This thesis is about special needs educational competence of educators working in collaborating teams within child and youth habilitation centres. The pedagogy of the moment stands for the decisions made by educators, based on their observations made when meeting the child in its different environments. These decisions build on educational theoretical and practical knowledge and experience developed through collaboration within interprofessional teams. The study was carried out through the use of focus groups consisting of professionals within different child and youth habilitation centres. The data consists of taped and transcribed focus groups discussions. Participants provided additional information concerning, estimations of the focus group session, their education and use of special needs educational assignments through additional questionnaires. The analysis focuses on how the educators conceptualise their competence and the dialogue in the group conversation. To facilitate the interactional analysis, a constructional key for the conversation was developed. The educators within child and youth habilitation centers have not developed specific professional strategies, but instead, appear to have adapted a mission through structural means. Their competence appears contextually adapted and devel-oped within three spheres of activities. Their basic education is in the area of pre-school with theoretical focus on children’s normal development, pedagogical experience of working with groups of children, play and learning. On the basis of this background, together with experiences with toy library activities for children with disabilities, they have become one of the corner stone of child and youth habilitation centres of the 1980’s. In these centers, by tradition a mainly medical sphere of activity, they work in teams with family orientated habilitation, and have developed compe-tence for special needs educational intervention for children with disabilities. Special needs education is a supplementary field, which includes educators who are being trained for municipal operation. The educators use professional speech genres with colloquial language terminology, which is adjusted to its communicative context. The educators and their colleagues in the teams emphasize the importance of the educator bridging the medical, treatment and pedagogical contexts, together with a focus on child, parents and staff, at home and in preschool/school. A communicational genre has developed within the occupational group, where the educators reinforce rather than question each other when taking turns during interprofessional conversations. The competence of the educator is based on knowledge and experience when it comes to children, their development, play and learning. The thesis demonstrates that the main focus of the supplementary education increasingly lies on the pedagogical meeting with adults, mostly parents, around specific child. The practical pedagogical work for the child, playing as intervention as well as the specific special needs educational intervention is less conceptualised by the educators. They are requesting relevant research and theories to support their field of knowledge.

This thesis considers the role of aesthetic meaning-making in elementary school science learning. Children’s aesthetic experiences are traced through their use of aesthetic judgements, spontaneous metaphors and art activities. The thesis is based on four empirical studies: the first two examining children’s language use, i.e. the role of aesthetic judgements and the significance of spontaneous metaphors while learning science and the latter two dealing with how art activities mediate what elementary school children learn in science and what a variety of art activities with different purposes afford elementary school children to learn in science. The theoretical stance emanates from pragmatist theories and includes Dewey’s definition of an aesthetic experience, Wittgenstein’s later work on language-games, and socio-cultural perspectives. The analytic approach used is a practical epistemology analysis developed by Wickman and Östman. The empirical data consists of audio- and video recordings of elementary school children’s (aged 6–10 years) discussions in pairs or small groups during science lessons and photographs of children’s pictures, sculptures and poems from a total of 14 different elementary school classes. The main findings of the empirical studies show how aesthetic meaning-making is continuous with elementary school children’s scientific learning. The thesis shows how elementary school children’s aesthetic experiences are related to whole activities and are crucial for the direction that learning takes. Aesthetic experience is important in terms of how and what elementary school children learn aesthetically and normatively in science class, which has consequences for cognitive learning, the possibility of participating in science class and learning the genre of science. Moreover, it can be seen how children’s prior experiences are recurrently reconstructed and transformed through imaginative processes.

Religious language has been theorized in multiple ways. I will look at how religious language has been theorized in the work of Jürgen Habermas and in the field of cognitive linguistics. I will compare these approaches to religious language and assess the results. In doing so, I will indirectly assess the confluence of these two theoretical approaches. My conclusion is that even with the similarities between these theoretical frames, religion is thematized differently under each method. Jürgen Habermas’s definition of religion as the output of ritual praxis is not compatible with the normative place of religious language found in cognitive linguistics.

