Målet med denna studie är att framställa en modell för sannolikheten för skred i Cuenca del Arga i Navarra, Spanien, med hjälp av GIS och oskarp logik. Utifrån denna modell framställs en karta som visar områden där det finns sannolikhet för skred. Övergripande har metoden skett i fyra steg. Först har en skredindexkarta framställts, sedan har medlemsfunktioner skapats utifrån dessa med hjälp av skredriskparametrar. De ingående parametrarna har varit sluttningsvinkel, topografisk fuktighetsindex, avstånd till vattendrag, jordmån och markanvändning. Sedan har medlemsfunktionerna applicerats på parametrarna, som sedan slutligen kombinerats genom WLC (weighted linear combination). Detta resulterade i en sannolikhetskarta för skred med fem klasser. / The aim of this study is to construct a model in GIS (geographical information system) for landslide susceptibility mapping for Cuenca del Arga in Navarre, Spain, to identify potential areas for landslides. The model is based on fuzzy logic approach and the parameters are overlaid with WLC (weighted linear combination).

Matrices whose rows (or columns) consists of monomials of sequential powers are called Vandermonde matrices and can be used to describe several useful concepts and have properties that can be helpful for solving many kinds of problems. In this thesis we will discuss this matrix and some of its properties as well as a generalization of it and how it can be applied to curve fitting discharge current for the purpose of ensuring electromagnetic compatibility. In the first chapter the basic theory for later chapters is introduced. This includes the Vandermonde matrix and some of its properties, history, applications and generalizations, interpolation and regression problems, optimal experiment design and modelling of electrostatic discharge currents with the purpose to ensure electromagnetic compatibility. The second chapter focuses on finding the extreme points for the determinant for the Vandermonde matrix on various surfaces including spheres, ellipsoids, cylinders and tori. The extreme points are analysed in three dimensions or more. The third chapter discusses fitting a particular model called the p-peaked Analytically Extended Function (AEF) to data taken either from a standard for electromagnetic compatibility or experimental measurements. More specifically the AEF will be fitted to discharge currents from the IEC 62305-1 and IEC 61000-4-2 standards for lightning protection and electrostatic discharge immunity as well as some experimentally measured data of similar phenomena.

