Sjukskrivningar pga. stressrelaterad ohälsa fortsätter att öka frekvent i samhället. Inom arbetsterapi anses ett balanserat aktivitetsmönster att vara en förutsättning för upplevelsen av hälsa och välmående. Kunskap om aktivitetsbalans och aktivitetsvärden är en viktig del av arbetsterapeuters arbete med personer som lider utav aktivitetsohälsa. Syftet med studien var att undersöka om och i så fall vilka sociodemografiska faktorer som påverkar sambandet mellan hälsa, aktivitetsvärden och aktivitetsbalans för personer med aktivitetsohälsa. Metod. Kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie där data från totalt 218 personer samlades in, varav 192 kvinnor, 22 män och 4 hen. Data samlades in med hjälp av enkäter inför en arbetsterapeutiskintervention. De instrument som användes i studien var Oval-pd, OBQ, EQ5D samt en sociodemografisk enkät. Data analyserades genom regressions och moderationsanalyser. Resultatet visade att deltagarna generellt upplevde låga värden inom både aktivitetsbalans, aktivitetsvärde samt självskattad hälsa inför interventionen. Det fanns statistisk signifikanta samband mellan aktivitetsbalans och självskattad hälsa, varav tre moderatorer identifierades stärka det sambandet. Inget samband fanns mellan aktivitetsvärde och upplevd hälsa kunde ses, däremot identifierades att det fanns ett statistiskt signifikant samband för två moderatorer. Slutsats. Att vara kvinna, högutbildad eller sambo påverkar signifikant sambandet mellan aktivitetsbalans och upplevd hälsa. Vidare att vara kvinna eller sjukskriven på del/heltid påverkar signifikant sambandet mellan aktivitetsvärde och upplevd hälsa. Detta är ett viktigt område som behöver fortsatt forskning kring vad som kan påverka, och vara en bidragande orsak, till att personer utvecklar psykisk ohälsa pga. sin vardag. Det är viktigt för att kunna utveckla och implementera nya interventioner, samt belysa mer hälsofrämjande insatser. / Sick leave due to. Stress-related ill-health continues to increase frequently in the society. In occupational therapy, a balanced activity pattern is considered important for the experience of health and well-being. Knowledge of occupational balance and occupational values ​​is an essential part of occupational therapists' work with people who suffer from occupational ill health. The purpose of this study was to investigate if and if so, what socio-demographic factors affect the relationship between perceive health, occupational values ​​and occupational balance for people with occupational ill health. Method. Quantitative cross-sectional study in which data from a total of 218 persons were collected, of which 192 were women, 22 men and 4 other. Data were collected with the help of surveys prior to an occupational therapy intervention. The instruments used were Oval-PD, OBQ, EQ5D and a socio-demographic questionnaire. Data were analyzed by regression and moderation analyzes. The results showed that participants generally experienced low values ​​in both the occupational balance, occupational value and self-assessed health prior to the intervention. There was a statistically significant association between occupational balance and self-assessed health, of which three moderators were identified to strengthen that relationship. There was no correlation between occupational value and perceived health, however, two moderators was identified who statistically significant effect the association. Conclusion. Being a woman, highly educated or cohabiting significantly influences the relationship between occupational balance and perceived health. Furthermore, being a woman or being sick on part/full time significantly affects the relationship between occupational value and perceived health. This is an important area that needs further research on what can affect, and be a contributing cause of, people developing mental illness due to their everyday life. It is important to be able to develop and implement new interventions, as well as highlight more health-promoting efforts.