Denna uppsats undersöker de metaforer som används i svenska för att benämna känslan sorg. Den metafordefinition som tillämpas är den konceptuella, myntad av Lakoff & Johnson (1980), där metaforer ses som språklig evidens för kognitiva mappningar och består av en så kallas måldomän och källdomän. Uppsatsens syfte är att beskriva och kartlägga de olika sorgemetaforernas källdomäner och att anknyta dessa till tre metaforer på övergripande nivå, som i tidigare studier visat vara viktiga för figurativt känslospråk; PSYKET SOM KROPP-METAFOREN (Sweetser 1990), METAFOREN FÖR HÄNDELSESTRUKTUR (Lakoff & Johnson 1999 och Kövecses 2000) och KRAFTMETAFOREN (Kövecses 2000), varav den sistnämnda i tidigare studier av Kövecses (2000) lyfts fram som en för känslospråk dominerande metafor. Metoderna som tillämpas utgörs av en textanalys och en korpusstudie, där metaforer först manuellt extraheras och analyseras från böcker och hemsidor med sorgetema för att sedan uppsökas i korpora. Resultatet uppvisar en stor variation i de metaforer som används och 21 metaforer noteras, med 14 undergrupper. Alla tre tidigare metaforer förekommer. KRAFTMETAFOREN utgör dock inte en dominerande övergrupp, vilket tros kunna bero på att forskning kring metaforen främst skett inom engelska, men även det faktum att sorgen som definierad i studien inte utgör en prototypisk känsla. / This study examines metaphors used in Swedish for the emotion grief. The definition of metaphor applied is the one of the conceptual metaphor, as presented by Lakoff & Johnson (1980), where metaphors are considered to be linguistic evidence of cognitive mappings and consist of a target and source domain. The aim of the study is to describe and map the different source domains, as well as to relate them to three basic level metaphors, that earlier research has shown to be of importance to emotional language; THE BODY AS MIND METAPHOR (Sweetser 1990), THE EVENT STRUCTURE METAPHOR (Lakoff & Johnson 1999 and Kövecses 2000) and THE FORCE METAPHOR (Kövecses 2000). Previous studies by Kövecses (2000) have treated the latter one as a dominating metaphor for more specific level emotion metaphors. The adopted methods consist of a text analysis and a corpus study, where metaphors are extracted from grief themed books and webpages and analyzed manually to later be sought up in corpora. The results show diversity in source domain and a total of 21 superordinate metaphors and 14 subordinate ones are observed. All three basic level metaphors feature. THE FORCE METAPHOR does however not qualify as a dominating metaphor which can function as a superordinate metaphor for all others. This is believed to be due to the fact that most earlier research has focused on English, as well as that the definition of grief used throughout the study does not constitute a prototypical emotion.

The topic of this diploma thesis is an analysis of history of special language of architecture in Paul Decker´s ?Ausführliche Anleitung zur Civilbaukunst (Bd.1)?. This thesis is divided into nine basic parts. The first, second and third parts characterize the special language, baroque and Paul Decker´s life and work. The following parts concentrate on the analysis of the special language presenting in this Decker´s work, that means on morphology, word-formative processes, the role of metaphors and foreign words, polysemy and synonyms, hyponyms, hyperonyms and co-hyponyms as well as the relation between verbal and nonverbal language part.

Submitted by Noeme Timbo (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2016-09-16T18:28:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CeliaJuliano Roque2.pdf: 1304374 bytes, checksum: ef4d2dd8b49cfe8f2bc53477b9103d0d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-16T18:28:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CeliaJuliano Roque2.pdf: 1304374 bytes, checksum: ef4d2dd8b49cfe8f2bc53477b9103d0d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The Fourth Gospel presents Jesus through metaphors, being the object of our research the phrase: “I am the way, and the truth, and the life” that is the guiding starting point in search of the identity of the Johannine group. At the end of the first century, the Johannine group sees itself as the faithful heirs of Jesus, now followers of the disciple John (son of Zebedee), who walked with Jesus. The group is not alien to the reality of religious multiplicity of the period, being aware of the conflicts and the divergent ways to God. This shows us how identitary this theme is. From a reading in John 13.33-14.31, our dissertation has as object how the Johannine group receives this message in the imaginary, externalizes it and reacts in everyday life, as well as later groups of Gnosticism — as the Gospel of Truth from the Nag Hammadi Coptic Library, drawn from subsequent reading currents shaping the symbolic-imaginary world, cultivating different belonging characteristics and creating the identity of the Johannine group. / No Quarto Evangelho Jesus se apresenta por meio de metáforas, sendo o objeto de nossa pesquisa a frase: “Eu sou o caminho, e a verdade, e a vida”, que será o ponto de partida condutor em busca da identidade do grupo joanino. No final do primeiro século, o grupo joanino se entende como fiéis herdeiros de Jesus, agora seguidores do discípulo João (filho de Zebedeu), o qual caminhou com Jesus. O grupo não se apresenta alheio à realidade da multiplicidade religiosa do período, mas está atento aos conflitos e aos caminhos divergentes para Deus. Isso nos aponta o quão identitário é o tema. A partir de uma leitura em João 13.33-14.31, nossa dissertação tem como objeto o modo como o grupo joanino recebe essa mensagem no imaginário, a exterioriza e reage no cotidiano, bem como os grupos posteriores do gnosticismo —como o Evangelho da Verdade da Biblioteca Copta de Nag Hammadi, elaborado a partir de leituras ulteriores que plasmam o mundo simbólico imaginário, cultivando diferentes características de pertença, gerando a identidade do grupo joanino.

