Les études rhétoriques ont documenté la pertinence de la rhétorique présidentielle et le pouvoir du président de définir les enjeux publics par le discours. Cette recherche porte sur les pratiques rhétoriques par lesquelles l'ancien président mexicain Calderón a défini la lutte contre la drogue qui a caractérisé son administration. Je soutiens que Calderón a avancé une définition du problème de la drogue par des pratiques de définition telles que l'association, la dissociation et les symboles de condensation. Mon analyse 1) identifie les pratiques rhétoriques de définition qui ont caractérisé la lutte à la drogue de Calderón; 2) examine les implications de ces pratiques; et 3) aborde les limites auxquelles les politiciens font face en tentant de modifier des définitions préalablement avancées. En conclusion, j’explique comment les métaphores et les pratiques de définition de Calderón ont ouvert un espace rhétorique où les droits humains pouvaient être révoqués et la violence encouragée. / Rhetorical studies have shown the significance of presidential rhetoric and the president’s power to define public issues and policies through discourse. This research addresses how former Mexican president Felipe Calderón defined the fight against drugs that characterized his administration—and the later process of changing his definition. It argues that through the definitional practices of association, dissociation and condensation symbols, Calderón advanced a particular definition of the drug problem in Mexico. Relying on the analysis of presidential public speeches and TV spots, I 1) identify Calderon’s key rhetorical practices of definition; 2) discuss the implications of those practices and the political definitions they sustain; and 3) address the limits politicians face when attempting to change a definition they initially advanced. In conclusion, I discuss how the set of metaphors and definitional practices advanced by Calderón opened up a rhetorical space where human rights could be dismissed and violence encouraged.

Compte tenu de l ’importante augmentation de l ’espérance de vie de la population générale observée dans les dernières décennies, les études portant sur les modifications des fonctions cognitives lors du vieillissement normal et pathologique se révèlent d'un grand intérêt. Les résultats rapportés dans cette thèse contribuent à une meilleure compréhension de la nature des modifications avec l ’âge du traitement du sens métaphorique des mots et du phénomène de réorganisation fonctionnelle sous-tendant ces processus. Après une revue de littérature (chapitre 1), un premier article définissant la problématique générale du traitement du langage lors du vieillissement normal inaugure la série de travaux présentés dans cette thèse. Cet article, présenté dans le chapitre 2, confirme l ’importance du développement d ’études spécifiques permettant de faire le lien entre les différentes hypothèses portant sur les changements cognitifs propres au vieillissement normal et celles portant sur les changements propres au substrat neurobiologique du langage. Le chapitre 3 présente une étude comportementale ayant pour objectif d ’évaluer la disponibilité des ressources attentionnelles pour le traitement phonologique et sémantique des mots ainsi que son évolution possible avec l ’âge. Les conclusions tirées de cette étude vont dans le sens d ’une restriction des ressources attentionnelles particulièrement pour le traitement du sens métaphorique des mots lors du vieillissement normal. Le chapitre 4 présente une étude en neuroimagerie fonctionnelle. Cette étude a été réalisée afin de comparer les profils d'activation cérébrale des participants jeunes et âgés lors du traitement du sens métaphorique des mots. Les résultats obtenus soulignent qu ’autant pour les participants jeunes que pour les participants âgés, le traitement du sens métaphorique des mots pourrait imposer au cerveau le partage des ressources attentionnelles. Néanmoins, ils montrent une réorganisation fonctionnelle chez les participants âgés. L ’ensemble des travaux présentés appuie l ’hypothèse d ’une attribution différentielle des ressources attentionnelles ainsi que celle d ’une réorganisation fonctionnelle chez les participants âgés pour le traitement du sens métaphorique des mots. Les résultats viennent enrichir la compréhension des modèles neurocognitifs du vieillissement en ce qui concerne l ’évolution des bases neurobiologiques du langage. / Given the significant increase in life expectancy of the general population observed in recent decades, the study of alterations in cognitive functions during normal and pathological ageing is of great importance. The results reported in this thesis contribute to a better understanding of the nature of the age-related changes on processing metaphoric meaning of words and the phenomenon of functional reorganization underlying these processes. After a brief literature review (chapter 1), a first article offering a general view of the problem of language processing in normal aging introduces the series of studies presented in this thesis. This article, presented in Chapter 2, points out the importance of developing specific protocols aiming to establish a link between the different hypotheses concerning cognitive changes during normal aging and those related to changes in neurobiological substrate of language. Chapter 3 presents a behavioural study aiming to assess the availability of attentional resources for the phonological and semantic processing of words and its possible evolution with age. The findings of this study are consistent with the idea of an age- related restriction of available attentional resources for the processing of metaphorical meaning of words. Chapter 4 presents a neuroimaging study. This study was conducted to compare patterns of brain activation of young and older participants during the processing of metaphoric meaning of words. The results emphasize that both, younger and older participants, require the sharing of attentional resources during processing metaphorical meaning of words, but show a functional reorganization in the older group. Taken together, the studies presented here support the hypothesis of an age-related restriction of available attentional resources and of an age-related functional reorganization for the processing of metaphorical meaning of words. The results enrich our understanding of neurocognitive aging models regarding the evolution of neurobiological bases of language.

