The focus of this study was to determine how attribution patterns of children with an internal or external locus of control differ when playing a computer video game. Forty subjects each (twenty internally controlled and twenty externally controlled) were placed in a competitive or non-competitive treatment setting with a successful or unsuccessful outcome. Each subject played a computer video game made by a major manufacturer. At the completion of each session, each subject was asked to rate the four attributes of ability, effort, task difficulty, and luck. The results were then analyzed using analysis of variance with age as a covariate.

La maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique (MPOC) est une maladie respiratoire irréversible, évolutive et très fréquente qui fait peser un lourd fardeau sur le système de santé, les patients et leurs proches. La réadaptation pulmonaire (RP) est efficace pour réduire la dyspnée et l’utilisation des ressources en soins de santé et pour améliorer la capacité physique et la qualité de vie des patients. L’entraînement physique est la pierre angulaire de la RP, mais elle n’est bénéfique que si les patients 1) assistent aux séances d’exercice, 2) se conforment à l'intensité des exercices prescrits et 3) maintiennent l'exercice physique régulier après la RP. La dépression comorbide est disproportionnée dans la MPOC et s’est révélée être un facteur prédictif de « mauvaise » fréquentation de la RP, et d'abandon de la pratique physique régulière après le programme. À notre connaissance, aucune étude ne s'est intéressée aux prédicteurs de conformité à l'intensité d'exercice prescrit pendant la RP et seules quelques études ont explorées les facteurs associés au maintien de l'exercice après la RP. L’objectif principal de cette étude consistait à examiner dans quelle mesure les symptômes dépressifs à l'entrée de la RP permettent de prédire 1) la présence aux séances de RP, 2) le respect de l'intensité (conformité) des exercices d’endurance prescrits pendant la RP, et 3) le niveau d’exercice physique maintenu 9 mois après la RP. Un deuxième objectif consistait à explorer d'autres variables susceptibles d'être associées à ces paramètres. Trente-six patients (64 % de femmes) atteints de la MPOC stable, modérée à sévère, ont été inscrits à un programme de RP de 12 semaines comportant 36 séances d’exercice physique supervisé. À l’entrée du RP les patients ont rempli l’Inventaire de Dépression de Beck (BDI-II, le prédicteur principal) et le formulaire C de l’Échelle du locus de contrôle sur la santé (LCS), et ont subi des tests de fonction pulmonaire et une épreuve d’effort progressif à vélo (pour déterminer l'intensité de l'exercice pour la RP). Ensuite, ils ont été répartis de façon aléatoire dans trois groupes à intensité d’exercice différente. La fréquentation de la RP était définie comme le pourcentage de séances suivies; la conformité, comme la durée d’entraînement pratiquée à la fréquence cardiaque cible; et le maintien de l'exercice physique régulier comme le niveau d’exercice fait au cours d’une semaine 9 mois après la RP (enregistré dans un journal d’activité physique et calculé en équivalents métaboliques de l’effort [MET] minutes ). La médiane (écart interquartile ou IQR) du score au BDI-II était de 8,5 points (6-13), la médiane (IQR) du taux de la fréquentation aux séances était de 83% (67-94), la médiane du taux de compliance à l’intensité d'exercice était de 94% (71-99), et la médiane du nombre de minutes MET après la RP était de 706 (445-1146). Les analyses de régression linéaire ne montrent pas de relation entre les symptômes dépressifs pré-RP et la fréquentation des séances de la RP (ß = 0,12; p = 0,478). Par-contre, ils étaient associés à la conformité à l'intensité de l’exercice physique pendant la RP (ß = -0,40; p = 0,047), et à la poursuite de la pratique d’un exercice physique régulier après la RP (ß = -0,50; p = 0,004). Les analyses étaient ajustées pour des covariables prédéfinies. Les analyses exploratoires ont révélé que certaines variables supplémentaires (y compris LCS) étaient associées aux issues mesurées. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que même les niveaux de dépression sous-cliniques pourraient jouer un rôle important dans la compliance aux programme de réentraînement, et au maintien d’un style de vie actif après la période de réadaptation. Cela a des implications pour améliorer le dépistage des « mauvais » résultats dans la RP et pour l'élaboration d'interventions ciblées pour améliorer les bénéfices pour la santé découlant de la réadaptation pour la MPOC. / Abstract : Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an irreversible, progressive, and highly prevalent respiratory illness that poses a great burden on the healthcare system, patients, and their families. Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is effective in reducing dyspnea and health care resource utilization, and increasing exercise capacity and quality of life. Exercise training is the cornerstone of PR but is only beneficial if patients 1) attend sessions, 2) comply with the prescribed exercise regimen, and 3) maintain regular exercise after supervised PR ends. Comorbid depression is disproportionately high in COPD and has been found to predict poor attendance at PR and low levels of exercise maintained afterwards. To our knowledge, no study has investigated predictors of exercise compliance during PR, and only a few studies have examined predictors of exercise maintenance post PR. The primary objective of this study was to examine how much baseline depressive symptomatology can predict 1) PR attendance, 2) PR exercise compliance, and 3) levels of exercise maintained at 9-months post PR. A secondary, exploratory objective was to identify additional variables that might also have significant associations with these outcomes. Thirty-six patients (64% female) with stable COPD were enrolled in a 12-week 36-session supervised exercise intervention in the context of a PR program. Patients underwent evaluations at entry to PR which included the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II, the main predictor), the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (HLC) Scale Form-C, pulmonary function tests, and an incremental cycling test (to determine the exercise intensity prescription). Patients were randomized to one of three groups of varying exercise intensity. Attendance was defined as the percent of total sessions attended, compliance as the percent of endurance training time exercising at a prescribed target heart rate, and post-PR exercise as the total exercise performed over a 7-day period recorded in a physical activity diary and calculated as metabolic equivalent of task (MET) minutes. Median (IQR) baseline BDI-II was 8.5 (6-13), median (IQR) percent attendance was 83 (67-94), median (IQR) percent exercise compliance was 94 (71-99), and median (IQR) exercise MET-minutes post PR was 706 (445-1146). In multiple regression analyses, baseline depressive symptomatology did not emerge as a significant independent predictor of PR attendance (ß = .12, p = .478), but was a significant predictor of PR exercise compliance (ß = -.40, p = .047), and of exercise maintained post PR (ß = -.50, p = .004), with adjustment for a-priori defined covariates. Secondary exploratory analyses revealed that certain additional variables (including HLC) had associations with particular outcomes. The findings suggest that even subclinical levels of depression can predict PR exercise compliance and post-PR exercise levels. This has implications for improving screening for, and understanding of, poor outcomes in PR and for developing targeted interventions to optimize the health benefits that can be derived during and after PR for COPD.

