The diploma thesis deals with the definition of the responsibilities of a form master at a lower secondary school. The aim is to describe which activities should constitute the responsibilities of a form master at a lower secondary school, which activities form masters actually carry out, how their responsibilities are defined, and the way the form masters are informed about what they are expected to do. The theoretical part provides an overview of what can be found about form masters' work and their responsibilities in the specialized literature. In the practical part, documents issued by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports and the Czech School Inspectorate were scrutinised using the method document analysis. The analysis has shown that these documents do not contain any lucid definition of a form master and nor do they provide any list of their responsibilities. The second research method used in this thesis is a structured interview with four form masters working at different lower secondary schools. The interviews helped to find out what responsibilities these four form masters have to carry out and how they were informed about them. The four teachers have more or less the same responsibilities; taking attendance, communicating with parents and organizing school events being the most...

The diploma thesis focuses on reading of the ninth grade school pupils. The aim is to evaluate the influence of school teaching of the subject Czech language and literature on pupils and their approach to reading. The theoretical part introduces key terms, importance of reading, factors influencing the reading of children and youth, reading of pubescents and deals with the role of the school in forming of reading habits. The research was carried out in the ninth grade of lower-secondary school. It was a qualitative method in the form of questionnaires. Specific research questions have been identified in cooperation with the school and the teacher. The research results - in the context of the suggestions offered by the school - provide feedback for the school and teacher.

1 ABSTRACT The current chemistry education solves problems related primarily to the setting of the curriculum contents, which would be professionally correct, appropriately extensive, and at the same time connected with current aspects of life in modern society, and to problems of teaching strategies that would stimulate the students into an interest in science and commitment to it. The main goal of this dissertation is to create an educational website with an interactive chemistry course for lower secondary schools (ISCED 2) and verify its effectiveness in school practice. The first part of the dissertation describes methods of interactive chemistry teaching supporting the increase of the students' cognitive activity and the effectiveness of the learning process using ICT. The second part characterizes the chemistry course thus created and lists various ways to apply interactive teaching in it. Our interactive course contains a total of 14 thematic units, each with 2-6 subthemes. All themes are processed with respect to the practical application of the subject matter using the listed interactive education methods. This course was tested in 2018-2020 during chemistry lessons in Kazakhstan and Czech Republic, and the students' opinions toward interactive teaching in this study were tested using a simple...

This diploma thesis focuses on career guidance in primary and mainly lower secondary schools. The goal of the thesis is to identify and describe the best practices of career guidance from the perspective of a lower secondary school career or educational counsellor, and also from the perspective of the education system. The theoretical part fulfills this goal by describing inspirational approaches to career guidance in selected European countries (Finland, England and France). Using in-depth semi-structured interviews, the research part examines and describes the work of six career guidance facilitators at four lower secondary schools and one upper secondary school, which were purposefully selected as possible examples of best practice. The outcome of the thesis is a detailed insight into the attitudes and approaches to career guidance of the selected respondents, description of 36 unique career guidance activities, and a set of both systemic and specific recommendations for improving the state of career guidance in lower secondary schools. Although the work is focused on lower secondary schools, its outputs are also applicable to upper secondary schools.

Title: Error in the point of view of the French as a second foreign language in the lower secondary school context Author: Mgr. Tomáš Klinka Department: Department of Pedagogy Supervisor: Doc. PhDr. Marie Fenclová, CSc. Abstract: This thesis focuses on the subject of error in the context of Czech lower secondary school and second foreign language (L3) instruction. This work has three purposes: first, to complete the basic literature in this domain using the publications issued from the French speaking world of educational research that are not quoted in the Czech academic field. Second, to analyze how the elements that intervene in the pedagogical process treat the question of error, and third, using the conclusions obtained, to make explicit the problems which pose the present treatment of the question of error and to indicate the direction of a future research in this domain. So as to attain the first goal, we propose and comment the work of some French specialists in the field of educational science and their conclusions, mainly the typology of errors created by Astolfi. As for the second goal, our thesis provides an analysis of the official regulations concerning teaching and learning in the Czech Republic, exposes the mental representations of error with which both students and teachers...