För att korta ner den totala driftsättningstiden i projekt beslutade Volvo Cars Skövde om att undersöka möjligheterna för verifiering av PLC-logik mot simuleringsprogram. Det övergripande målet med examensarbetet var att undersöka möjligheterna för att upprätta kommunikation mellan flödesimuleringsprogrammet Siemens Plant Simulation och en PLC-enhet. En ingripande förståelse av området virtuell driftsättning skapades vid skrivandet av referensramen och en litteraturstudie vilket legat till grund för det fortsatta praktiska arbetet. Genom en datainsamling med intervjuer, diskussioner och en omfattande litteraturstudie kunde en bättre förståelse bildas kring hur kommunikation mellan de olika programmen fungerar, samt viktiga punkter som bör has i åtanke vid virtuell driftsättning överlag. Ett hypotetiskt system utvecklades i Plant Simulation av Volvo Cars Skövde för att användas som testsystem. I emuleringsmjukvaran Simumatik3D skapades en modell för att efterlikna Plant Simulation modellen samtidigt som PLC-logiken utvecklades i Siemens Step 7. Under utvecklingens gång verifierades delsystem i Simumatik3D mot den skapade PLC-logiken tills det att modellen var färdigutvecklad. För att säkerhetsställa att både Simumatik3D modellen och Plant Simulation modellen var valid undersöktes ett antal valideringspunkter. Experimentfasen tog vid efter valideringstestet där olika scenarier undersöktes och testades för att föra upp eventuella problem i modellerna till ytan. En omfattande utvärdering presenteras där hela uppbyggnadsfasen av modeller utvärderas med avseende på tidsåtgång, för- och nackdelar och kommunikation med PLC. De två programmen Simumatik3D och Plant Simulation utvärderades mot varandra för att få ut vilket program som mest lämpar sig för virtuell verifiering av PLC-logik. Ett översiktligt arbetssätt togs fram utifrån den utvärdering som gjorts samt erfarenheter från genomförandet av arbetet. Resultatet av det framtagna arbetssättet presenteras vilket beskriver uppdelningen mellan beställare och leverantör, kommunikationen mellan parterna samt en överskådlig visualisering av arbetssättets process. Resultatet från utvärderingen visade att Simumatik3D lämpar sig åt att verifiera PLC logik på detaljnivå. Utvärderingen visade även att PLC-logik kan verifieras med hjälp av Plant Simulation, dock inte på samma detaljnivå. Plant Simulation lämpar sig istället till att göra simuleringsmodeller mer verklighetstrogna. Virtuell driftsättning av PLC-logik är ett nytt koncept på Volvo Cars Skövde och därför kan resultatet från detta arbete ligga till grund för fortsatt arbete inom detta område. Virtuell verifiering av PLC-logik diskuteras där flera aspekter som är viktiga att tänka på presenteras. Projektens huvudmål att virtuellt verifiera PLC-logik mot simuleringsprogram uppnåddes och gav goda resultat, de uppsatta delmålen resulterade i en omfattande utvärdering och framtida rekommendationer. / To shorten project lead times Volvo Cars Skövde decided to explore the possibilities regarding verifi-cation of PLC-logic in simulation programs. The overall objective of the thesis was to analyze the pos-sibilities for establishing communication between the flow simulation program Plant Simulation and a PLC-device. A thorough understanding of the area virtual commissioning was obtained by writing the frame of reference and a literature review which served as basis for the continued practical work. Through a collection of interviews, discussions and an extensive literature review a better under-standing regarding how the communication between the different programs works, along with im-portant points that should be considered under a virtual commissioning project was obtained. A hy-pothetical system was developed in Plant Simulation by Volvo Cars Skövde to be used as a test sys-tem. The Simumatik3D model was created by emulating the Plant Simulation model and at the same time developing the PLC-logic in Siemens Step 7. During the development progress subsystems were verified in Simumatik3D against the created PLC-logic until the model was fully developed. To make sure that both the Simumatik3D model and the Plant Simulation model was valid a number of valida-tion points were tested. After the validation test the experimental phase started were different sce-narios were analyzed and tested to bring up any problems in the models to the surface. A thorough evaluation is presented in which the entire construction phase of the models is evaluated in terms of time required, advantages and disadvantages and communication with the PLC-device. The two pro-grams Simumatik3D and Plant Simulation was evaluated against one another in order to find out which program that is the most suited for virtual verification of PLC-logic. An overall methodology was developed based on the evaluation carried out and the experience gained from the implementa-tion of the work. The result from the developed methodology is presented which describes the parti-tion between the client and supplier, the communication between them and a visualization of the methodology-process. The result from the evaluation showed that Simumatik3D was more suitable for verification of PLC logic on a detailed level. The evaluation also showed that the PLC logic could be verified with Plant Simulation, but not on the same detailed level. Plant Simulation was more suit-able for making simulation models more realistic. Virtual commissioning of PLC-logic is a new con-cept on Volvo Cars Skövde and therefore can the result from this thesis form a basis for future work in this area. Virtual verification of PLC-logic is discussed in which several important aspects to think about is presented. The projects main goal to virtually verify PLC-logic in simulation programs was achieved and yielded good results, the partial objectives resulted in a thorough evaluation and future recommendations.

School leadership and the principal’s important role in implementing national goals, efficiency in economy and administration and school development has gained increasingly interest the last decade. Both among politicians and researchers we find a lot of suggestions what kind of leadership is the most efficient to raise standards and solve the problems of decreasing student results and an increasing inequality between schools.  In the Swedish context, there is a school form that rarely is mentioned in this debate – the folk high school. On its own path, beside the ordinary school system, the folk high schools during 150 years, has brought education to adults from rural - and working class, served as a knowledge centre for the civil society and, during last years, played an important role in the integration of refugees and immigrants. The leadership in this school form is hardly at all investigated and needs to be highlighted.  The aim of this study is to give voice to principals in the Swedish folk high school and describe how they talk, and what they say, about their mission and their leadership.  This work builds upon qualitative interviews with eight principals in different folk high schools. Their stories have been processed by using a discourse-analytic approach. I have also identified the presence of different institutional logics working in their organizations. In the analysis, I have used theories made around the organizational field and the social context in schools.  My respondents describe a mission that is wide and quite open. The schools are small and the board consists of people who work voluntary to befriend the school. The principle has a large ability to design the mission him/herself. The mission also rephrases in the everyday interaction with the staff and the local culture, a culture where teachers, by tradition, has a lot of independence and great influence. This situation affects the principals’ possibilities and range of action. He/she is at the same time free and bounded. I also find that the principals, increasingly, must deal with multiple institutional logics, that affect ways of thinking, talking and acting, in their organizations.

