Im Ergebnis der Arbeit kann eine Einbeziehung von Haldenerzen anstelle von Tagebauerzen unter Beibehaltung der wirtschaftlichen Kennzahlen wie z. B. Rentabilität und Gewinn durchgeführt werden. Dafür wurden entsprechende Einbeziehungskriterien für das Haldenerz entwickelt. Bei der Einbeziehung wird ein Teil der Tagebaugeräte freigesetzt, welche für den Abbau von zusätzlichem Abraum verwendet werden können. Diese Maßnahme bietet die Möglichkeit des Abbaues von Abraumspitzen und der Kostensteuerung. Letztere sieht eine Erhöhung der Abraumförderung in den Perioden hoher Preise und eine Verringerung bei niedrigeren Preisen vor. Für die Preisänderungen wurden Einbeziehungskriterien entwickelt, die den Kapitalwert bzw. Gewinn maximieren. Dabei wurden die Einbeziehungskriterien so modifiziert, dass eine Stilllegung der Tagebaue während der Einbeziehung vermieden werden kann.

The percentage of low-grade material composing the annual hardwood lumber production in the U.S. is on the rise. As a result, finding markets for low-grade and low-value lumber has been identified as a top priority by researchers and industry associations. Computer simulation has been used by the manufacturing industry for several decades as a decision support tool. Simulation programs are commonly used and relied on by researchers and the industry alike to conduct research on various aspects of the rough mill from processing to recovery efficiency. This research used the ROMI-RIP and ROMI-CROSS simulation programs to determine specific conditions that led to optimal part yield when processing No. 3A Common, 4/4-thickness, kiln-dried, red oak lumber in rip-first and crosscut-first operations. Results of the simulations indicated that cutting bills with narrow part widths and short part lengths are conducive to obtaining optimal part yield while processing No. 3A Common lumber. Furthermore, it was found that as the percent of No. 3A Common lumber in a grade mix increases, part yields and sawing efficiencies decrease. The results also indicated that higher part yields will be obtained when processing short-length No. 3A Common lumber between 6 and 8 feet in length. / Master of Science

Vaken hjärnkirurgi med testning av tal- och språkfunktioner ger viktiga fördelar vid operation av lågmaligna gliom. Denna metod ökar möjligheten för radikal resektion av tumören samtidigt som viktiga funktioner som till exempel språk bevaras. Optimering av det intraoperativa språktestningsförfarandet ökar möjligheten för mer sensitiv språktestning. Det finns idag ingen konsensus, varken internationellt eller nationellt, kring hur man bör testa språkliga funktioner intraoperativt. Syftet med föreliggande arbete är att undersöka om det är möjligt att vidareutveckla de metoder som idag används för elicitering av spontantal och testning av läsning under vakenkirurgi av lågmaligna gliom på Akademiska sjukhuset i Uppsala. För att undersöka detta genomfördes en litteraturgenomgång vilken tillsammans med auskultationer vid operation och intervjuer med yrkesverksamma logopeder och neurokirurger har utmynnat i ett förslag på ett intraoperativt högläsningstest innehållande meningar med nonord, meningar utan nonord samt enskilda ord. Nivåindelningen av testmaterialet möjliggör för testledaren att individuellt anpassa språktestning utifrån patientens förmåga. I samband med färdigställandet av testet genomfördes en pilottestning av materialet. Det föreslagna lästestet förväntas vara mer heltäckande än det som används idag då det möjliggör testning av flera läsfunktioner så som de beskrivs i ”dual route-modellen”, en psykolingvistisk teori om läsning. Dessutom har ett förslag på riktlinjer kring intraoperativt elicitering av spontantal formulerats. / Awake surgery is the gold standard for treatment of low-grade gliomas nearby eloquent language areas in the brain. This method increases the possibility of radical resection while cognitive functions such as language are preserved, as the method allows for online testing of cognitive functions. Improvement of the intraoperative language tests could increase the possibility of more sensitive testing and thereby decrease the risk of postoperative language impairments. There is no international or national agreement on how intraoperative language testing should be performed. The aim of this study is to explore the possibility of developing the methods of language testing which are used today at Akademiska sjukhuset in Uppsala, focusing on reading and spontaneous speech. Therefore the authors have conducted a review of current literature. The literature review, observations of surgery and interviews with speech pathologists and neurosurgeons resulted in the development of an intraoperative reading aloud test with three tasks consisting of sentences with nonwords, sentences without nonwords and single words. The classification of the test material into different levels will allow clinicians to adapt the reading test based on each individual case. A pilot trial of the reading test was preformed. The proposed test is expected to be more comprehensive in comparison to the tests that are currently used, as it enables testing of the different reading routes described in the dual route model, a psycholinguistic reading model. Additionally, guidelines for eliciting spontaneous speech have been defined.