Film abstrait peint à la main sur de la pellicule recyclée, The Dante Quartet de Stan Brakhage est une adaptation personnelle de La divine comédie de Dante. Agissant comme un palimpseste où chaque couche révèle des éléments caractéristiques de l’oeuvre du cinéaste ainsi que l’influence de certains poètes et artistes, The Dante Quartet reprend certaines caractéristiques de l’ekphrasis. Dans ce mémoire, je travaille avec l’hypothèse heuristique que The Dante Quartet est une ekphrasis, et plus précisément une ekphrasis inversée. Ce mémoire s’intéresse à ce qui reste du pré-texte après son passage d’un média à un autre. Compte tenu du laps temporel qui sépare ces deux œuvres, il est aussi question d’influences contemporaines au travail de Brakhage. Le cinéaste basant son travail sur les phénomènes de vision (et plus particulièrement sur les visions hypnagogiques dans le cas qui m’occupe), le point sera fait sur la pensée de Brakhage à ce sujet, pensée qu’il expose dans son livre-manifeste Metaphors on Vision. / The Dante Quartet by Stan Brakhage is a personal adaptation of The Divine Comedy of Dante who took the form of an abstract movie made from hand painted images on recycled footage. Acting as a palimpsest in which each layer reveals characteristic features of Brakhage's work and the influence of different poets and artists on it, The Dante Quartet also includes some features of ekphrasis. In this thesis, I work with the heuristic assumption that The Dante Quartet is an ekphrasis, specifically a reverse ekphrasis. This thesis looks at what remains of the pre-text after the transfer from one medium to another. Given the temporal interval between these two works, I will also discuss of certain contemporary influences to Brakhage's work. As the filmmaker based his work on vision phenomena (especially on hypnagogic visions in that movie), the point will be made regarding Brakhage's thinking about this, thought that he describes in his manifesto Metaphors on Vision.

The thesis seeks to explain the sexual passages of women related to fertility, such as menstruation, pregnancy and birth, in the ancient Egyptian world. The passages related to fertility have strong connotations with death in the Egyptian mythological context. The aim of the thesis is to understand this relationship, often metaphorically conveyed in iconography or in the netherworld literature. The thesis collects material from various sources, archeological, textual, iconographical, not only Egyptian, but also Greek and Roman. The methods used vary from cognitive linguistics and semiotic analysis to religious anthropology. Menstruation, pregnancy and birth in ancient Egypt are explained not only on the level of the understanding of the body of the Egyptians, but also in terms of what role they play in iconography and mythology. Furthermore, the relationship between birth and death is made with regards to fertility. The basic findings of this thesis consist of illustrating a dichotomy between the feminine nurturing principle of and masculine creative principle which appear in different contexts related to birth and death: in iconography, on the level of bodily fluids, or in mythological creation.

