a role in the rise of payday lending in poor neighbourhoods where traditional bank branches are absent or under-represented. It also considers evidence for the spatial complement hypothesis that payday lenders are not geographic substitutes for mainstream banks but are instead spatial complements, serving different segments of shared markets. Results of the goodness-of-fit test and location analysis based on population data suggest that the payday lending industry in Manitoba is not exclusively located in lower income neighbourhoods or solely located in areas where there is an absence or reduced presence of bank and credit union branches. Moreover, newer, suburban and rural payday lender outlets are almost always located next to mainstream banks and credit unions. The exception would be Winnipeg’s inner-city, where payday lenders are more densely located and where mainstream banks have gradually retreated. While multi-service establishments are shown to have first gained a foothold in poor neighbourhoods as cheque-cashers, this study examines the extent to which a focus on payday loans as the lead product has been accompanied by a shift to middle-income, suburban neighbourhoods and rural communities over the study period. The results of descriptive and OLS multivariate regression analyses provide further evidence of the changing relationship of location patterns of payday lenders to neighborhood characteristics, including mainstream bank presence, income level, poverty status, population density, age, education, family type and ethnicity. The implications these findings have for ongoing policy discussions about the status of the payday loan industry in Canada are discussed. JEL Classification code: G21 - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Microfinance Institutions; Mortgages

The Changing Landscape of Financial Services in Manitoba: A Location Analysis of Payday Lenders, Banks and Credit Unions ABSTRACT This study traces the emergence and expansion of payday lending outlets in Winnipeg and the rural Manitoba communities of Brandon, Portage la Prairie, Thompson and Dauphin during the period 1980-2009, in order to look for shifts over time in the site location strategies of payday lenders relative to mainstream banks. Location analysis, in the context of financial exclusion theory, is used to examine the spatial void hypothesis that mainstream banks have played a role in the rise of payday lending in poor neighbourhoods where traditional bank branches are absent or under-represented. It also considers evidence for the spatial complement hypothesis that payday lenders are not geographic substitutes for mainstream banks but are instead spatial complements, serving different segments of shared markets. Results of the goodness-of-fit test and location analysis based on population data suggest that the payday lending industry in Manitoba is not exclusively located in lower income neighbourhoods or solely located in areas where there is an absence or reduced presence of bank and credit union branches. Moreover, newer, suburban and rural payday lender outlets are almost always located next to mainstream banks and credit unions. The exception would be Winnipeg’s inner-city, where payday lenders are more densely located and where mainstream banks have gradually retreated. While multi-service establishments are shown to have first gained a foothold in poor neighbourhoods as cheque-cashers, this study examines the extent to which a focus on payday loans as the lead product has been accompanied by a shift to middle-income, suburban neighbourhoods and rural communities over the study period. The results of descriptive and OLS multivariate regression analyses provide further evidence of the changing relationship of location patterns of payday lenders to neighborhood characteristics, including mainstream bank presence, income level, poverty status, population density, age, education, family type and ethnicity. The implications these findings have for ongoing policy discussions about the status of the payday loan industry in Canada are discussed. JEL Classification code: G21 - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Microfinance Institutions; Mortgages

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Bibliotek och liknande arkiv har funnits i hundratals år och är en viktig del av ett lands kulturella arbete. De fungerar även som en mötesplats för alla; oavsett ålder, social eller ekonomisk bakgrund. Dessvärre visar färska rapporter att antalet utlåningar och besök minskar på biblioteken. Kulturförvaltningen i Stockholms Stad arbetar för närvarande med att ta fram en Strukturplan gällande biblioteken i staden för en kommande fyraårs period. Syftet med planen är att rekognosera hur läget ser ut idag för att sedan sätta upp mål för hur verksamheten ska utvecklas. För att ge stöd till framtagningen av strukturplanen kommer denna studie utvärdera hur väl lokaliseringsmodellen location-allocation är lämpad som beslutsunderlag för placering av bibliotek samt vilken inverkan olika typer av behovspunkter har på resultatet. Genom att applicera modellen i fallstudien Stockholms Stads bibliotek, kan modellen utvärderas för att se om den kan användas vid liknade frågeställningar i framtiden. Med hjälp av data över var folk bor, arbetar och rör sig utvärderas modellen i två steg. Först kommer varje behovstyp att analyseras var för sig och därefter testas tre metoder för att slå ihop de olika typerna för att skapa en mer enhetlig bild. Resultaten visar att modellen location-allocation har stor potential för att användas som beslutsstöd för bibliotekens verksamhet. Utifrån de olika behovspunkterna kan strategiska placeringar hittas och en bredare bild ges av var folk bor, arbetar och hur de rör sig. Varje enskilt resultat berättar mer om var