A study was conducted to investigate factors associated with the perceived future self-efficacy in adolescents with spina bifida. Thirteen adolescents with spina bifida and their parents were surveyed. Seventeen adolescents without an identified disability and their parents were also surveyed. The Questionnaire of Future Adult Activities (QFAA) and the Health Attribution Test (HAT) were administered. Parent responses were compared to those of adolescents and adolescent responses were compared between groups. There was no overall correlation between parent and adolescent responses. Differences were found between responses of adolescents with spina bifida and adolescents without an identified disability. Limited correlations were found between the QFAA and the HAT.

Regulatory Focus Theory predicts that the motivation to self-regulate goal-directed thought and behavior depends on two distinct regulation strategies: a promotion focus based on attaining gains and a prevention focus based on avoiding losses. This study took a social-cognitive approach predicting that regulatory focus has an impact on how family startups (several family related founders) explore “new ideas”, exploit “old certainties” and achieve the balance of both (ambidexterity), compared to lone founder startups (only one founder present). It was proposed that the social context of family ties among founders leads them to a prevention focus concerned with avoiding the loss of the socio-emotional benefits of those ties. In order to avoid such a loss, family founders were expected to increase their risk perceptions and thus, explore less than lone founders, who lack such socio-emotional ties. It was also proposed that two commonly used psychological traits in entrepreneurship research --achievement motivation and internal locus of control, predispose entrepreneurs to a promotion focus. Founders with a promotion focus, in turn, were hypothesized to lead startups to more risk-seeking behaviors and to more explorative orientation. The previous argument was used as a springboard to derive hypotheses about ambidexterity (the ability to exploit and explore simultaneously) and survival hazards. Using Regulatory Focus Theory, exploitative orientation, conceptualized as the motivational strength to continue on previous paths of action, was hypothesized to be not significantly different from that of lone founder startups. Taking previous arguments together, lone founder startups were hypothesized to be more ambidextrous than family startups. Finally, ambidexterity and internal locus of control were hypothesized to reduce survival hazards in family startups. The findings suggested that family startups explore less than lone founder startups even after controlling for group effects. Interesting but contradictory findings revealed that internal locus of control have both a positive direct effect and a positive interaction that increases the explorative and ambidextrous orientation gap of family startups over lone founder startups. As expected, ambidexterity and internal locus of control reduced survival hazards on family startups. Implications for practitioners were derived based on a sample of 470 nascent entrepreneurs.