Bakgrund: Psykisk ohälsa är ett växande problem, både nationellt som internationellt. I Sverige har den psykiska ohälsan ökat signifikant de senaste 20 åren. Konsekvensen av detta blir en ökad arbetsbelastning samt långa väntetider. Trots den ökade förekomsten har inte stigmatiseringen kring begreppet minskat. Stigma kan förklaras genom en avvikelse från det normala som kan förklaras genom okunskap, negativa fördomar samt diskriminering mot individer i samhället med psykisk ohälsa. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturöversikt är att beskriva sjuksköterskors attityder till psykisk ohälsa hos vuxna samt faktorer som relaterar till dessa attityder.  Metod: Studien är en litteraturöversikt som baseras på 16 vetenskapliga artiklar. Artiklarna är av kvantitativ, kvalitativ samt mixad-metod ansats. Artiklarna inhämtades från databaserna Cinahl, PubMed samt PsycINFO. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras genom fem kategorier; Negativa fördomar och förutfattade meningar, attityder relaterat till typ av psykisk ohälsa, känsla av ansvar och empati, attityder relaterat till kunskap och erfarenhet, sociokulturella faktorer samt skillnader mellan manliga och kvinnliga sjuksköterskor.  Slutsats: Sjuksköterskans attityd gentemot psykisk ohälsa sågs vara varierande samt påverkades av olika faktorer. De negativa attityder som belystes var distanstiering, isolering samt särbehandling medan de positiva attityder som framträdde baserades på välvilja samt empati. En korrelation med ökad förståelse genom teoretisk eller erfarenhetsbaserad kunskap och positiva attityder påvisades samtidigt som en korrelation mellan etnicitet, religion och genus i relation med negativa attityder belystes. / Background: Mental illness is a growing problem, both nationally and internationally. In Sweden, mental illness has increased significantly over the past 20 years. The consequence of this will be an increased workload and long healthcare que. Despite the increased prevalence, the stigma surrounding the concept has not diminished. Stigma can be explained by a deviation from the normal which can be explained by ignorance, negative prejudice and discrimination against individuals in the society with mental illness. Aim: The purpose of the literature review is to describe nurses' attitudes to mental illness in adults as well as factors related to these attitudes. Method: The study is a literature review based on 16 scientific articles. The articles on which the result is based on were of quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods. The articles were collected from the databases Cinahl, PubMed and PsycINFO. Results: The results are presented through five categories; Negative prejudices and preconceived opinions, attitudes related to the type of mental ill health, sense of responsibility and empathy, attitudes related to knowledge and experience, socio-cultural factors and differences between male and female nurses. Conclusion: The nurse's attitude towards mental illness was seen to be varied and influenced by various factors. The negative attitudes that were highlighted were distancing, isolation and special treatment, while the positive attitudes that emerged were based on goodwill and empathy. A correlation with increased understanding through theoretical or experience-based knowledge and positive attitudes was demonstrated at the same time as a correlation between ethnicity, religion and gender in relation to negative attitudes was highlighted.

Bakgrund: Varje år drabbas 38,2% av människorna i Europa av någon form av psykisk ohälsa. De vanligaste tillstånden är depression och ångestsyndrom. Den vanligaste anledningen i Sverige till sluten vård är psykisk ohälsa i åldern 15–44 år. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva erfarenheter av att bli vårdad på slutna psykiatriska avdelningar bland personer med psykisk ohälsa. Metod: En litteraturstudie genomfördes, baserad på åtta kvalitativa studier. Studierna återfanns i två databaser, APA PsycInfo och Cinahl. Analysen gjordes med inspiration av Fribergs femstegsmodell. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i fyra huvudkategorier och sexton underkategorier. Huvudkategorierna var:’ Att inte vara sedd skapar ett utanförskap’, ’Brister i vårdstrukturen skapar lidande’, Att bli stigmatiserad’ och ’Att uppleva ett ljus i mörkret’. Konklusion: Patienter inom psykiatrisk slutenvård upplever ett stort lidande, som kan förklaras genom att det finns brister i deras vård. Vårdpersonal inom psykiatrisk slutenvård är i behov av professionell kunskap om psykisk ohälsa och psykiatrisk vård. Vidare forskning bör genomföras om hur den psykiatriska vården kan förbättras för personer med psykisk ohälsa, då detta ses vara bristande i den slutna psykiatriska vården. / Background: Every year, 38.2% of people in Europe suffer from some form of mental illness. The most common conditions are depression and anxiety disorders. The most common reason in Sweden for inpatient care is mental illness at the age of 15–44. Aim: To describe experiences of being cared for in closed psychiatric wards among people with mental illness. Methods: A literature study was conducted, based on eight qualitative studies. The studies were found in two databases, APA PsycInfo and Cinahl. The analysis was inspired by Friberg's five-step model. Results: The analysis resulted in four main categories and sixteen subcategories. The main categories were: ‘Not being seen creates an exclusion’, ‘Deficiencies in the care structure creates suffering’, ‘Being stigmatized’ and ‘Experiencing a light in the dark’. Conclusion: Patients in psychiatric inpatient care experience a great deal of suffering, which can be explained by the fact that there are shortcomings in their care. Nursing staff in psychiatric inpatient care are in need of professional knowledge about mental illness and psychiatric care. Further research should be carried out on how psychiatric care can be improved for people with mental illness, then this have been seen deficient in the inpatient psychiatric care.