An investigation into the performance of several combined gas-steam power generating plants’ cycles was undertaken at the School of Engineering and Technology at the University of Hertfordshire and it is predominantly analytical in nature. The investigation covered in principle the aspect of the fundamentals and the performance parameters of the following cycles: gas turbine, steam turbine, ammonia-water, partial oxidation and the absorption chiller. Complete thermal analysis of the individual cycles was undertaken initially. Subsequently, these were linked to generate a comprehensive computer model which was employed to predict the performance and characteristics of the optimized combination. The developed model was run using various input parameters to test the performance of the cycle’s combination with respect to the combined cycle’s efficiency, power output, specific fuel consumption and the temperature of the stack gases. In addition, the impact of the optimized cycles on the generation of CO2 and NOX was also investigated. This research goes over the thermal power stations of which most of the world electrical energy is currently generated by. Through which, to meet the increase in the electricity consumption and the environmental pollution associated with its production as well as the limitation of the natural hydrocarbon resources necessitated. By making use of the progressive increase of high temperature gases in recent decades, the advent of high temperature material and the use of large compression ratios and generating electricity from high temperature of gas turbine discharge, which is otherwise lost to the environment, a better electrical power is generated by such plant, which depends on a variety of influencing factors. This thesis deals with an investigation undertaken to optimize the performance of the combined Brayton-Rankine power cycles' performance. This work includes a comprehensive review of the previous work reported in the literature on the combined cycles is presented. An evaluation of the performance of combined cycle power plant and its enhancements is detailed to provide: A full understanding of the operational behaviour of the combined power plants, and demonstration of the relevance between power generations and environmental impact. A basic analytical model was constructed for the combined gas (Brayton) and the steam (Rankine) and used in a parametric study to reveal the optimization parameters, and its results were discussed. The role of the parameters of each cycle on the overall performance of the combined power cycle is revealed by assessing the effect of the operating parameters in each individual cycle on the performance of the CCPP. P impacts on the environment were assessed through changes in the fuel consumption and the temperature of stack gases. A comprehensive and detailed analytical model was created for the operation of hypothetical combined cycle power and power plant. Details of the operation of each component in the cycle was modelled and integrated in the overall all combined cycle/plant operation. The cycle/plant simulation and matching as well as the modelling results and their analysis were presented. Two advanced configurations of gas turbine cycle for the combined cycle power plants are selected, investigated, modelled and optimized as a part of combined cycle power plant. Both configurations work on fuel rich combustion, therefore, the combustor model for rich fuel atmosphere was established. Additionally, models were created for the other components of the turbine which work on the same gases. Another model was created for the components of two configurations of ammonia water mixture (kalina) cycle. As integrated to the combined cycle power plant, the optimization strategy considered for these configurations is for them to be powered by the exhaust gases from either the gas turbine or the gases leaving the Rankine boiler (HRSG). This included ChGT regarding its performance and its environmental characteristics. The previously considered combined configuration is integrated by as single and double effect configurations of an ammonia water absorption cooling system (AWACS) for compressor inlet air cooling. Both were investigated and designed for optimizing the triple combination power cycle described above. During this research, tens of functions were constructed using VBA to look up tables linked to either estimating fluids' thermodynamic properties, or to determine a number of parameters regarding the performance of several components. New and very interesting results were obtained, which show the impact of the input parameters of the individual cycles on the performance parameters of a certain combined plant’s cycle. The optimized parameters are of a great practical influence on the application and running condition of the real combined plants. Such influence manifested itself in higher rate of heat recovery, higher combined plant thermal efficiency from those of the individual plants, less harmful emission, better fuel economy and higher power output. Lastly, it could be claimed that various concluding remarks drawn from the current study could help to improve the understanding of the behaviour of the combined cycle and help power plant designers to reduce the time, effort and cost of prototyping.