Business incubators have become an integrated part of innovation systems worldwide, designed to support innovative entrepreneurship and regional development. However, empirical research on incubated firms show mixed results on innovation and growth. In this paper, 18 Swedish incubators, top-ranked and funded by government innovation programs, are studied through the lens of the institutional logics perspective. Multiple conflicts in state and market logics are highlighted and discussed, as well as implications for new venture creation and future research on business incubators as influential institutional actors.

The municipal housing company is a form of hybrid organization whose operations meet demands and expectations. These requirements can be perceived as competitive as the company is expected to act commercially but also fulfill a socially beneficial purpose. A municipal housing company operates in institutional environments where it influences and is influenced by its surroundings. Previous research has identified the concept of hybrid organization and the emergence of institutional logic. With this study, we have investigated how competing requirements from business and socially beneficial principles are handled internally within a municipal housing company. The purpose of this study is to describe and explain how competing requirements from socially beneficial and business principles are handled in municipal housing companies. Our study is conducted based on the theory of institutional logic. We have studied which strategies the municipal housing company uses in its operational management when they meet competing requirements. To fulfill our purpose and answer the question, we interviewed six employees with different positions within Halmstad Fastighet AB. The empirical material has been compared with our theoretical framework and then we have a discussion about how the company handles the competing requirements. The results of our study show that the organization defies institutional logic and acts more rationally than expected when dealing with the requirements of business and socially beneficial principles in its operations. Our conclusion is that we can see elements of all three strategies in the business: the decoupling, compromise and combination strategy. We note that a balance between business and socially beneficial principles is not possible as there is a dominant requirement. In order for a municipal housing company to succeed in handling competing requirements, the company needs to change shape. We also see a purpose in maintaining the ambiguity surrounding the prioritization of business and socially beneficial principles. / Det kommunala bostadsaktiebolaget är en form av hybridorganisation vars verksamhet ställs inför krav och förväntningar. Dessa krav kan upplevas som konkurrerande då bolaget förväntas agera affärsmässigt men även uppfylla ett samhällsnyttigt syfte. Ett kommunalt bostadsaktiebolag verkar i institutionella miljöer där den påverkar samt påverkas av sin omgivning. Tidigare forskning har identifierat begreppet hybridorganisation och uppkomsten av institutionell logik. Vi har med denna studie undersökt hur konkurrerande krav från affärsmässiga- och samhällsnyttiga principer hanteras intern inom ett kommunalt bostadsaktiebolag. Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva och förklara hur konkurrerande krav från samhällsnyttiga- och affärsmässiga principer hanteras i kommunala bostadsaktiebolag. Vår studie genomförs med grund i teorin om institutionell logik. Vi har studerat vilka strategier det kommunala bostadsaktiebolaget använder sig av i sin verksamhetsstyrning då de möter konkurrerande krav. För att uppfylla vårt syfte och besvara vår frågeställning har vi intervjuat sex medarbetare med olika positioner inom Halmstad fastighets AB. Det empiriska materiale thar jämförts med vårt teoretiska ramverk och därefter för vi en diskussion om hur verksamheten hanterar de konkurrerande krav. Resultatet av vår studie visar att organisationen inte går i linje med institutionell logik och handlar mer rationellt än förväntat vid hantering av kraven från affärsmässiga- och samhällsnyttiga principer i verksamheten. Vår slutsats är att vi i verksamheten kan se inslag av samtliga tre strategier; frikoppling-, kompromiss- och kombinationsstrategin. Vi konstaterar att en balans mellan affärsmässiga- och samhällsnyttiga principer inte är möjlig då det finns ett dominerande krav. För att ett kommunalt bostadsaktiebolag ska lyckas hantera konkurrerande krav behöver bolaget skifta i skepnad. Vi ser även ett syfte med att ha en otydlighet kring prioriteringen av affärsmässiga- och samhällsnyttiga principer.