The diploma thesis explores the four seasons from the view point of the linguistic picture of the world theory. The etholinguistic approach is applied in the thesis - attention is paid to the Czech-specific perception of reality especially focused on the weather and the changes of the nature in the course of the four seasons. Human perception of the change is based upon the senses - the sense of hearing, the sense of smell, and touch and the eyesight. Each season is unique. The seasons can be differentiated by their season specific stereotypes, season prototypes, and connotations. On the linguistic pictures of each season collocations are built, from which new lexical items originate, describing the season as such. Due to anthropocentrism we perceive individual astronomical and meteorological issues as personified items to which we ascribe human behaviour and human qualities. The motto of the thesis says: "I will not do the spring sowing next year. " The motto denotes the interaction of two conceptual schemata (the scheme of a cycle and the scheme of a journey) realizing the fact that the natural cycle corresponds in our mental representation with the phases of human life. The difference between the concepts is that man always reaches the terminal point of his journey unlike the nature constantly...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:24:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Guilene Detimermane de Souza Candia.pdf: 646049 bytes, checksum: 89ed730a7017f0a430c459439c2ec3ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-17 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / This master's thesis concerns the research, under the critical and pragmatic perspective, the conceptual and linguistic metaphors that have the effect of the bearer of ideology and strategy of civility in political discourse. It was the study of the opening address of the South African leader, Nelson Mandela Rolihlahla, pronounced in the occasion of his entrance into the office as President of South Africa on 10 May 1994 in the city of Johannesburg, capital of that country. The speech was sharp in English language, but for the analysis, we used the Portuguese translation, interpreting the ideological occurrences in it. The option for this speech was because we believe it has been a landmark of changes in the history of that country. The approach of the Metaphor in Use assumes that even the metaphor is a figure of thought, which is conceptual. It manifests itself in scope of language in use, and it is from the discursive context that it can most be understood. This dissertation, therefore, fits into the approach of Metaphor in Use and in the Theory of Conceptual Metaphor. First, for analyzing the pragmatic meaning of metaphors, that is, its meaning within the specific socio-historical context, and secondly for appraising the reality by meaning of metaphors. Considering these theoretical tools and counting on the methodology of Critical Analysis of Metaphor, this dissertation aims to identify the metaphors that have the sense of carrying the ideology of Mandela and that expresses criticism of his predecessors in power in a polish way, while safeguarding the identities of those involved in the discourse. Both analyses had been in such a way carried through leaving for the identification of metaphorical expressions, thus indicating the types of metaphors identified and, finally, given by whom, where and for whom the speech was pronounced, seeking its pragmatic sense. The results have shown that Mandela, making use of linguistic and conceptual metaphors, first, expressed his pacifist ideology, showing still, that it is fruit of a long way and, secondly, criticized his predecessors in power, without causing harm, that is, the metaphors in this discourse had also had a role to disarm the aggression / Esta dissertação de mestrado refere-se à pesquisa, sob a perspectiva crítica e pragmática, das metáforas conceptuais e lingüísticas que tenham o sentido de portadora de ideologia e de estratégia de polidez num discurso político. Teve como base de estudo o Discurso Inaugural do líder sul-africano, Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, proferido na ocasião de sua posse como presidente da África do Sul, em 10 de maio de 1994, na cidade de Johannesburgo, capital daquele país. O discurso foi pronunciado em língua inglesa, mas para a análise servimo-nos da tradução ao português, interpretando suas ocorrências na mesma. A escolha deste discurso se deu por acreditarmos que o mesmo tenha sido um marco de mudanças na história daquele país e, a abordagem da metáfora em uso pressupõe que, mesmo a metáfora sendo uma figura de pensamento, isto é conceptual, ela manifesta-se no âmbito da linguagem em uso, e é a partir do contexto discursivo que ela pode ser mais bem compreendida. E esta dissertação, portanto, insere-se na abordagem da Metáfora em Uso e na Teoria da Metáfora Conceptual, primeiramente, por analisar o sentido pragmático das metáforas, isto é, o seu sentido dentro do contexto sócio-histórico específico e, em segundo lugar, por conceituar a realidade por meio das metáforas. Considerando essas ferramentas teóricas e contando com a metodologia da Análise Crítica da Metáfora esta dissertação se propõe a apontar as metáforas que tenham o sentido de portadora da ideologia de Mandela e que expressem críticas aos seus antecessores no poder de maneira polida, salvaguardando as faces dos envolvidos no discurso. Para tanto foram realizadas as análises, partindo pela identificação das expressões metafóricas, logo, apontando os tipos de metáforas identificadas e, por último, considerando por quem, onde e para quem foi proferido o discurso, buscando o seu sentido pragmático. Os resultados mostraram que Mandela, ao servir-se das metáforas conceptuais e lingüísticas, primeiramente, expressou sua ideologia pacifista, mostrando ainda, que é fruto de um longo caminho e, em segundo lugar, critica seus antecessores no poder, sem provocar ofensas, isto é, as metáforas, neste discurso, tiveram a função, também, de desarmar a agressão

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T11:07:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA LUCIA CASASANTA BRUZZI.pdf: 780827 bytes, checksum: 829f068d041e0d0caf80373a3e85b672 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-15 / This essay presents in its first chapter the concepts of images and symbols. In the second chapter, it deals with Gaston Bachelard s theories applied to examples from the poems of Fazendeiro do Ar, written by Carlos Drummond de Andrade. The metaphors are studied in the third chapter. They are based in Susanne Langer s theories and are also applied to examples from the poems of the same masterpiece. In its fourth chapter the conclusion is a deeper study of images, symbols and metaphors of two poems, namely Estrada and Elegia . / Esta dissertação apresenta, em seu primeiro capítulo, os conceitos de imagens e símbolos. No segundo, as teorias de Bachelard, aplicando-as a exemplos extraídos da obra poética Fazendeiro do Ar, de Carlos Drummond de Andrade. As metáforas são tratadas no terceiro capítulo. Orientam-se pelas teorias de Susanne Langer e também são aplicadas a exemplos extraídos da mesma obra poética. No quarto capítulo, conclui-se o trabalho, com uma análise mais aprofundada de imagens, símbolos e metáforas de dois poemas, Estrada e Elegia .

