Simulations play an integral role in the understanding and development of rotor- craft aeromechanics. Computational Fluid Dynamics coupled with Computational Structural Dynamics (CFD/CSD) offers an excellent approach to analyzing rotors. These methods have been traditionally “loosely-coupled” where data are exchanged periodically, motion is prescribed for CFD, and the updated loads have a static component for CSD. Loosely-coupled CFD/CSD assumes the solution to be periodic, which may not be true for some simulations. “Tightly-coupled” CFD/CSD, where loads and motion are exchanged at each time step, does not make this periodic assumption and opens up new avenues of simulation to research. A major drawback to tightly-coupled CFD/CSD is an increase in computational cost. Different approaches are explored to reduce this cost as well as examine numerical implications in solutions from tightly and loosely-coupled CFD/CSD. A trim methodology optimized for tightly-coupled simulations is developed and found to bring trim costs within parity of loosely-coupled CFD/CSD simulations. Aerodynamic loading is found to be nearly similar for fixed controls. However, the lead-lag blade motion is determined to contain a harmonic in the tightly-coupled analysis that is not an integer multiple of the rotor speed. A hybrid CFD/CSD methodology employing the use of a free-wake code to model the far-field effects of the rotor wake is developed to aid in computational cost reduction. Investigation of this approach reveals that computational costs may be reduced while preserving solution accuracy. This work’s contributions to the community include the development of a trim algorithm appropriate for use in tightly-coupled CFD/CSD simulations along with a detailed examination of the physics predicted by loose and tight coupling for quasi-steady level flight conditions. The influence of the wake in such cases is directly examined using a modular hybrid coupling to a free-wake code that is capable of reduced cost computations.

Swedish Amnesty was founded in 1964 for the purpose of working for the release of prisoners of conscience. Forty years later the organization has expanded its realm of activity to include ideas such as women’s rights, homosexuals’ rights and corporate responsibility for human rights. When these ideas were first introduced, they challenged prevailing assumptions about what the organization should be concerned with. Adopting a longitudinal approach, this dissertation investigates how these three ideas have been transformed from organizational anomalies into organizational practices. This study contributes to organizational institutional theory in general, and the translation of ideas in particular. The study shows that the translation of ideas in an organization is characterized more by conflicting interests and power relationships than previous research in the area has suggested. Four different editing strategies through which ideas were translated into practice could be seen: assimilation, colonization, creolization, and loose coupling. The processes were driven by institutional entrepreneurs who had a personal interest in the ideas and who saw the organization as a tool for promoting their development in society. The entrepreneurs were primarily new members who were shaped more by their historical life trajectories than by the organizational context into which they had entered. The study shows that the institutionalization of ideas about new practices is an incremental process in which ideas are translated into the organization in piecemeal versions. It suggests that institutionalization is an ongoing process in which the practice changes continuously. At the same time this process is also characterized by a certain amount of stability. New practices blend elements of old ones. Finally, this study has shown that organizational identities and interests are not antecedents of action, but rather are something emerging in the translation process.

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Afin d'étudier le rôle du Contrôle de Gestion dans la stratégie de développement durable (DD) de l'entreprise, nous proposons dans un premier temps, un cadre d'analyse fondé sur une revue de la littérature, sur la responsabilité sociale de l'entreprise (RSE) et du contrôle, complétée, dans un deuxième temps, par une étude exploratoire. Ces investigations théoriques et empiriques nous conduisent à proposer la thèse suivante : devant le double défi de l'efficience et de la légitimité, l'entreprise met en oeuvre des systèmes de contrôle diagnostic et interactif. Cette juxtaposition permet de répondre rationnellement aux différentes parties prenantes en dissociant les domaines de performance globale. Cette pratique confirme, d'une part, le rôle du Contrôle de Gestion en tant que vérificateur d'une logique managériale financière et d'autre part, elle participe à l'amorce d'un processus de rééquilibrage entre le système de gouvernance, la stratégie et le contrôle. Cette transformation du modèle économique se heurte à des difficultés techniques et culturelles d'où l'observation d'un phénomène de couplage plus ou moins lâche entre les idéaux du DD et les actions quotidiennes de l'entreprise. / So as to study the role of management control in the sustainable development of the firm, we first propose a conceptual framework based on a review dealing with Corporate Social Responsability and Control. Secondly, an exploratory study will complete the research.These theorical and empirical investigations lead us to offer the fallowing proposition : facing the double challenge of efficiency and legitimacy, the firm implements control protocols aiming to both establish a diagnosis and interact. This juxtaposition allows to answer in a rational way to the different stakeholders, while the different domains of the overal performance are isolated. This pratice establishes the part of management control as monotoring financial and managing logics first. It then participates to the processus of balancing the system of governance,the strategy and the control.This changing of the business model clashes with technical and cultural difficulties, hence we can observe a phenomenon of tigher or looser coupling between the ideals of the sustainable development and the every day working of the firm.