The thesis is a study of mentally ill patients with depression and anxiety and their view on stigmatization in contemporary czech society. The thesis introduces the problematice in the context of current political precautions and research including comparison with abroad studies. It points out the current state of psychiatric care in the Czech republic and destigmatizing activities which aim to change this state. Based on ten interviews with patients with diagnosed depression or anxiety, the thesis shows that the stigmatization in case of these patients is not seen in such nature, as defined by literature. The participants experience large scale of negative reactions, however many of them do not meet definitions of stigmatizing attitudes. Their experience with stigma is different in different parts of their life, partly based on whether the people close to them have a previous experience with mental illness or not. The fear of stigmatization is present more often than the stigmatization itself. The participants point out the low awareness of the public considering the stigmatization of mental illness, however they do not participate in destigmatizing activities in any way. Interesting finding was fear of establishing a family, presented by some of the female participants and very frequent use of...

(in English): The diploma thesis deals with the topic of destigmatization efforts as a task of social workers in selected organizations. Its aim is to describe the destigmatization efforts of social workers, focusing on individual attributes of destigmatization efforts and mapping the possible opportunities and pitfalls that social workers most often encounter in the long-term effort to eliminate stigma in people with mental illness. In this work we will cooperate with selected organizations whose target group are people with mental illness. The theoretical part brings a comprehensive view of mental illness, a description of the system of care for people with mental illness,and presents the issue of destigmatization efforts in the Czech Republic, including a description of destigmatization elements and campaigns that support this effort. At the same time, this part of the thesis describes the area of stigmatization of people with mental illness, manifestations of stigmatizing behavior in the public and social workers or generally the role of social workers in working with this target group. The practical part of the diploma thesis will work with the results of qualitative research, which is focused on functioning or non-functioning destigmatization efforts of social workers in selected...

The aim of this study was to describe and analyze the coping strategies and emotional expressions that children experience while growing up with a parent with mental illness. The theory used in this study was emotion sociology and the concept of resilience is applied in the results and analysis to explain and understand how children’s actions and emotional expressions are related. In this way, the study can contribute with knowledge about how children, despite growing up conditions that may involve risks, can obtain a good psychosocial function. Our study was based on a qualitative method where four autobiographies written by adult children have been used as empirical data. In order to describe and analyze the coping strategies and emotional expressions that children experience while growing up with a parent with mental illness. The results show that anxiety, fear, longing for affection and unpredictability in the parent’s behaviour were common feelings among the authors. The authors developed strategies during their childhood and had the ability to adapt successfully even though they grew up in a risky home environment.