Les cytokines, produites lors de l’activation du système immunitaire, ont la capacité d’agir au niveau du système nerveux central et d’induire diverses altérations comportementales. Lorsque l’activation du système de l’immunité innée devient chronique, ces altérations comportementales peuvent évoluer en véritables symptômes neuropsychiatriques. La physiopathologie des symptômes neuropsychiatriques qui se développent dans un contexte d’inflammation chronique à bas bruit, c’est-à-dire caractérisé par une activation chronique des processus immunitaires mais à un niveau relativement faible, est peu connue et reste à déterminer. L’implication de l’inflammation chronique à bas bruit dans les symptômes de fatigue et les altérations cognitives constitue l’élément d’étude principal de ce travail de thèse. Les troubles métaboliques, tels que l’obésité et le diabète de type 2, sont de bons modèles pour une telle étude. Ces deux pathologies sont en effet caractérisées par une inflammation chronique à bas bruit qui proviendrait, au moins en partie, du tissu adipeux. De plus, la fatigue et les altérations cognitives sont fréquentes chez les patients souffrant de troubles métaboliques. Compte tenu du rôle connu de l’inflammation dans la physiopathologie de ces altérations comportementales, leur développement dans des contextes de troubles métaboliques pourrait également être lié à l’activation chronique à bas bruit de processus inflammatoires. Différents objectifs ont été définis pour tester cette hypothèse : 1) caractériser et spécifier les symptômes de fatigue et les altérations cognitives chez des patients diabétiques ou obèses ; 2) évaluer la relation entre inflammation systémique et état inflammatoire du tissu adipeux ; 3) étudier l’association de l’inflammation chronique à bas bruit avec les symptômes de fatigue et les altérations cognitives des patients souffrant de troubles métaboliques. Nos résultats indiquent que la fatigue, en particulier la fatigue générale et physique, représente une caractéristique fondamentale des troubles métaboliques. Des perturbations cognitives, se traduisant par un ralentissement psychomoteur dans un test de temps de réaction ainsi qu’une altération de performance dans une tâche de planification spatiale, ont également été décelées chez les patients diabétiques de type 2, particulièrement ceux sous insulinothérapie, et chez les patients obèses. Des altérations mineures étaient également mesurées dans une tâche d’empan spatial rétrograde chez les patients obèses. En ce qui concerne les données biologiques, nos résultats indiquent diverses associations entre l’inflammation systémique et l’expression des marqueurs inflammatoires (cytokines inflammatoires, dont le MCP1, et marqueurs des cellules T) dans le tissu adipeux viscéral des patients obèses. De façon intéressante, l’inflammation systémique à bas bruit était associée aux dimensions de fatigue (générale, mentale, réduction des activités et de la motivation) et aux altérations de performance dans les tests ciblant les fonctions exécutives. Dans l’ensemble, ces résultats supportent l’hypothèse de l’implication des macrophages et des lymphocytes T du tissu adipeux dans l’état inflammatoire systémique associé à l’obésité. Il suggère en outre que l’inflammation systémique à bas bruit pourrait participer au développement de la fatigue et des altérations cognitives chez les patients souffrant de troubles métaboliques. Ce travail de thèse offre une caractérisation précise des symptômes de fatigue et des altérations cognitives associées aux troubles métaboliques. En outre, ce travail apporte d’importantes informations sur les relations de l’inflammation chronique à bas bruit avec ces symptômes, et permet d’affiner les hypothèses relatives à l’implication de processus inflammatoires dans la physiopathologie de ces altérations. / Cytokines produced during the activation of the immune system have the ability to act within the central nervous system and to induce a large number of behavioral alterations. When the activation of immune system becomes chronic and unregulated, these behavioral alterations may lead to the development of neuropsychiatric symptoms. The pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric symptoms that develop in conditions of chronic low-grade inflammation context (i.e., characterized by a chronic but low activation of inflammatory processes), remains unknown. The main aim