Det här examensarbetet har som syfte att se om elevers minnen om sina erfarenheter av och uppfattningar om matematikundervisningen går att koppla med de olika att koppla till de valda lärandeteorierna: en sociokulturell-, en kognitivistisk och en behavioristisk lärandeteori. Syftet var också att utifrån elevers berättelser om matematikundervisning uttolka positiva och negativa ståndpunkter i relation till matematikämnet och matematikundervisning. Frågeställningarna som ställdes i undersökningen var: - Hur har elevers minnen om sina erfarenheter av matematik bidragit till deras nuvarande uppfattningar om matematikämnet? - Hur kan elevers minnen av sina erfarenheter förklaras enligt valda lärandeteorier? För att erhålla empiri inom undersökningen genomfördes fem individuella intervjuer med elever i årskurs 8. Resultatet presenteras i form av olika profiler för eleverna framskrivna som livsberättelser. Av resultatet framkom det att negativa uppfattningar om ämnet ofta grundade sig i att eleven inte förstod hur en uppgift skulle lösas, och att det då låste sig. De som upplevde matematikämnet negativt beskrev även en jobbig känsla av att det är lätt att jämföra sina egna resultat och sin kunskapsnivå med andra elever, eftersom det inom matematikämnet ofta tydligt återfinns ett rätt svar. Eleverna uttrycker att detta utmärker matematikämnet jämfört med många andra ämnen. Resultatet visade även att den främsta anledningen till att eleverna utvecklat en positiv uppfattning om ämnet är att de har levt med känslan att de klarar av att lösa uppgifter utan problem. Av resultatet framkom det också att de teman som återfanns i elevernas livsberättelser gick att relatera till- och uttolka genom fler än en lärandeteori, vilket kan tyda på att olika teorier kan förklara en bra inlärning, hur det utvecklas positiva känslor till ett ämne. De kan också förklara när det inte sker tillräckligt lärande vilket kan skapa kunskapsluckor och utveckling av negativa känslor till ämnet. / The purpose of this thesis is to find out how students´ memories about their experiences of mathematics teaching influence their perception of mathematics as subject and mathematics teaching, and if these perceptions can be connected to the chosen learning theories: a socio-cultural, a cognitive and a behavioral learning theory. Another aim of this report is to describe positive and negative positions in relation to the mathematics as subject and mathematics teaching based on students' stories about mathematics teaching. The research issues for this study are: - How have students´ memories of their experiences contributed to their current perceptions of mathematics as subject? - How can students´ memories of their experiences in mathematics be explained according to selected learning theories? To obtain empirical data within the study, five individual interviews were conducted with students in 8th grade in a school outside Stockholm. The result is presented in different profiles for the students projected as life stories. The result shows that negative perceptions about the subject were often based on the fact that they did not understand how a task would be solved, and they therefore got stuck. Those who experienced the subject of mathematics negatively experienced that it was That it is easier to compare results and knowledge within mathematics than other subjects, as there often are only one correct answer. The result also shows that the main reason why the students developed a positive opinion in relation to the subject is that they have lived with the feeling that they are able to solve tasks without problems. The result also shows that the themes that could be distinguished life stories told by the students were relatable and able to interpret through more than one learning theory. Which may indicate that different theories can explain a good learning and how positive emotions develop to a topic and explain when there is not enough learning which can create knowledge gaps and the development of negative emotions on the subject.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka områden lärare anser vara problematiska att undervisa om och hur de anser att ett undervisningsmaterial bör vara utformat i teknikämnet. Utifrån deras önskemål och behov har det tagits fram ett konceptförslag som kan användas vid skapande av undervisningsmaterial för teknikundervisningen på högstadiet. Det teoretiska ramverk som används är en kvalitativ fallstudie ur ett socialkonstruktivistiskt perspektiv och relaterad forskning på lärande. I studien har fokusgruppsintervjuer med tekniklärare genomförts. Resultatet visar att områdena styr- och reglerteknik, informations- och kommunikationsteknik samt elektroteknik upplevs, av lärarna, som svåra att undervisa om. Vidare tyder resultatet på att ett undervisningsmaterial bör innehålla vissa specifika delar såsom tydliga uppgifter, kopplingar till läroplanen för grundskolan, förskoleklasser och fritidshem (Lgr 11) samt bedömningsmatriser. I studien redovisas ett konceptförslag som kan utgöra ett underlag till teknikundervisningen på högstadiet vilket är baserat på ABB:s och lärarnas framställda önskemål. / The aim of the study is to analyze which areas teachers consider problematic to teach and how they would like a teaching material to be designed in technology. Based on their wishes and needs, a conceptual thinking has been developed that can be used in the creation of teaching materials of technical education for lower secondary school. The theoretical framework used is a qualitative case study from a social constructive perspective and related to research about learning. The method used is focus group interviews. The informants in the focus group interviews are lower secondary school teachers in technology. Results of this study show that the areas of control engineering, information and communication technologies and electrical engineering are experienced by the teachers, as difficult to teach. Furthermore, the result indicates that a teaching material should contain certain specific elements, such as clear information, links to Lgr 11 and a grading matrix. This study presents a conceptual thinking that can constitute a proposal of technology education for lower secondary school, which is based on ABB's and teachers' requests.