Actuellement, l’implémentation des services (modèles SOAP et RESTful) et de leurs applications clientes est de plus en plus basée sur la programmation par objet. Ainsi, les cadriciels orientés-objets pour les services Web sont essentiellement composés de deux couches : une couche à objets qui enveloppe une couche à services. Dans ce contexte, deux principes sont nécessaires pour la spécification de ces cadriciels : (i) En premier lieu, un couplage faible entre les deux couches, ce qui permet de cacher la complexité des détails techniques de la couche à services dans la couche à objets et de faire évoluer la couche à services avec un impact minimal sur la couche à objets (ii) En second lieu, une interopérabilité induite par le principe de substitution associée au sous-typage dans la couche à objets. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons d’abord les faiblesses existantes dans les cadriciels orientés-objets liés à ces deux principes. Ensuite, nous proposons une nouvelle spécification pour ces cadriciels en vue de résoudre ces problèmes. Comme application, nous décrivons la mise en œuvre de notre spécification dans le cadriciel cxf, à la fois pour SOAP et RESTful. / Today, the implementation of services (SOAP and RESTful models) and of client applications is increasingly based on object-oriented programming languages. Thus, object-oriented frameworks for Web services are essentially composed with two levels: an object level built over a service level. In this context, two properties could be particularly required in the specification of these frameworks: (i)First a loose coupling between the two levels, which allows the complex technical details of the service level to be hidden at the object level and the service level to be evolved with a minimal impact on the object level, (ii) Second, an interoperability induced by the substitution principle associated to subtyping in the object level, which allows to freely convert a value of a subtype into a supertype. In this thesis, first we present the existing weaknesses of object-oriented frameworks related to these two requirements. Then, we propose a new specification for object-oriented Web service frameworks in order to resolve these problems. As an application, we provide an implementation of our specification in the cxf framework, for both SOAP and RESTful models.

The main strategy of gender equality policies has since the 1990s been gender mainstreaming. Many government inquiries show how much the Swedish government, provincial governments and municipalities are working with gender mainstreaming. The purpose of this paper is to investigative how the municipalities within the county of Stockholm handle gender mainstreaming demands in relation to other demands that the municipalities face. This is in order to closer investigate the hidden factors that create barriers to gender mainstreaming efforts. Given the study's purpose and the formulation of research question, qualitative method is the most suitable method to fulfill the purpose. The theoretical starting points used in this study was organizational theories with discussion of concepts such as institutional isomorphism, rationalized myths, organizational hypocrisy, parallel processes, and especially the theory of loosely coupled systems. The conclusion of this study is that the municipalities within the county of Stockholm handle demands from the environment in different ways. Some municipalities loose couple their system as a temporary solution to deal with various demands placed on the municipality. The result is that there is a lack of coordination within municipalities and their various governments, which in turn results in many municipalities working with the gender issue in parallel processes, hence they lack an overview of the activities in the municipality. These factors are common barriers to gender mainstreaming efforts in the studied municipalities.