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Bakgrund: Bipolär sjukdom är en kronisk sjukdom som kännetecknas av kraftiga humörsvängningar i maniska och depressiva skov. Den har påverkan på personens livsvärld och upplevelse av hälsa. Sjukdomen är kronisk och för med sig lidande för personen. Sjuksköterskan har en väsentlig roll i att ge stöd och undervisning. Syfte: Är att beskriva personers upplevelser av att leva med bipolär sjukdom. Metod: Kvalitativ metod där fem självbiografier lästes. Analysmetoden är analys av narrativer. Resultat: I resultatet framkom det sex kategorier. Dessa är: den känslomässiga berg och dalbanan, den euforiska gränslösheten, som mörkast före gryning, den annorlunda verkligheten, påverkan på det vardagliga, i kontakt med vården. Diskussion: Personer med bipolär sjukdom upplever hälsa, ohälsa och lidande beroende på vilket skov i sjukdom de befinner sig i. Det är viktigt att ha personer i sin omgivning som är förstående och bryr sig för att kunna finna ro. Sjuksköterskan agerar som stöd i det dynamiska humöret hos personerna och kan bidra med information för att lättare hantera sjukdomen. Konklusion: Att leva med bipolär sjukdom innebär ett ständigt varierande humör. Vården ska vara öppen och bemöta personen i dennes livsvärld. Det är viktigt som sjuksköterska att skapa balans för att lindra lidande och uppmuntra till hälsa. / Background: Bipolar disorder is a chronic condition which is characterised by elevated mood swings with manic and depressive episodes. It has impact on the person’s lifeworld and his or her experience of health. The chronic disorder causes suffering for the person. The essential role of the nurse is to be supportive and educate. Aim: To describe peoples’ experiences to live with bipolar disorder. Method: A qualitative study were five autobiographies was studied. The method of analytics is narrative analysis. Results: The result has six categories. Those are: the emotional rollercoaster, the euphoric boundlessness, darkest before dawn, the different reality, impact on the social life, in contact with care. Discussion: People with bipolar disorder experiences health, illness and suffering depending on which episode they are in. It’s important to have people in their vicinity who is understanding and who cares to find peace. The nurse acts as support in the dynamic mood swings the people can have and can contribute with information how to handle the disorder. Conclusion: To live with bipolar disorder means constant mood swings. The care should have a open mind and answer to the person in their lifeworld. It’s important as nurse to create a balance to ease suffering and encourage health.

Women comprise one of the fastest growing populations of the criminal justice system, yet little research exists concerning the success of these women completing a coed pretrial drug court diversion program. Trauma theory was applied to inform the variables in this quantitative correlational study. The predictive nature of age, educational level, marital status, violent criminal history, and mental health problems for women were examined in relation to completion of a coed pretrial drug court diversion program. A convenience sample from secondary, archival data was obtained from a criminal justice agency in Washington, DC. The dataset included women who participated in the program between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2014. Logistic regression models were used to predict the likelihood of whether these women completed drug court and determine which independent variables were likely to increase or decrease the probability of program completion. Results of the study failed to yield statistically significant relationships between the variables examined. However, the findings indicate possible relationships between marriage and drug court completion, and postsecondary education and drug court completion, which require additional research. Implications for positive social change are drawn for other criminal justice agencies, drug courts, and administrators for enhancing program delivery and reducing women's recidivism.

Men are more likely than women to commit suicide and more reluctant to seek professional help when experiencing any type of mental illness. By interviewing six professionals, working as clinical psychologists or counsellors this study aimed to examine their experiences and attitudes concerning masculinity and mental illness among men. The material was examined through a thematic analysis which resulted in four different themes, each responding to the aim of the study from different angles. All participants strive not to differentiate between clients depending on their sex, yet it is widely held that masculine norms restrain men from seeking help from our current health services. This derives from the notion that traditionally masculine virtues such as stoicism and resilience are not compatible with vulnerability which is commonly associated with mental health services. Thus, there is a widespread attitude that traditional masculine norms should be challenged as a means to support men’s mental health. This study suggests that an excessive challenging approach legitimates the current constitution of mental health services which could restrain health services and other decision-makers responsiveness of men’s preferences and needs. To address the problem of mental illness and high rates of suicide among men, the challenging approach needs to be accompanied with compliance and adjustment after the needs and preferences of men.