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:58:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonio Luis Mometti.pdf: 1625451 bytes, checksum: 913bedaafe24d4e94d8aa408c036921a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-04-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The purpose of this work is to investigate how the discussion and the reflection on the proper professional practice, in the scope of a group of Calculus professors, can contribute for the professional development of the participants of this group, from what the professors effectively speak on its practice, in particular, on its lectures of Riemann Integrate for functions of a real variable. The Model of the Argumentative Strategy (FRANT & I CASTRO, 2002) and the Theory of the Embodied Cognition (LAKOFF & JOHNSON, 1980; LAKOFF & NÚÑEZ, 2000) compose the support theoretical-methodologycal. It is about a qualitative research, whose sort adopted is the inquiry of the proper practice (PONTE, 2004). It was verified from the arguments and the metaphors used by the professors when arguing about the practice, a strong tension between intuition and rigor on Calculus teaching and it has presented an analysis from the theoretical background. It was observed that the group of discussion was consolidated in an environment where the participants had felt free to expose their ideas, to change experiences and it helped the professors to rethink their pedagogical practice. The theoretical-methodological background adopted revealed to be appropriate to explore the ideologies of the professors from the arguments, allowing to explore the implicit in the speeches and to go deep, thus, the process of reflection in the group / Este trabalho tem por objetivo investigar como a discussão e a reflexão sobre a própria prática profissional, no âmbito de um grupo de professores de Cálculo, podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento profissional dos participantes desse grupo, partindo do que os professores efetivamente falam sobre a sua prática, em particular, sobre suas aulas de Integral de Riemann para funções de uma variável real. O Modelo da Estratégia Argumentativa (FRANT & CASTRO, 2002) e a Teoria da Cognição Corporificada (LAKOFF & JOHNSON, 1980; LAKOFF & NÚÑEZ, 2000) compõem o aporte teórico-metodológico. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, cujo gênero adotado é o da investigação sobre a própria prática (PONTE, 2004). Verificou-se a partir dos argumentos e das metáforas utilizadas pelos professores, ao discutir a prática, uma forte tensão entre intuição e rigor no Ensino de Cálculo e apresentou-se uma análise a partir do referencial teórico. Observou-se que o grupo de discussão consolidou-se num ambiente em que os participantes se sentiram à vontade para expor idéias, para trocar experiências e ajudou os professores a repensar sua prática pedagógica. O referencial teórico-metodológico adotado mostrou-se apropriado para explorar as ideologias dos professores a partir dos argumentos, permitindo explorar os implícitos nas falas e aprofundar, assim, o processo de reflexão no grupo

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:16:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciana D Oliveira.pdf: 779957 bytes, checksum: fc1d78b77da5241ce79c0879ebaecc53 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-14 / The key questions that triggered this research were: does music communicate anything? what does it communicate? is that communication metaphorical? The communication theme in music, which is a non-verbal language and, perhaps, the most intransitive of the arts through its evident independence in relation to the factic world and intense vagueness of its object, will be approached in this dissertation having Peirce s Semiotics as a tool, not only for epistemological support, but, also, to represent the theoretical kernel of the phenomenon of communication. In the first chapter we will present a synthesis of the evolution of musical language, seen through the history of music and through Semiotics, highlighting the application of this science to music. In the second chapter, with the help of José Luiz Martinez, Ivo Assad Ibri and Lucia Santaella, we will delve into Peirce s Semiotics with the aim of placing it in the context of Peirce s larger theoretical edifice, proceeding to its subsequent application to the object of research, encompassing the identification of the kinds of signs, objects and interpretants in the music millieu. In the third chapter, with the aid of theoretical tools honed by Ivo Ibri and Carl Hausman, emphasis will be given to the question of the object of music and its iconic, polissemic and metaphorical character, under a more philosophical