of this thesis was to investigate the involvement of low-grade inflammation in the development of fatigue symptoms and cognitive alterations in patients with metabolic disorders including obesity and type 2 diabetes. These conditions are characterized by a chronic low-grade inflammatory state, manifesting by higher blood concentrations of inflammatory factors. This inflammatory state would originate, at least partially, from the adipose tissue. Moreover, fatigue symptoms and cognitive alterations are common in metabolic disorders. Given the role of inflammation in the physiopathology of these symptoms, their development could also rely on chronic low-grade inflammatory processes. Several objectives were defined to test this hypothesis: 1) to characterize fatigue symptoms and cognitive alterations in obese and diabetic patients; 2) to assess the relationship of systemic inflammation with the inflammatory state of the adipose tissue; and 3) to investigate the association of low-grade inflammation with fatigue symptoms and cognitive alterations in patients with metabolic disorders. Fatigue symptoms and cognitive function were respectively assessed using the multidimensional fatigue inventory (MFI) and the neuropsychological tests automated battery CANTAB in diabetic patients (type 1 and type 2) and in obese patients before and after bariatric surgery. A control group was included for each model (obesity and type 2 diabetes). Circulating concentrations of inflammatory markers, as well as expression of inflammatory markers in the visceral adipose tissue of obese patients, were measured. Our results indicate that fatigue symptoms, especially in the dimensions of general and physical fatigue, represent fundamental characteristics of patients suffering from metabolic disorders. In addition, cognitive alterations (psychomotor slowing and alterations in spatial planning performance) were measured in type 2 diabetic patients, more particularly those under insulin treatment, and in obese patients. Slight alterations in the test of backward spatial span were measured in obese patients. With respect to biological data, our results indicate significant relationships between systemic inflammation and inflammatory markers (inflammatory cytokines, including MCP1, and T-cell markers) in the visceral adipose tissue of obese patients. Interestingly, chronic low-grade inflammation was associated with fatigue symptoms (general fatigue, mental fatigue, reduced activity and motivation) and performance alterations in tests assessing executive functions. Altogether, these data support the hypothesis of the involvement of the adipose macrophages and T lymphocytes in the systemic inflammatory state associated with obesity. Moreover, these results suggest that systemic low-grade inflammation associated with metabolic disorders may contribute to the physiopathology of fatigue and cognitive alterations in these conditions. In conclusion, these studies provide a precise characterization of fatigue symptoms and cognitive alterations associated with metabolic disorders, such as obesity or type 2 diabetes. In addition, this thesis work gives interesting information about the relationships of chronic low-grade inflammation and fatigue and cognitive symptoms, and refines hypotheses regarding the involvement of inflammatory processes in the physiopathology of these symptoms in patients with diabetes or obesity.

Os tumores de glândula salivar compreendem em torno de 2 a 6,5% dos tumores de cabeça e pescoço. Entre os tumores de glândula salivar, o adenoma pleomórfico é benigno e o mais comum. O carcinoma adenoide cístico e adenocarcinoma polimorfo de baixo grau encontram-se entre os mais frequentes malignos. Jab1 é uma de muitas proteínas que afetam diversos estágios da tumorigênese sendo importante na regulação variadas vias de sinalização e/ou proteínas como p27 e AP-1, a última composta por c-jun e c-fos, que são principalmente relacionadas com o ciclo celular e proliferação celular. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a expressão imuno-histoquímica das proteínas Jab1, p27, c-jun e c-fos no adenoma pleomórfico, adenocarcinoma polimorfo de baixo grau e carcinoma adenoide cístico das glândulas salivares. Foi realizada análise imuno-histoquímica semi-quantitativa das células marcadas nos tumores de glândula salivar e glândula salivar normal de acordo com o escore 0 (células sem expressão), 1(> 0 <= 5% de células marcadas), 2 (> 5 <= 50%) and 3 (> 50%). Para Jab1, c-jun e c-fos foi considerado apenas marcação nuclear e para p27, nuclear e citoplasmática, separadamente. Os resultados foram analisados utilizando-se os testes de Kruskal-Wallis, de Mann-Whitney, do Qui-quadrado e o teste de correlação de Spearman, cujo nível de significância foi de p<0,05 e processados com o auxílio do software GraphPad Prisma 5.0. A análise estatística revelou que a expressão de Jab1 foi significante no adenoma pleomórfico e no carcinoma adenoide cístico em relação aos ductos e no adenocarcinoma polimorfo de baixo grau em relação ao carcinoma adenoide cístico (p=0,0136, 0,0001 e 0,0344, respectivamente); a expressão de p27 nuclear foi significante no adenoma pleomórfico e no adenocarcinoma polimorfo de baixo grau quando comparados ao carcinoma adenoide cístico (p=0,0074 e 0,0004, respectivamente) e a expressão citoplasmática em todos os grupos quando comparados aos ácinos; c-fos, a expressão foi significativa nos ductos ao compará-los ao adenoma pleomórfico, adenocarcinoma polimorfo de baixo grau e carcinoma adenoide cístico (p=0,0002, 0,0048 e 0,0352, respectivamente). O teste de correlação de Spearman de Jab1, p27, c-jun e c-fos em cada lesão separadamente revelou que no adenoma pleomórfico houve correlação significativa entre Jab1 e p27 (r=0,371; p=0,020) e entre c-jun e c-fos (r=0,452; p=0,004). No adenocarcinoma polimorfo de baixo grau, houve correlação entre Jab1 e p27 (r=0,494; p=0,044) e no carcinoma adenoide cístico, entre p27 e c-fos (r=0,513; p=0,035). Foi concluído que a tumorigênese do adenoma pleomórfico, adenocarcinoma polimorfo de baixo grau e carcinoma adenoide cístico parece estar associada à expressão de Jab1 e p27. / Salivary gland tumors comprise about 2 to 6.5% of the head and neck tumors. Among the salivary gland tumors, pleomorphic adenoma is the most common and benign tumor. Adenoid cystic carcinoma and polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma are the most frequent malignant tumors. Jab1 is one of many proteins which affects many stages of the tumorigenesis and regulates positively and negatively several pathways and/or proteins such as p27 and AP-1, the latter composed by c-jun and c-fos, which are mostly related to cell cycle and cell proliferation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunoexpression of the proteins Jab1, p27, c-jun and c-fos in pleomorphic adenoma, polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary glands. The semi-quantitative immunohistochemical analysis was performed in salivary gland tumors and in normal salivary gland according to the score 0 (no stained cells), 1 (> 0 <= 5% of stained cells), 2 (> 5 <= 50%) and 3 (> 50%). Nuclear immunostaining alone was considered for Jab1, c-jun and c-fos proteins and cytoplasmic and nuclear staining for p27. Results were analyzed in GraphPad Prisma 5.0 software using Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and Chi-square tests and Spearman correlation test in which significancy level was p<0,05. Statistical analysis revealed that Jab1 expression was significant in pleomorphic adenoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma in relation to ducts and in polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma in relation to adenoid cystic carcinoma (p=0,0136, 0,0001 e 0,0344, respectively); the p27 nuclear expression was significant in pleomorphic adenoma and in polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma when compared to adenoid cystic carcinoma (p=0,0074 e 0,0004, respectively) and cytoplasmic immunostaining was significant in all groups when compared to acini; c-fos expression was significant in ducts if compared to pleomorphic adenoma, polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma (p=0,0002, 0,0048 e 0,0352, respectively). Spearman correlation test to Jab1, p27, c-jun and c-fos in each lesion separately revealed significant correlation between Jab1 and p27 (r=0,371; p=0,020) and c-jun and c-fos (r=0,452; p=0,004) in pleomorphic adenoma. There was correlation between Jab1 and p27 (r=0,494; p=0,044) in polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma and between p27 and c-fos (r=0,513; p=0,035) in adenoid cystic carcinoma. In conclusion, tumorigenesis in pleomorphic adenoma, polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma seems to be associated to expression of Jab1 and p27.