människorna i staden befinner sig och det är också lätt att se skillnader på till exempel var folk bor och arbetar, samt var man bör finnas för att nå ut till den yngre befolkningen jämfört med befolkningen i sin helhet. De tre metoderna för att sammanslagning av resultaten visade sig alla vara effektiva och pålitliga. Att visa alla delresultat på en och samma karta, förslagsvis med hjälp av en interaktiv PDF, ger en tydlig bild över de olika behovstypernas betydelse och inverkan. Kluster av valda platser kan hittas och ringas in. De två andra metoderna, MCE-analys och linjarisering, ger en bra bild över vilka strategiska placeringar som finns, båda kan vara användbara för att på ett snabbt och enkelt sätt förmedla resultatet. En del begränsningar och osäkerheter finns dock med modellen som är viktiga att beakta. Lösningsalgoritmen sker heuristiskt vilket gör att det kan vara svårt att förstå exakt hur den räknar och vilken inverkan olika parametrar har. Därför är det viktigt att en omfattande genomgång görs för den verksamhet som ska undersökas, det vill säga, vilka behov finns, hur de ser på sin verksamhet och vilka parametrar tror de inverkar på besökarnas rörelsemönster. Slutligen ska det betonas att Kulturförvaltningen, som har varit en del av denna studie och som har gett sin input till analysen, har ansett att modellen och materialet är användbart. Då avsikten med analysen inte var att hitta exakta placeringar av bibliotek utan snarare att få en översiktlig bild av var de bör placeras för att bäst nå ut till kommunens invånare kan slutsatsen dras att resultaten från location-allocation modellen ger en värdefull input som beslutsunderlag. Det är dock viktigt att ha i åtanke att resultatet från modellen inte visar en exakt verklighet, utan att den endast ger ett förslag på hur man bäst når ut till befolkningen. Det ska också tilläggas att detta bara är en del av många när det kommer till biblioteksplanering. Till exempel spelar bibliotekens lånestatistik, utbud och inriktning en viktig roll när det kommer till att utvärdera verksamheten. / Libraries and similar archives have existed for hundreds of years and are an important part of a country's cultural work. It also serves as meeting place for all, regardless of age, social and economic background. However, recent studies state that the physical loaning of literature and the number of visitors at libraries are decreasing. Kulturförvaltningen (The Department of Art and Culture), a part of the municipality of Stockholm, is currently producing a structure plan for the development of the libraries in the coming four years. The purpose of the plan is to evaluate the current circumstances and thereafter set targets on how their business should develop. To support the work with the structure plan this study will evaluate the model location-allocation and examine if it is suitable as a decision basis for locating libraries and what impact different types of demand points have on the result. By applying the model in a case study, consisting of the libraries in Stockholm, the model can be evaluated in terms of usefulness in similar problems in the future. With the help of data of where people live, work and how they move, the model will be evaluated in two stages. In the first stage, different demand points will be examined separately and thereafter three methods will be tested to combine the different types to create a more uniform picture. The results show that the location-allocation model has a large potential to be used as a decision basis for library planning. With the help of different demand points, strategic locations can be found and a wider picture is given of where people live, work and how they move. Each individual result tells more about where the citizens are and it is also easy to see distinctions between the different types of demand, for example where people live and work and where the libraries should be located to reach the younger population in comparison to the population as a whole. The three methods for merging the results all ended up to be both effective and trustworthy. To show all the sub-results in the same map, preferably with the help of an interactive PDF, highlights the importance and impact different demands have as well as allowing patterns or clusters to be found and marked. The two other methods tested, a MCE-analysis and linearization, are both useful to show strategic locations and to quickly and simply communicate results. However, there are some limitations and uncertainties with the model that are important to take into consideration. The algorithm used to solve the problem is heuristic, making it hard to understand exactly how it calculates and what impact different parameters have. Consequently, it is important to make an extensive review of the business that will be examined, more specific, what are their demands, how do they look at their business and what parameters do they believe impact the movement pattern of visitors. Finally, it should be emphasized that Kulturförvaltningen has been a part of this study from the beginning and they have given their support and input into the analysis throughout the process. In the end, they considered the model and the results from it to be useful in the decision-making process. It is important to keep in mind that the results of the model do not show an exact reality, the intention of the analysis was to develop an overview of where libraries should be approximately located, rather than to find exact locations. The end result being libraries located to better reach their citizens. However, the above is only looking at one part of many when it comes to library site planning and many other issues such as the libraries lending rate, supply and overall focus play an important role when it comes to evaluating their business.