The Swedish Police Authority aims to increase diversity among employees within the authority. This is asserted in the Swedish Police Authority's own policies and action plans, which together with other internal documents are the subject of my qualitative study. The focus of this study is to look at how the use of the concept of diversity has changed within the Swedish Police Authority by using qualitative analysis of ideas and ideological context, the perspective of discursive psychology and neo-institutional theory. The aim is also to find out what is missing out in the current diversity discourse. My study reveals through an examination of a selection of The Swedish Police Authority’s document that there is a discrepancy between the external discourses on diversity and the internal norms that are to be found within the Swedish Police Authority.

At the best of times, education policy implementation is a difficult and uncertain process. Taking this as a point of departure, the researcher advanced the hypothesis that education policy implementation in a society in transition: is accompanied by a fragmentation of the pre-transition coherence in interpersonal relations among policy actors; is affected by a heightening of value conflicts and the emergence of competing interpretive schemes; is influenced by the perceived self-interest of policy actors; is affected by changing power relationships and structural adjustments; and reflects a general weakening of interpersonal, cultural, and structural linkages that had evolved in pre-transition years. The Indian education system in South Africa was studied as an exemplar of a system located in a society in transition. The data collated by means of three research strategies - historical report, questionnaire, and structured interview - gave strong support to the hypothesis. In addition, they pointed to the significance of variables such as policy content and policy quality, political interference and pressure, bias and favouritism among senior officials, religious, sectional, and language loyalties of participants, and loss of job satisfaction and morale among policy actors. These findings were discussed against the background of relevant literature. This concluded in the development_gf a theoretical model to explain education policy implementation in a society in transition. Basically, the model suggests that socio-political struggles in the larger society tend. to be replicated in the micro-contexts of the education system, producing fundamental alterations in the interpersonal, cultural, and structural aspects of the system, a general weakening of system linkages, and a progressive de-coupling of system components. All these changes recursively impact on and are impacted on by policymaking and policy implementation processes and outcomes. These impacts, however, tend to occur in a non-standard, nonlinear manner. The theoretical underpinnings of the model emerge from general systems theory, modern social systems theory, chaos/ complexity theory, conflict theory, structuration theory, organisation change theory, and loosely coupled systems theory. Finally, the study concludes with general propositions relating to education policy implementation in a society in transition and a set of research and management-oriented recommendations. / Educational Leadership and Management / D. Ed. (Educational Management)

本研究之目的在探討國民小學人事人員所遭遇之角色衝突類型、來源與原因，進而提出解決之道。研究之進行，首先針對角色衝突理論進行相關的探討，以建立基本的認識；其次針對影響學校人事人員角色衝突之兩大因素：組織因素與人事制度之設計進行更深入的討論與分析，並提出解決的建議。 另外，本研究經由立意取樣，針對十二位台北市公立國民小學的校長、行政人員、老師以及人事人員進行預擬題綱之深度訪談，分別針對：1．造成學校人事人員角色衝突的組織因素；2．造成學校人事人員角色衝突的人事制度因素；3．學校人事人員角色衝突的類型、來源與原因；4．角色衝突對個人的影響及因應方法，進行深度訪談，並整理、分析訪談結果。 最後，針對上述文獻探討與訪談結果之分析與討論，提出本研究之具體結論及建議，以作為學校人事人員面對角色衝突，及學校、主管機關從事制度改革時之參考。

How do management control systems function when under pressure to mainstream gender equality into a core business? This question is being discussed with an interpretive approach from both the institutional and the gender perspective. Empirical evidence stems from two longitudinal case studies within the Swedish public sector where management by objectives (MBO) is the current model for governmental control. The analysis is based on four aspects: management by objectives, gender mainstreaming, the concept of loose coupling from organization studies and institutional change as translation. The gender perspective highlights constructions that tend to enable or to hamper gender equality. The sociological institutional perspective sheds light over rules, norms and culture. In the empirical cases, it becomes evident that formal goals within MBO proved unable to overrule prevailing norms that have grounded a well established gendered (malestream) culture.  Control systems are designed to handle new issues; however, in the cases studied, this took place merely normatively and in line with the core business, not by changing the grounds on which the control system stands. The MBO model consequently lacks the ability to integrate gender in a transformative mode.