Teknik är betydelsefullt och är en välintegrerad del av varje individs liv. Det moderna samhället begär tekniska kunskaper för att individen ska kunna delta och agera i samhället. Kompetens inom området är starkt efterfrågat och teknik i Sverige har länge varit en avgörande faktor för en god ekonomi. Trots den efterfrågade kompetensen inom området och den ambition för tekniken som finns i samhället så påträffas en förtroendekris bland ungdomarna. Ett utav de centrala problemen är att ungdomar inte kan anknyta teknikens samband med egna intressen och karriärval. Skolans teknikundervisning har därmed en viktig roll för att frambringa ett intresse för teknik. Med detta i bakgrund är syftet med detta arbete att undersöka vilket bidrag som en teknikbok för högstadiet ger i diskussionen om att främja ett teknikintresse bland ungdomar. För att besvara detta användes följande två frågeställningar: - Vilket innehåll visar en lärobok i teknik för högstadiet i sina bilder? - Hur skildras aspekter av teknik i bilder i den läroboken? Frågorna besvarades med hjälp av inspiration från det sociokulturella perspektivet. Undersökningen utgår ifrån en kvalitativ bildanalys där en lärobok för högstadiet i teknik analyserades. Resultatet visar att innehållet i bilderna kan inkluderas inom 12 kategorier som urskiljdes i analysen. Det innehåll som huvudsakligen skildrades och som var av dominerande karaktär i boken var bilder som innehöll Människokroppen; Illustrerade bilder som konkret beskriver fakta; Verktyg, komponenter och material samt bilder som hade historisk koppling. De aspekter av teknik som framkom var att teknik är i ett ständigt samband med människan, stereotypa föreställningar av tekniken kunde befästas i lärobokens bilder samt att teknikutvecklingens historia är väsentlig för dagens samhälle. Dessutom skildrades aspekter av teknik som ålderdomligt och det var en brist på modernare karriärmöjligheter. / Technology is an essential part of the individual’s life, but also a well integrated part of the society. Knowledge within the subject is highly demanded, not only for enabling the individual’s participation in questions and decisions regarding the society but also for the success of the society. Despite the fact that technology had and has a significant part in the Swedish economy and prosperity, the adolescents nowadays, due to lack of ability to identify the connection with their own interests and career opportunities with technology, have a low interest for the subject . With this in view, the aim of this study is to investigate the textbook’s contribution to students’ interest in technology. To approach an insight within this, two questions were used: - What content does the lower secondary school technology textbook show in their pictures? - How are aspects of technology depicted in pictures in the textbook? The questions were answered with the help of inspiration from the socio-cultural perspective. The study is based on a qualitative image analysis in which a textbook for the upper level lower secondary school in technology was analyzed. The result shows that the content of the images can be included in 12 categories as identified in the analysis. The aspects that were mainly depicted and which were of a dominant part in the book were pictures that contained the Human body; Illustrated images that specifically describe facts; Tools, Components and Materials as well as pictures that had historical linkage. The aspects of technology that emerged were that technology is in constant connection with the human, stereotypical representations of technology could be fortified in the textbook's pictures and also that history of technology development is essential to today's society. In addition, aspects of technology were depicted as obsolete and there was a lack of modern career opportunities.