viewpoint, with the intention of understanding, through Peirce s categorical symmetry, how the dynamical object originates in the mind of the listener through the use of metaphors. These, being third of firstness signs, supply meaning to music, besides being fundamental to close the semiotic triad sign-object-interpretant. In the last chapter, Peirce s Semiotics will consubstantiate a semiotic analysis of Heitor Villa-Lobos Bachianas Brasileiras # 4 , whose choice derived from the fact that this music piece is a metaphorical sign both in Bach s opus and in Brazilian music, something that makes the understanding of the metaphor a lot easier, that is, in the light of the theoretical system previously exposed, as being a relation of meanings that merge in the mind of the interpretant, thus producing something new. All this research work and the subsequent application of the theories makes one realize how much music communicates through the action of signs and the creation of metaphors / A proposta inicial para esta pesquisa partiu das seguintes questões: A música comunica algo? O que ela comunica? Essa comunicação é metafórica? O tema da comunicação na música, que é linguagem não-verbal e, talvez, a mais intransitiva das artes por sua evidente independência em relação ao mundo fático e intensa vagueza de seu objeto, será abordado nesta dissertação tendo como instrumento de análise a Semiótica de Charles Sanders Peirce, não apenas por constituir sustentação epistemológica, mas, também, por representar o cerne teórico do fenômeno da comunicação. No primeiro capítulo desse trabalho buscamos apresentar uma síntese da evolução da linguagem musical, vista pela história da música e pela Semiótica, destacando-se a aplicação desta ciência à música. No segundo capítulo, com o auxílio de autores como José Luiz Martinez, Ivo Assad Ibri e Lucia Santaella, aprofundamos o a Semiótica peirciana, com o intuito de situá-la no contexto do arcabouço teórico de Peirce, procedendo à sua subseqüente aplicação ao objeto de pesquisa, abrangendo identificação dos tipos de signos, objetos e interpretantes no âmbito da música. No terceiro capítulo, adotando como instrumental teórico os autores Ivo Assad Ibri e Carl Hausman, se deu ênfase à questão do objeto da música e seu caráter icônico, polissêmico e metafórico, sob um ângulo mais filosófico, com a intenção de compreender, por meio da simetria categorial de Peirce, como se cria o objeto dinâmico na mente do ouvinte mediante a utilização das metáforas. As metáforas, que são signos de terceira primeiridade, proporcionam significados para a música, além de serem fundamentais para o fechamento da tríade semiótica signo-objeto-interpretante. No último capítulo, a Semiótica de Peirce consubstanciou uma análise semiótica das Bachianas Brasileiras nº 4 , de Heitor Villa-Lobos, cuja escolha decorreu de ser essa peça musical um signo metafórico da obra de Bach e da música brasileira, o que facilitou, e muito, a compreensão da metáfora, à luz do sistema teórico previamente exposto, como sendo uma relação de significados que se fundem na mente interpretante, criando-se algo novo. Todo esse trabalho de pesquisa e aplicação das teorias fez perceber o quanto a música comunica, por meio da ação dos signos e da criação das metáforas

Fray Luis de León (1527-1591) est connu pour ses poésies originales, il l’est beaucoup moins pour ses traductions. Pourtant, c’est bien autour de la traduction que se nouent les principaux enjeux du XVIe siècle : traduire permet de comprendre les trésors littéraires du passés (la Bible et les auteurs gréco-latins), et de forger la langue vernaculaire. Il y a là aussi un grand danger : fray Luis passe plus de quatre ans en prison, accusé par l’Inquisition de « judaïser » entraduisant le Cantique des Cantiques depuis sa version hébraïque. Une lecture minutieuse de ses traductions, les confrontant aux textes-sources (Virgile et Horace en latin, la Bible en hébreu et en latin), vise à esquisser les contours d’une « théorie luisienne de la traduction ». / Fray Luis de León (1527-1591) is well known for his original poetry, but not as recognized for his translations. However, most of the sixteenth century’s stakes are tied to translation: translate allows one to understand the literary treasures of the past (the Bible and the Greco-Roman authors), and forge vernacular language. But, in translation also lies serious danger: fray Luisspends more than four years in jail, accused by the Inquisition of “Judaizing” by translating the Song of Songs from its Hebrew version. A close reading of his translations aims to outline a “luisian theory of translation”, by comparing them with their original text sources (Vergil and Horace in Latin, the Bible in Hebrew and Latin).