In dieser Arbeit möchte ich dem Wesen des Auswahlaxioms auf den Grund gehen und verstehen, inwieweit es problematisch sein könnte, es zu benutzen, aber auch wie nützlich es ist, dieses mächtige Instrument als Mathematiker zu besitzen.

Am Institut für Print- und Medientechnik an der TU Chemnitz wird ein System entwickelt, welches gescannte Dokumente archivieren soll. Im Gegensatz zu bereits existierenden OCR-Systemen, sollen diese Dokumente hier jedoch nicht mittels einer Schrifterkennung verarbeitet werden. Vielmehr sind Textbereiche in den gescannten Vorlagen zu vektorisieren. Bereiche mit Grafiken und Illustrationen werden bei diesem Verfahren als ein Bildvektor gespeichert. Diese Vorgehensweise soll es ermöglichen, auch Dokumente mit Schriftsymbolen effizient zu archivieren, die keinen "herkömmlichen" Schriftsätzen zugehörig sind. Diese Studienarbeit stellt Merkmalsextraktionsverfahren vor, die aus einem gegebenen Teil (Segment) eines Dokumentenscans Merkmale extrahieren, die es ermöglichen sollen, diesen mittels eines Klassifikationsverfahrens einer Klasse Textblock oder einer Klasse Grafikblock zuzuordnen. Zusätzlich werden zwei Klassifikationsverfahren, ein Entscheidungsbaum und eine Fuzzy-Logik, auf die Nutzbarkeit für einen solchen Mustererkennungsprozess überprüft. Als Textblöcke erkannte Bereiche werden im zu entwickelnden Gesamtverfahren dann in nachfolgenden Verarbeitungsschritten einer Vektorisierung zugeführt.

Description logics (DLs) are used to represent knowledge of an application domain and provide standard reasoning services to infer consequences of this knowledge. However, classical DLs are not suited to represent vagueness in the description of the knowledge. We consider a combination of DLs and Fuzzy Logics to address this task. In particular, we consider the t-norm-based semantics for fuzzy DLs introduced by Hájek in 2005. Since then, many tableau algorithms have been developed for reasoning in fuzzy DLs. Another popular approach is to reduce fuzzy ontologies to classical ones and use existing highly optimized classical reasoners to deal with them. However, a systematic study of the computational complexity of the different reasoning problems is so far missing from the literature on fuzzy DLs. Recently, some of the developed tableau algorithms have been shown to be incorrect in the presence of general concept inclusion axioms (GCIs). In some fuzzy DLs, reasoning with GCIs has even turned out to be undecidable. This work provides a rigorous analysis of the boundary between decidable and undecidable reasoning problems in t-norm-based fuzzy DLs, in particular for GCIs. Existing undecidability proofs are extended to cover large classes of fuzzy DLs, and decidability is shown for most of the remaining logics considered here. Additionally, the computational complexity of reasoning in fuzzy DLs with semantics based on finite lattices is analyzed. For most decidability results, tight complexity bounds can be derived.

Ontology-based data access (OBDA) augments classical query answering in databases by including domain knowledge provided by an ontology. An ontology captures the terminology of an application domain and describes domain knowledge in a machine-processable way. Formal ontology languages additionally provide semantics to these specifications. Systems for OBDA thus may apply logical reasoning to answer queries; they use the ontological knowledge to infer new information, which is only implicitly given in the data. Moreover, they usually employ the open-world assumption, which means that knowledge not stated explicitly in the data or inferred is neither assumed to be true nor false. Classical OBDA regards the knowledge however only w.r.t. a single moment, which means that information about time is not used for reasoning and hence lost; in particular, the queries generally cannot express temporal aspects. We investigate temporal query languages that allow to access temporal data through classical ontologies. In particular, we study the computational complexity of temporal query answering regarding ontologies written in lightweight description logics, which are known to allow for efficient reasoning in the atemporal setting and are successfully applied in practice. Furthermore, we present a so-called rewritability result for ontology-based temporal query answering, which suggests ways for implementation. Our results may thus guide the choice of a query language for temporal OBDA in data-intensive applications that require fast processing, such as context recognition.