The purpose of this mixed-methods research is to determine the effectiveness of the Kingdom Marketing (KM) intervention for improving Israeli SME marketing knowledge among managers and employees of Israeli small and medium-sized business. The secondary objective of the study was to portray the process of change in participating organisations. The newly developed KM intervention programme was designed to enhance Israeli SMEs’ marketing knowledge and marketing strategy, imparting new marketing skills and allowing SMEs to operate with better marketing knowledge. The intervention uses a metaphoric story-line approach to teach participants in mediator-led sessions to understand and use important marketing concepts, such as the difference between sales and marketing. Although the intervention has been used in business settings, it has not yet been empirically validated using rigorous methods. This study was conducted using a mixed methods paradigm with an embedded experimental design. Five Israeli based SMEs were recruited to take part in the training programme. The research consisted of three phases. In Phase 1, I administered a preintervention evaluation to measure five variables: awareness of marketing processes, mistaken marketing attitudes, incorrect marketing process beliefs, organisational marketing skills, and marketing need awareness. Participants were also interviewed during Phase 1. In Phase 2, I administered the KM intervention and collected qualitative data in the form of daily open-ended feedback and a researcher diary. In Phase 3, I administered a postintervention evaluation to assess change in the five quantitative variables, and I conducted a second round of interviews. The findings indicated that the KM intervention programme (a) increased awareness of marketing processes, (b) reduced mistaken marketing attitudes, (c) reduced incorrect marketing process believes, and (d) increased marketing need awareness. However, the intervention had no significant effect on organisational marketing skills. Qualitative analysis confirmed that, although the KM intervention empowered participants with marketing knowledge and skills, it did not result in broad organisational changes. I conclude that the KM intervention programme is valid and worthy of wider use for promoting the survival of SME businesses through marketing knowledge and skill improvement. However, the intervention should be used in conjunction with internal efforts to translate increased knowledge into lasting organisational change.