Os tumores de glândula salivar compreendem em torno de 2 a 6,5% dos tumores de cabeça e pescoço. Entre os tumores de glândula salivar, o adenoma pleomórfico é benigno e o mais comum. O carcinoma adenoide cístico e adenocarcinoma polimorfo de baixo grau encontram-se entre os mais frequentes malignos. Jab1 é uma de muitas proteínas que afetam diversos estágios da tumorigênese sendo importante na regulação variadas vias de sinalização e/ou proteínas como p27 e AP-1, a última composta por c-jun e c-fos, que são principalmente relacionadas com o ciclo celular e proliferação celular. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a expressão imuno-histoquímica das proteínas Jab1, p27, c-jun e c-fos no adenoma pleomórfico, adenocarcinoma polimorfo de baixo grau e carcinoma adenoide cístico das glândulas salivares. Foi realizada análise imuno-histoquímica semi-quantitativa das células marcadas nos tumores de glândula salivar e glândula salivar normal de acordo com o escore 0 (células sem expressão), 1(> 0 <= 5% de células marcadas), 2 (> 5 <= 50%) and 3 (> 50%). Para Jab1, c-jun e c-fos foi considerado apenas marcação nuclear e para p27, nuclear e citoplasmática, separadamente. Os resultados foram analisados utilizando-se os testes de Kruskal-Wallis, de Mann-Whitney, do Qui-quadrado e o teste de correlação de Spearman, cujo nível de significância foi de p<0,05 e processados com o auxílio do software GraphPad Prisma 5.0. A análise estatística revelou que a expressão de Jab1 foi significante no adenoma pleomórfico e no carcinoma adenoide cístico em relação aos ductos e no adenocarcinoma polimorfo de baixo grau em relação ao carcinoma adenoide cístico (p=0,0136, 0,0001 e 0,0344, respectivamente); a expressão de p27 nuclear foi significante no adenoma pleomórfico e no adenocarcinoma polimorfo de baixo grau quando comparados ao carcinoma adenoide cístico (p=0,0074 e 0,0004, respectivamente) e a expressão citoplasmática em todos os grupos quando comparados aos ácinos; c-fos, a expressão foi significativa nos ductos ao compará-los ao adenoma pleomórfico, adenocarcinoma polimorfo de baixo grau e carcinoma adenoide cístico (p=0,0002, 0,0048 e 0,0352, respectivamente). O teste de correlação de Spearman de Jab1, p27, c-jun e c-fos em cada lesão separadamente revelou que no adenoma pleomórfico houve correlação significativa entre Jab1 e p27 (r=0,371; p=0,020) e entre c-jun e c-fos (r=0,452; p=0,004). No adenocarcinoma polimorfo de baixo grau, houve correlação entre Jab1 e p27 (r=0,494; p=0,044) e no carcinoma adenoide cístico, entre p27 e c-fos (r=0,513; p=0,035). Foi concluído que a tumorigênese do adenoma pleomórfico, adenocarcinoma polimorfo de baixo grau e carcinoma adenoide cístico parece estar associada à expressão de Jab1 e p27. / Salivary gland tumors comprise about 2 to 6.5% of the head and neck tumors. Among the salivary gland tumors, pleomorphic adenoma is the most common and benign tumor. Adenoid cystic carcinoma and polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma are the most frequent malignant tumors. Jab1 is one of many proteins which affects many stages of the tumorigenesis and regulates positively and negatively several pathways and/or proteins such as p27 and AP-1, the latter composed by c-jun and c-fos, which are mostly related to cell cycle and cell proliferation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunoexpression of the proteins Jab1, p27, c-jun and c-fos in pleomorphic adenoma, polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary glands. The semi-quantitative immunohistochemical analysis was performed in salivary gland tumors and in normal salivary gland according to the score 0 (no stained cells), 1 (> 0 <= 5% of stained cells), 2 (> 5 <= 50%) and 3 (> 50%). Nuclear immunostaining alone was considered for Jab1, c-jun and c-fos proteins and cytoplasmic and nuclear staining for p27. Results were analyzed in GraphPad Prisma 5.0 software using Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and Chi-square tests and Spearman correlation test in which significancy level was p<0,05. Statistical analysis revealed that Jab1 expression was significant in pleomorphic adenoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma in relation to ducts and in polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma in relation to adenoid cystic carcinoma (p=0,0136, 0,0001 e 0,0344, respectively); the p27 nuclear expression was significant in pleomorphic adenoma and in polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma when compared to adenoid cystic carcinoma (p=0,0074 e 0,0004, respectively) and cytoplasmic immunostaining was significant in all groups when compared to acini; c-fos expression was significant in ducts if compared to pleomorphic adenoma, polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma (p=0,0002, 0,0048 e 0,0352, respectively). Spearman correlation test to Jab1, p27, c-jun and c-fos in each lesion separately revealed significant correlation between Jab1 and p27 (r=0,371; p=0,020) and c-jun and c-fos (r=0,452; p=0,004) in pleomorphic adenoma. There was correlation between Jab1 and p27 (r=0,494; p=0,044) in polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma and between p27 and c-fos (r=0,513; p=0,035) in adenoid cystic carcinoma. In conclusion, tumorigenesis in pleomorphic adenoma, polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma seems to be associated to expression of Jab1 and p27.