Naturvetenskapsundervisning idag tenderar att måla en bild av att allt redan är förklarat och alla samband är upptäckta inom naturvetenskap. Skolans jobb handlar bara om att lära ut alla förklaringarna. Medan skolans undervisning fokuserar på att återge de rätta svaren ärforskare ofta djupt engagerade i frågor som ännu inte har något svar. Bland forskare inom naturvetenskap uttrycks även att en viktig drivkraft i deras arbete handlar om förundran inför det som studeras. Är det då möjligt att inom ramen för skolans undervisning använda sig av förundran som ett pedagogiskt verktyg, där det skapas en medvetenhet om att det finns mer att utforska? Ett växande forskningsfält rör förundrans betydelse för lärande i egenskap av epistemisk känsla och hur det kan integreras i undervisningen. I denna rapport undersöks hur elever på högstadiet upplever förundran i fysikundervisningen och deras syn på effekten och betydelsen av förundran för att lära sig fysikämnet. Studien har genomförts genom gruppintervjuer med elever där underlaget analyserats utifrån ett fenomenologiskt ramverk. Analysresultatet återger att essensen av elevernas upplevelser är att förundran upplevs om än inte så ofta. När det gäller vad som stimulerar förundran är essenserna flera sinnesintryck och elevens agens. I synen på effekterna och betydelsen av förundran anges sambandet mellan förundran, intresse och lärande som essensen, där speciell tonvikt läggs på att lärandet gynnas av att möta förundran tidigt. Slutsatsen av rapporten föreslår en uppgradering av begreppet förundran inom lärarutbildning, en medveten användning av undersökande arbetssätt för att stimulera förundran samt att förundran kan vara en nyckel till att starta en lärandeprocess. / Today's science education tends to portray a picture of science where everything has already been explained and all relations discovered. The task of schools is just to teach these explanations. While school education focuses on giving the right answers, scientists are often deeply engaged in questions that have not yet been resolved. Among scientists, wonder in relation to the object of study is expressed as an important motivation for their work. Is it then possible to use wonder as a pedagogical tool in school science, where an awareness is created that there is more to be discovered? An expanding field of research concerns wonder as an epistemic emotion and its implications for teaching. In this report, students' experiences of wonder in physics teaching and their view of the effects and significance of wonder in the learning of physics are investigated in lower secondary school. The study has been carried out using group interviews with students and the data set has been analysed through a phenomenological framework. The results of the analysis suggest that the essence of the students' experiences include that wonder is experienced but not so often. The found essences of what stimulates wonder are perception from several senses and students' agency. Regarding students' view of the effects and significance of wonder, the connection between wonder, interest and learning are noted as the essence, where there is a special emphasis on the claim that learning is facilitated by starting with wonder. The conclusions of the report propose an upgrade of the concept of wonder in teacher education, an intentional use of inquiry-based teaching to stimulate wonder and wonder as a key concept to start a process of learning.

I det svenska skolsystemet sker olika stadieövergångar och övergången från högstadiet till gymnasiet är en sådan. I ämnet matematik visar tidigare forskning att en skillnad mellan dessa stadier är ett ökat studietempo och en förskjutning mot en mer formell matematik i det senare stadiet. Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka vilka innehållsmässiga likheter och skillnader det finns mellan dessa stadier inom området linjära funktioner. Detta har gjorts via en innehållsanalys av några läroböcker som används för respektive stadie då dessa kan ses som den potentiellt realiserade läroplanen. Vidare har studien baserats på Anna Sfards teori om operationell respektive strukturell begreppsuppfattning som ett sätt att få syn på och kontrastera det innehåll som behandlas i de olika läroböckerna. Resultatet visar att det finns likheter och skillnader mellan de olika stadierna, utifrån hur detta uttrycks via läroböckerna, och gymnasiet tenderar att fokusera mer på det strukturella i funktionsbegreppet medan högstadiet i högre grad betonar det operationella. Vidare finns det skillnader mellan de olika läroböckerna inom samma stadie där studien visar att beroende på kombination av läromedel för högstadiet respektive gymnasiet kan det bli olika grad av repetition på gymnasiet. Vissa kombinationer kan ge en större överlappning mellan innehållet i stadierna medan andra kombinationer riskerar att istället skapa ett glapp mellan stadierna. / In the Swedish school system, different stage transitions take place and the transition from lower secondary school to upper secondary school is one such. In the subject of mathematics, previous research shows that a difference in these stages is an increased pace of study and a shift towards more formal mathematics. The purpose of this study has been to investigate what content-related similarities and differences there are between junior high school and high school mathematics in the area of ​​linear functions. This has been done via a content analysis of some textbooks that are used for the different stages, as these can be seen as the potentially implemented curriculum. Furthermore, the study has been based on Anna Sfard's theory of operational and structural concepts as a way to gain insight into and contrast the content covered in the various textbooks. The result shows that there are similarities and differences in the different stages, from how this is expressed via the textbooks, and the upper secondary school tends to focus more on the structural concept of function, while the lower secondary emphasizes the operational aspects to a greater degree. Furthermore, there are differences between the different textbooks within the same stage, where this study shows that depending on the combination of textbooks for lower- and upper secondary school, there may be different degrees of repetition in the latter. Some combinations can provide a greater overlap between the content of the stages, while other combinations risk instead creating a gap between the stages.