Evidence is cited in this paper which suggests religion is gaining in influence on American life. Although interest in religiosity is increasing, mental health research into the area is meager. As psychological researchers grow cognizant of the impact of social systems on the individual, it becomes important to examine the impact of religion and religious belief on the emotional health of the individual. The literature also suggests that attitudes toward death and the individual's perception of power/helplessness, which are elements closely associated with religious belief, are also important factors in determining one's state of psychological well-being. This study is an attempt to look more closely at the role of religion, attitudes toward death, and perception of power/helplessness in a psychiatric population as compared to a nonpsychiatric population. The major variable under consideration, religious orientation, was measured with the Intrinsic-Extrinsic Religious Orientation Inventory which measures the nature of one's involvement with religion. The individual with an intrinsic orientation toward religion is believed to exhibit a healthier adjustment than the individual with an extrinsic orientation toward religion. It was hypothesized that healthier religious adjustment would be related to lower death anxiety, as measured by the Death Anxiety Scale, and lower locus of control scores, as measured by the Internal-External Locus of Control Scale. Further, it was assumed that whether or not one's religious belief system includes a belief in punishment after death would exert some influence on death anxiety. The information obtained in this study suggests that the most important factor of concern to psychiatric patients in the area of religious orientation and death anxiety is belief in punishment after death and its relationship to locus of control. Death anxiety was greatest in psychiatric patients who believed in punishment after death. Overall subjects who believed in punishment after death tended to exhibit higher external locus of control scores. Implications of these findings are discussed.

This thesis attempted to uncover whether leadership career intentions and masculine sex-role orientation were mediated by internal locus of control. The intangible "glass ceiling" has continued to be a barrier for women in business. Research has repeatedly attempted to uncover the justification for sexual discrimination in the workforce, striving to find where the "weaknesses" of women in management ranks resided.

This study addresses the effects of the changing workforce and the physiological and psychological benefits of fitness. The purpose of this experiment is to test the relationship between situational stressors, perceived fitness, exercise locus of control, self-control, and perceived stress.

The problem of this study was to search for relationships between selected learning styles as measured by the Grasha-Riechmann Learning Style Scales and personality variables as measured by the Eysenck Personality Inventory and Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale. An additional problem was to test for differences along the male-female dimension among the personality and attitude variables.

Play therapy in a school setting was studied to determine its therapeutic effectiveness on students' reading achievement, self-concept, and locus of control. The sample consisted of 24 students in two first grade classes who had been retained because of low achievement in reading. Instruments used in the study were the Gates MacGinite Reading Test, the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale, and the Intellectual Achievement Responsibility Questionnaire. Analysis of covariance, used to test the significance of the difference between the adjusted post-test means of the experimental and control groups, showed that participants in play therapy scored significantly higher in self-concept than did those who were not exposed to treatment. No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in reading achievement or locus of control. Since research has shown that low achievers in reading tend to have low self-concepts, it seems reasonable to assume that improved self-concept would be related to improved reading scores. The nature of such a possible relationship needs further study. Recommendations were made for integrating affective components into academic remediation programs, and suggestions for further research were made.

Les nombreux modèles de turnover que l’on peut trouver dans la littérature en gestion des ressources humaines illustrent l’importance pour les équipes des ressources humaines de prendre en considération ce sujet. L’objectif de cette recherche est d’étudier les facteurs organisationnels et individuels qui influencent l’intention de départ des managers français issus du secteur privé. Il s’agit ainsi d’analyser les effets de variables organisationnelles comme le soutien organisationnel perçu, la satisfaction de carrière, le conflit famille travail, le plafonnement subjectif ainsi que ceux de deux variables de personnalité, le locus de contrôle et les ancres de carrière, sur les intentions de départ.Pour répondre à ces questions de recherche, une enquête par questionnaire a été réalisée en septembre 2015 auprès de managers français issus de différentes entreprises. L’échantillon est composé de 305 répondants.Les résultats montrent le rôle prépondérant du soutien organisationnel perçu dont les effets sur l’intention de départ sont modérés par le locus de contrôle. Ainsi, il s’avère que les managers les plus internes, s’ils se sentent soutenus par leur employeur, sont plus volontiers satisfaits de leur carrière et éprouvent moins que les plus externes de conflits de rôle entre leur vie familiale et leur vie professionnelle ou encore de plafonnement hiérarchique. En revanche, nos résultats ont montré que, s’ils éprouvent, a contrario, une perception négative quant au support de leur employeur, ils développent alors davantage d’intentions de départ que les profils externes.Les variables socio démographiques telles que l’ancienneté entreprise, l’ancienneté dans le poste, l’âge ou la rémunération contribuent à expliquer l’intention de quitter l’entreprise. / The many turnover models that can be found in the literature on human resources management illustrate the importance of human resources teams to consider this topic. The objective of this research is to study the organizational and individual factors that influence the intention of French managers to quit from the private sector. This involves analyzing the effects of organizational variables such as perceived organizational support, career satisfaction, work-family conflict, hierarchical plateauing, and two personality variables, locus of control and career anchors on the intentions of departure.To answer these research questions, a questionnaire survey was conducted in September 2015 with French managers from different companies. The sample is composed of 305 respondents.The results show the preponderant role of perceived organizational support, whose effects on intention to quit are moderated by the locus of control. Thus, it appears that the most internal managers, if they feel supported by their employer, are more likely to be satisfied with their careers and have less than the most external role conflicts between their family and professional lives or still have a hierarchical plateauing. On the other hand, our results show that if they have a negative perception of their employer's support, they develop more intentions than external profiles to quit.Socio-demographic variables such as length of service, length of service, age or earnings contribute to explaining the intention to leave the company.