Stockholm växer och det kräver i sin tur nya bostäder. De fria ytorna i Stockholm city minskar och Stockholms stad försöker på nya sätt förtäta och förbättra staden konstant. Fastigheten Gulbetan är centralt belägen på Södermalm i anslutning till Ringvägen och Vitabergsparken. Idag används platsen till parkering och återvinning vilket gör att platsen är dyster och inte fyller sin fulla potential. Detta examensarbete leder till färdiga förslagshandlingar för fastigheten. Handlingar tas fram utefter en noggrann platsanalys som i sin tur resulterar i en byggnad med butik i hörnet av plan 0, trygghetsboende på plan 1-2 och bostäder på plan 3-7. Även ett gångstråk skapas mellan parkerna Vitabergsparken och Lilla Blecktornsparken. Tanken med arkitekturen under hela projektet har varit att skapa ett nytt avslut av Ringvägen, med en stilren byggnad som står sig i tiden. / Stockholm is growing and that in turn requires new buildings. The free surfaces of Stockholm decreases and Stockholm City are trying to find new ways to improve the city. The property Gulbetan is located on Södermalm in connection with Ringvägen and Vitabergsparken. Today the site is used for parking and recycling which makes the place dismal and it does not fulfill its full potential. This thesis leads to the final draft documents for the property. Documents are produced along a thorough site analysis, which in turn results in a building with a shop on the corner of plane 0, sheltered housing on floors 1-2 and apartments on floors 3-7. Even a pedestrian area created between the parks Vitabergsparken and Lilla Blecktornsparken. The idea of the architecture throughout the project has been to create a new clearance of Ringvägen, with a stylish building that is timeless.

近年來由於銀行自動櫃員機(ATM: Automatic Teller Machine)的方便性導致ATM需求大幅增加，銀行因此必須投入可觀之設置與維護費用，然而卻缺乏有效的方式評估ATM設點位置與相關經濟效益。傳統的ATM設點多依據決策者之經驗與主觀需求，甚少考慮涉及複雜因素之空間選址問題，因此如何合理且有效地選取ATM設置據點以提高經濟效益，成為亟待解決之問題。 本研究目的在於提供高經濟效益之ATM設點建議，作為決策者參考。我們以地理資訊系統結合資料探勘技術，進行ATM設點分析。首先從ATM使用率，透過地理資訊系統技術結合空間與屬性資料。其次導入資料探勘技術分析影響ATM設點之因素，求取設置據點的綜合效益，取得影響因素與設置據點效益之關聯性並產生設點規則。最後將此規則應用於地理資訊系統圖層分析中，推論出設點建議。 我們以國內銀行實際ATM設點位置與其營業資料來展示我們的方法，實驗結果顯示我們可成功的分析影響ATM效益的主要因素，指出影響因素的明確距離及數量分佈，提供決策者分辨原始ATM是否該遷移或裁撤，同時亦能提供建議是否該於潛在客群分佈區域設立新據點。 / The convenience of the ATM banking facilities caused rapidly increasing in ATM demands during the past decades. The expenses for installation and maintenance of the ATMs are considerably high. However, there are no effective methods to evaluate the economic benefits on ATMs’ locations. Traditionally, the decision for ATM installation is based on policymaker’s experiences and subjective demands. The cost-effective issues and the spatial factors involved in location finding were seldom considered. Hence, develop a reasonable and effective mechanism to find the ATM locations that could improve economic efficiency become an important problem to be solved. The purpose of this thesis is to provide suggestion on the cost-effective ATM installation locations to help the policymaker in making decisions. We combine the techniques in geographical information system (GIS) as well as data mining for the cost-effective ATM installation location analysis. Using the ATM utilization factors for various ATMs, we can associate the attribute data with the spatial provided by GIS. Then, we use data mining techniques to analyze the factors that could influence the cost-effective installation location of ATMs. From this information, we can summarize the association rules that have the most impacts to localize the ATM installation locations. Finally, using these association rules, we can reach conclusion on ATMs’ installation locations. We use our local bank data to illustrate our idea. Experimental results show that we can successfully find the key factors that influence the cost-effective ATM installation locations. The range and the quantities of these events can be identified clearly, hence, making it possible to suggest whether an ATM should be removed or be relocated. Furthermore, we can suggest installing a new ATM at a particular location for potential customers or not.