Construção e abertura: diálogos Alexander-Piaget examina a construção do conhecimento, no campo da Arquitetura e Urbanismo, através da articulação das abordagens dos dois autores destacados no título da tese, na perspectiva de esboçar elementos para uma teoria e uma pedagogia do processo de projeto. Neste sentido, o trabalho organiza-se em duas partes: Aberturas – contexto teórico Para compreender os processos cognitivos envolvidos na concepção do projeto arquitetural no âmbito do ateliê pedagógico, a investigação busca estabelecer um diálogo teórico que encontra pontos de contato entre a tradição da Epistemologia Genética iniciada por Jean Piaget, e o pensamento do arquiteto austro-americano Christopher Alexander. Desde o construtivismo piagetiano, interessa, em especial, a noção dos possíveis, passando pelas formulações referentes à percepção e representação espacial, pelos processos de tomada de consciência no percurso entre o fazer e o compreender, e pelos fundamentos de uma lógica de significações. Desde a abordagem de Alexander, tomam-se, em especial, as noções de linguagem de padrões e de totalidades crescentes para explicar as relações entre os sujeitos do processo projetual e o ambiente construído, na emergência de uma ordem espacial coerente através de contínuos ajustes entre forma e contexto. O espaço de encontro entre os dois pensadores se explicita através de uma abordagem epistemológica apoiada no conceito de sistema, e no princípio cibernético de equilibração. No caso de Piaget, isto implica estados majorantes de assimilação na interação entre sujeito e objeto de conhecimento; na abordagem de Alexander, isso se revela através da analogia entre sistemas ambientais construídos pelo homem e organismos vivos, que pode ser descrita na forma de um conjunto de princípios projetuais bem definidos. Construções – contexto pedagógico No plano pedagógico, foi elaborado um experimento, oferecido a estudantes de graduação e, Arquitetura e Urbanismo, procedentes de diferentes etapas do curso, objetivando: i) a reflexão em torno do quadro teórico apresentado, ii) a exploração de tecnologias de simulação gráfica; iii) o agenciamento de meios de trabalho cooperativo, presencial e à distância, e; iv) o desenvolvimento de exercícios de projeto apoiados nas reflexões derivadas de (i), (ii) e (iii), no sentido de promover desequilíbrios cognitivos, sugerindo percursos de trabalho diferentes daqueles com os quais os estudantes estão familiarizados. O experimento estrutura-se em três exercícios, correspondentes, grosso modo, às etapas de concepção, desenvolvimento e aperfeiçoamento de um projeto arquitetônico ou urbanístico. Casa tomada, baseado no conto homônimo do argentino Julio Cortázar, aborda a pedagogia da metáfora, propondo uma transcrição da narrativa ficcional para o espaço arquitetônico, reconstituindo topologicamente a trama urdida pelo escritor. Cidade das palavras reflete o âmbito denominado pedagogia do linguajar, e propõe o desenvolvimento de narrativas "genéticas" construídas através do trabalho cooperativo, em escalas de organização de crescente complexidade. Desenho e canteiro especula sobre uma pedagogia da precisão, inspirando-se na reflexão do arquiteto brasileiro Sérgio Ferro sobre os processos de produção da arquitetura, sendo os estudantes desafiados a simular, com ferramentas digitais, elementos construtivos tomados dos exercícios iniciais, promovendo reequilibrações no processo de aprendizagem. As “pedagogias” da metáfora, do linguajar e da precisão, integradas na reflexão sobre o fazer e o compreender, buscam constituir uma "ecologia" que enlaça sujeitos, conceitos e tecnologias. O trabalho conclui com um conjunto de crônicas que examinam diferentes aspectos do percurso realizado. / Construção e abertura: diálogos Alexander-Piaget (Construction and overture: dialogues Alexander-Piaget) examines the construction of knowledge in the field of Architecture and Planning, through the combination of the approaches of two prominent authors detached in the title of the thesis, aiming outlines elements for a theory and a pedagogy of the design process. In this sense, the work is organized into two parts: Overtures – theoretical context To realize cognitive processes involved in the architectural design within the pedagogic studio, the research seeks to establish a theoretical dialogue that finds points of contact between the tradition by Genetic Epistemology started by Jean Piaget, and the theories of Austro-American architect Christopher Alexander. Since Piaget's constructivism, interests, in particular, the notion of the possibles, through the formulation on the perception and spatial representation, through the processes of awareness on the route between to do and to understand, and the foundations for a logic of meanings. Since the approach of Alexander, detaching, especially, the notions of Pattern Language and the growing wholes, to explain relations between subjects of the design process and the built environment, in the emergence of a coherent ordered space through continuous fitness between form and context. The space of encounter between the two thinkers is explained through an epistemological approach based on the concept of system, and the cybernetic principle of balance. In the case of Piaget, this implies upper bounds states of assimilation in the interaction between subject and object of knowledge; from the approach of Alexander, it is revealed through the analogy between manmade environmental systems and living organisms, which can be described as a well defined set of design principles. Constructions – pedagogic context In terms of pedagogy, an experiment was designed, and offered to undergraduate students of Architecture and Planning from different stages of the course, aiming to: i) discussions around the theoretical context, ii) the exploration of technologies for graphic simulation; iii) the arrangement of means of cooperative work, in classroom and in distance learning environment, and iv) the development of design exercises supported the reflections derived from (i), (ii) and (iii) to promote cognitive imbalances, suggesting work journeys than those with which students are familiar. The experiment is a set of three exercices, corresponding roughly to the stages of conceiving, developing and refining an architectural or urban design. Casa Tomada (House taken over) based on the tale by the Argentinian Julio Cortázar, addresses the pedagogy of metaphor, proposing a transcript of fictional narrative to the architectural space, topologically reconstructing the plot hatched by the writer. Cidade das palavras (City of words) reflects the scope of pedagogy named speech and proposes the development of "genetic" narratives constructed through the cooperative work on scales of organization of increasing complexity. Desenho e canteiro (Design and construction site) speculates about a pedagogy of precision, drawing on the reflection of Brazilian architect Sergio Ferro on the production processes of architecture, and students are challenged to simulate, with digital tools, building elements taken from the initial exercises in promoting a feedback for learning process. The "pedagogies" of metaphor, speech and precision, integrated into thinking about doing and understanding, seek to constitute an "ecology" that links subjects, concepts and technologies. The thesis concludes with a set of chronicles that examines different aspects of the journey undertaken.