[Truncated abstract] The realization in 1999 that the authigenic phosphate, xenotime, could be used in geochronological studies to place age constraints on burial events that affected sedimentary basins has opened numerous opportunities for establishing timeframes for sedimentary basin analysis. Since then, the mineral has been used to place new and novel age constraints on diagenesis, metamorphism, and hydrothermal alteration and mineralization events. Whilst these studies were successful, they identified many complexities in xenotime growth and were restricted to specific areas or single basins: they do not convey, demonstrate or explore the immense variety of geological applications in which xenotime may provide unique geochronological constraints. This thesis explores the nature of authigenic xenotime, utilizing studies in three different Proterozoic sedimentary basins: two in Australia, southwestern Australia and the Northern Territory, and the third in the United States of America. The thesis includes a number of discrete studies demonstrating different aspects of xenotime growth, elucidated from detailed petrography, geochronology and geochemistry of authigenic xenotime. An integrated textural, geochemical and geochronological study of authigenic xenotime from the Mt Barren Group, SW Australia, establishes an absolute timescale on some of the many processes involved during the diagenesis of siliciclastic units. ... positions and trends and broadly confirm the chemical discrimination criteria established for an Archaean basin. However, the Proterozoic data are shifted to lower Gd-Dy values and extend beyond the original field outlines, causing more overlap between fields intended to discriminate xenotimes of different origin. The plots were revised to encompass the new data. This study has significantly extended our knowledge of the nature of authigenic xenotime. It was found that xenotime may form in (meta)sediments in response to a large number of post-depositional processes, including early- and latediagenesis, (multiple) basinal hydrothermal events and low-grade metamorphism. A combination of detailed petrography and in situ geochronology provides the best avenue to decipher complex growth histories in xenotime. With further development, it is likely that xenotime geochemistry will also prove diagnostic of origin and can be incorporated into the interpretation of age data. The number of potential applications for xenotime geochronology has been expanded by this study.

La mentalisation, ou la capacité d’élaborer des hypothèses sur les états mentaux d’autrui, a fait l’objet de nombreuses études durant les 20 dernières années dans le champ des neurosciences sociales. Toutefois, les bases neurales de cette fonction particulièrement complexe restent mal comprises, notamment en termes de connectivité structurale. Récemment, une organisation anatomo-fonctionnelle en double voie a été proposée. Selon ce modèle, les aspects réflexifs, inférentiels, de la mentalisation seraient sous-tendus par le faisceau cingulaire. Les aspects préréflexifs, identificatoires, seraient médiés, quant à eux, par le complexe faisceau arqué/partie latérale du faisceau longitudinal supérieur (FLS). L’objectif général de ce travail est d’apporter des données originales sur l’organisation anatomo-fonctionnelle du réseau neural impliqué dans la mentalisation basée sur les visages. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé comme modèle physiopathologique d’étude le gliome diffus de bas grade. Cette tumeur cérébrale primitive s’avère particulièrement intéressante pour l’étude du rôle de la substance blanche dans la cognition et ce pour deux raisons : (i) les cellules tumorales se propagent préférentiellement le long des fibres blanches ; (ii) l’exérèse chirurgicale est souvent réalisée en condition éveillée avec cartographie fonctionnelle peropératoire pour permettre d’identifier, et ainsi de préserver, les structures fonctionnelles, notamment de substance blanche.Dans une première étude, grâce aux stimulations électriques peropératoires, nous avons pu identifier un vaste réseau cortico-sous-cortical impliqué dans la mentalisation. L’analyse des déconnexions induites par les stimulations de la substance blanche nous a permis de mettre clairement en évidence, et ce pour la première fois, le rôle du faisceau occipito-frontal inférieur (FOFI) tout en confirmant celui du FLS. Dans une deuxième étude, en utilisant des techniques de cartographie lésionnelle chez des patients ayant été opérés, nous avons démontré que les troubles permanents, non compensables, de la mentalisation étaient expliqués par l’atteinte du faisceau arqué. Enfin, dans une dernière étude, en combinant l’imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle de repos (IRMfr) et les sites corticaux démasqués pendant la chirurgie, nous avons pu générer de véritables cartographies fonctionnelles du réseau cortical de la mentalisation, très similaires à celles observées en imagerie fonctionnelle classique.De façon générale, nos