The supply function has an important role to support the business to create a customer value. Two important parts of this process is to have the warehouses and production sites in the right location and to have the right items stocked at the right level.   This thesis is concerned with those two parts of the supply chain management. Three different areas of inventory control are dealt with. In the first part we consider the classical dynamic lot size problem without backlogging. The second part deals with estimation of holding and shortage costs in two-level distribution inventory systems. In the third part of the thesis we consider the localisation problem in a multi-level supply network system where items are consolidated at a warehouse and distributed to customers on routes.   Within the area of inventory control we have evaluated a method earlier suggested by Axsäter (1988), the method is evaluated using a set of test problems and compared other heuristic methods, including the well-known Silver-Meal’s method (Silver and Meal, 1973).  The result shows that the method suggested by Axsäter does perform better than the other methods. In the latest contribution we point to the important differences between Least Period Cost and Silver-Meal when several periods have zero demand. In the area of inventory control we have also studied a two-echelon inventory system where we present methods for estimating the shortage- and stockholding costs in such inventory systems.   The second part subject of the thesis concerns supply network optimization. We present a MIP formulation of the problem and evaluate in detail the approximation of the distribution cost when customers are delivered on multi-stop routes. An improved method for estimating the distribution is presented.   Besides this introductory overview five research papers are included in the thesis. The first and the last paper consider evaluation of dynamic lot sizing heuristics. The second and third paper deals with cost evaluation of a stochastic two-echelon inventory system and the forth paper with evaluation of methods for estimating distribution costs in a supply network.

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本論文探討台北市連鎖式便利商店的市場進入決策。研究發現在便利商店的產業裡，相較於多重市場接觸(亦即是否已同時出現在其他市場)的考量，與競爭對手門市的距離對廠商的進入決策有較大的影響。此外，上期競爭對手存在與否，也是廠商是否進入該市場的重要衡量依據。大型連鎖店會進入前一期競爭較激烈的市場，這些市場競爭對手的門市已有一家以上；而小型連鎖店通常不會依據對手的門市數目來決定其進入的決策。最後，利用不同的落後期變數設定，本文發現廠商的進入決策具有一致性。這表示在台北市，便利商店已經是相當成熟的產業了。 / In this paper we study entry decisions of the convenience store chains in Taipei. We find that the distance between store pairs is more relevant to firms' entry decisions than the multimarket contact (i.e., firms encounter each other in multiple markets) in this industry. In addition, the presence of a firm's rivals in the previous period plays an important role in the entry decision. The large convenience store chains are more likely to enter more competitive markets, such as markets consisting of more than one rivals' store. On the other hand, the small chains are indifferent to their rivals' presence when making their entry decisions. Lastly, firms' entry decisions are consistent when different measurements of lagged variables are used. We interpret that the convenience store industry may have reached a stable state in Taipei.