Research indicates that the number of individuals diagnosed with neurological, learning and psychiatric disorders has shown a sharp increase in recent years. An increasing acknowledgement of the importance of narratives and discourses in constructing social reality has stimulated much debate on the consequences of diagnosing individuals with such diagnostic labels. The aim of this study was to explore the ways in which such individuals construct meaning from their experiences of adapting to their diagnostic labels by reframing them as interpersonal metaphors. In service of this aim, a social constructionist epistemology was adopted and discourse analysis was used to analyse the results from three participants’ interview data. The results indicate that participants managed to construct meaning from their experiences with their diagnostic labels through a reframing process that serve to promote positive perceptions of self in relation to others. Furthermore, this meaning-construction process appears to be a reflective and interactional one, in that it relies on a negotiation of meanings between people in a retrospective fashion. / Psychology / M.A. (Clinical Psychology)

HODGSON, Elaine Carvalho Chaves. Breaking down and building up: metáforas conceituais e ensino/aprendizagem de verbos de duas ou mais palavras. 2010. 205f. Tese (Doutorado em Linguística) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza-CE, 2010. / Submitted by nazareno mesquita (nazagon36@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-08-14T14:27:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_tese_ECCHodgson.pdf: 8986712 bytes, checksum: f8b27512a6a42ff65faf790983461c20 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2013-11-14T14:05:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_tese_ECCHodgson.pdf: 8986712 bytes, checksum: f8b27512a6a42ff65faf790983461c20 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-11-14T14:05:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_tese_ECCHodgson.pdf: 8986712 bytes, checksum: f8b27512a6a42ff65faf790983461c20 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / This study proposes application of the principles of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), put forward by Lakoff and Johnson, to the teaching/learning of English as a foreign language (EFL), specifically the teaching/learning of verbs of two or more words, commonly known as phrasal verbs. The relationship between conceptual metaphor and cognition is analysed, particularly between conceptual metaphors related to the particles up and down, the main focus of this research, and seeks to explain how this relationship may influence our language and how we understand and use this kind of verb. The study both revises and explores the meanings of these particles with a view to establish a relation between conceptual metaphor and the meaning of verbs of two or more words. The investigative method adopted is that of experimental research. Thus, in order to enable a broader analysis of the data, a mixed approach is used, which includes a pre- and post-test, a tool more related to experimental research, but also makes use of notes made by the researcher during application of exercises to the control group and the experimental group, following the example of similar studies which seek a broader view of both the product and the process of teaching/learning. Teaching procedures which make us of conceptual metaphors as a tool facilitating learning/teaching of phrasal verbs are suggested, as the latter are very common in English, but are considered complicated or even impossible to learn by Portuguese-speaking learners and teachers of English as a Foreign Language. Despite the fact that statistical results failed to show evidence that the teaching of phrasal verbs is more efficient than traditional teaching, the qualitative results point to the fact that CMT may have a highly positive contribution to make to the teaching of English as a Foreign Language. / Este estudo propõe a aplicação dos princípios da Teoria da Metáfora Conceitual (TMC), preconizada por Lakoff e Johnson, ao ensino/aprendizagem de inglês como língua estrangeira (LE), mais especificamente ao ensino/aprendizagem de verbos de duas ou mais palavras, comumente chamados de phrasal verbs. Analisa a relação entre metáfora conceitual e cognição, particularmente entre as metáforas conceituais relacionadas às partículas up e down, foco principal deste trabalho, e procura explicar de que maneira essa relação pode influenciar nossa linguagem e a maneira como compreendemos e utilizamos esse tipo de verbo. Revisa e explora os sentidos dessas partículas com o objetivo de estabelecer a relação entre metáfora conceitual e o significado de verbos de duas ou mais palavras. Utiliza a pesquisa experimental como método investigativo. Assim, a fim de possibilitar uma análise mais abrangente dos dados, faz uso de uma abordagem mista que inclui um pré e um pós-teste, instrumento mais relacionado a pesquisas experimentais, mas também, utiliza anotações feitas pela pesquisadora durante a aplicação dos exercícios para os grupo-controle e experimental, a exemplo de pesquisas semelhantes que buscam uma visão mais abrangente tanto do produto como do processo de ensino/aprendizagem. Sugere procedimentos de ensino que façam uso de metáforas conceituais como ferramenta facilitadora do ensino/aprendizagem dos verbos de duas ou mais palavras, que são bastante comuns em língua inglesa, mas que são considerados difíceis, ou até mesmo impossíveis de serem aprendidos por alunos e professores de inglês como LE falantes de português brasileiro. Apesar de os resultados estatísticos não mostrarem evidência de que o ensino de verbos de duas ou mais palavras seja mais eficiente do que o ensino tradicional, os resultados qualitativos apontam para o fato de que a TMC pode oferecer contribuições bastante positivas para o ensino de inglês como LE.