découvertes suggèrent que la mentalisation basée sur les visages reposerait sur l’intégrité d’au moins deux faisceaux associatifs de substance blanche. Elles permettent également de valider l’utilisation combinée de l’IRMfr et des stimulations corticales en tant qu’approche originale pour cartographier les réseaux neurocognitifs.En plus de ces considérations fondamentales, nos résultats ont des implications cliniques, notamment pour la cartographie fonctionnelle peropératoire. Ils permettent en outre de mieux comprendre les pathologies cérébrales caractérisées par un trouble de la mentalisation et une atteinte des voies de substance blanche. / Mentalizing, or the ability of human beings to make assumptions about other people’s mental states, has been the subject of many studies over the last 20 years. The neural bases and especially the white matter connectivity of this complex cognitive function is still poorly understood. Recently, an anatomo-functional organization into two neural pathways has been proposed. According to this model, it is assumed that the reflective, inferential aspects of mentalizing is underpinned by the cingulum. The reflexive, identificatory aspects of mentalizing are thought to be mediated, for their part, by the arcuate fascicle and the lateral part of the superior longitudinal fascicle. The main purpose of this scientific work is to provide original data on the anatomo-functional organization of the neural network involved in the face-based mentalizing. We used as a pathophysiological study model diffuse low-grade gliomas. These primary brain tumors are particularly interesting for the study of the functional role of the white matter for two reasons: (i) the tumor cells propagate preferentially along the white matter fibers; (ii) the surgical resection is often performed in awake condition with intraoperative functional mapping to identify, and thus to preserve functional structures, including the white matter.In our first study, using intraoperative electrical stimulation, we were able to identify a large cortico-subcortical mentalizing network. The analysis of the disconnections induced by the stimulation of the white matter allowed us to clearly highlight, for the first time, the role of the inferior fronto-occipital fascicle. We also confirmed the already established role of the superior longitudinal fascicle in mentalizing. In a second study, using lesion mapping analyses in patients operated on for a diffuse low-grade glioma, we demonstrated that the long-term, non-compensatory mentalizing deficit was explained by the involvement of the arcuate fascicle. Finally, in a third study combining resting-state functional MRI and the cortical sites unmasked during surgery, we were able to identify a large cortical mentalizing networks, which were very similar to those identified by classical task-based functional imaging.In general, our findings suggest that the face-based mentalizing would require the integrity of at least two associative white matter fascicles. They also validate the combined use of resting-state functional MRI and direct cortical stimulations as an original approach to map neurocognitive networks.In addition to these fundamental considerations, our results have also clinical implications, especially regarding the intraoperative functional mapping. They also provide a better understanding of brain pathologies characterized by both mentalizing deficit and white matter impairment.

Organic Rankine cycles can be integrated with district heating systems and in applications of biogas digestion. Evaluating the performance of the installations by Againity AB in Ronneby and Norrköping, Sweden, is a unique opportunity which can support the establishment of ORC technology in the waste heat recovery market, unveiling its feasibilities and limitations. Operational data gathered from October 2017 until April 2018, provides this thesis with information about the ORC-systems. A method using Coolprop and Matlab has been used to detect steady-state series in the Ronneby installation using moving standard deviation and inclination criteria. By screening the data and selecting these series, analytical equations can be used to determine the performance of the installations and map the linear relationship between variables like pressure and generator power. The largest impact on the system in Ronneby is developed in the condenser. Large coolant volume flow creates large heat sink capacity and higher generator efficiency and power. However, with increasing generator power the condenser pressure decrease. Lower condenser pressure results in a decreased evaporation pressure, which could be maintained if the pump was able to run at higher frequencies. The Plant in Norrköping needs further studies and a review of its sensors. The code in Matlab is a resource to Againity and Linköpings university for future work in performance evaluation. It can be used to detect errors in energy balance, local readings, and picture the machines' performance graphically.