Syfte: I våra svenska tidningar har bilderna fått ta mer och mer plats och får därmed större möjlighet att påverka läsaren med egna tolkningar av bilden. Det har lett till en debatt kring hur bilder används för att gestalta våra politiker på nyhetsplats. En grupp journalister som kallar sig Den allierade journalisten uppmärksammade att det, enligt dem, fanns en skillnad i hur Mona Sahlin och Fredrik Reinfeldt porträtterades i bild under valspurten 2010. Senare redovisade journalistprofessor Kent Asp att vissa tidningar varit extra hårda i sin bevakning av Mona Sahlin i nyhetstexter. Med anledning av detta finner vi det intressant att undersöka och analysera  tidningarna Dagens Nyheter, Svenska Dagbladet, Aftonbladet och Expressens bilder av Mona Sahlin och Fredrik Reinfeldt de sista veckorna innan valet 2010. Med en djupgående analys av materialet vill vi se hur de båda partiledarna framställs, om det är några skillnader mellan framställningen av de båda, samt om det fanns någon skillnad mellan tidningarna i hur de framställde Mona Sahlin och Fredrik Reinfeldt. Metod: Vår undersökning har utförts genom en kvalitativ semiologisk bildanalys av Aftonbladet, Expressen, Dagens Nyheter och Svenska Dagbladet och hur de gestaltade Mona Sahlin och Fredrik Reinfeldt i valet 2010. Urvalet har gjorts genom en denotativ genomgång av det totala antalet bilder på de båda där de figurerat på tidningens framsida med tillhörande sidor till artikeln inne i tidningen. Sedan har vi konnotativt analyserat ett representativt urval av bilder av de bilder som vi gick igenom i föregående steg. Den semiotiska bildanalysen fokuserar på konnotationer med miljöer, symboler och tecken samt de känslor betraktaren får beroende på den kulturella bakgrund betraktaren har.   Slutsats: Det går att se skillnader i framställningen av Mona Sahlin och Fredrik Reinfeldt. Skillnaden ses tydligast i kvällstidningarna Aftonbladet och Expressen. Överlag så är bilderna och rubrikerna om henne negativt vinklade och handlar mer om henne som person än om den politik som hon framför. Fredrik Reinfeldts politik får också stå tillbaka till förmån för artiklar om honom, men i de bilder han syns så är de till stor grad positiva. Redan tidigt i valspurten utmålas Reinfeldt som en vinnare av de båda kvällstidningarna, vilket fortsätter synas hela vägen till valdagen.  Kvällstidningarna gestaltar kampen mellan Reinfeldt och Sahlin mer som spel än sak, något som dagstidningarna inte gör till lika stor grad. Dagstidningarna tar upp sakfrågorna oftare än kvällstidningarna, men bildmässigt använder de sig av liknande bildspråk som kvällstidningarna. Bilderna i Dagens Nyheter och Svenska Dagbladet  är också de till Reinfeldts fördel, respektive Sahlins nackdel. Bilderna kan analyseras på ett djupare plan än kvällstidningarna som ofta förankrar sina bilder i en rubrik för att tolkningen av bilden ska bli mer stängd. Bilderna i dagstidningarna är mer ödesmättade och genomtänkta, och framställer ofta Reinfeldt som en vinnare, men Sahlin som en ensam förlorare.

The aim of this paper is to study and outline the factors governing political leadership at the party leader level, and to conclude to what extent a party leader rules and to what extent the party leadership is contextually determined. The theories used are based on Elgie's interactionistic study of political leadership and Stewart's organisational model of leadership as well as political culture. Thus, the questions raised are if the leader leads or if the leader follows; if the leadership environment is formed by the leader or if it is, merely, implemented on the leader; and what a model of the political leadership consist of? To answer these questions a text analysis comparing Sahlin’s speeches to the party’s political programme is used as well as in-depth interviews with members of the Board of Party. The conclusion shows that the leadership is contextually framed, but the leader is free to implement his or her ambitions within that frame as long as it is coherent to the party line.

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During face-to-face meetings, humans use multimodal information, including verbal information, visual information, body language, facial expressions, and other non-verbal gestures. In contrast, during computer-mediated-communication (CMC), humans rely either on mono-modal information such as text-only, voice-only, or video-only or on bi-modal information by using audiovisual modalities such as video teleconferencing. Psychologically, the difference between the two lies in the level of the subjective experience of presence, where people perceive a reduced feeling of presence in the case of CMC. Despite the current advancements in CMC, it is still far from face-to-face communication, especially in terms of the experience of presence. This thesis aims to introduce new concepts, theories, and technologies for presence design where the core is actions for creating presence. Thus, the contribution of the thesis can be divided into a technical contribution and a knowledge contribution. Technically, this thesis details novel technologies for improving presence experience during mediated communication (video teleconferencing). The proposed technologies include action robots (including a telepresence mechatronic robot (TEBoT) and a face robot), embodied control techniques (head orientation modeling and virtual reality headset based collaboration), and face reconstruction/retrieval algorithms. The introduced technologies enable action possibilities and embodied interactions that improve the presence experience between the distantly located participants. The novel setups were put into real experimental scenarios, and the well-known social, spatial, and gaze related problems were analyzed. The developed technologies and the results of the experiments led to the knowledge contribution of this thesis. In terms of knowledge contribution, this thesis presents a more general theoretical conceptual framework for mediated communication technologies. This conceptual framework can guide telepresence researchers toward the development of appropriate technologies for mediated communication applications. Furthermore, this thesis also presents a novel strong concept – presence through actions - that brings in philosophical understandings for developing presence- related technologies. The strong concept - presence through actions is an intermediate-level knowledge that proposes a new way of creating and developing future 'presence artifacts'. Presence- through actions is an action-oriented phenomenological approach to presence that differs from traditional immersive presence approaches that are based (implicitly) on rationalist, internalist views.

This paper explores through Donna Haraway's storytelling practices feminist approaches to collaborative writing. Employing a phenomenological qualitative research approach, the thesis aims to analyze how Haraway herself exercises feminist writing and facilitates the learning of collaborative storytelling. The first research question: How does Haraway practice storytelling while simultaneously situating herself as well as others, is focused on investigating Symbiosis, Symbiogenesis and the Lively Arts of Staying with the Trouble, a chapter from Haraway's publication Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene (2016). Drawing on the qualitative analysis carried out through the process of phenomological re-telling, two case studies are presented. The two publications The Books of the Books, edited by Carolyn Christov-Bakargiev in association with dOCUMENTA (13) in 2012 and Critical Zones – The Science and Politics of Landing on Earth, edited by Peter Weibel and Bruno Latour building on the exhibition Critical Zones: Observatories for Earthly Politics in 2020 are examined in terms of their curatorial and editorial orientations in order to answer the question: How can the position of a curator perform as a multidisciplinary editor without resigning to its own singularity or acting omnisciently? In the proposed practice of a phenomological approach of re-telling, it is referred to Rosi Braidotti's remarks on the nomadic subject, along with feminist modes of (academic) writing, as motivated by scholars such as Mona Livholts and Nina Lykke. The thesis demonstrates that collaborative storytelling and writing directs the emphasis on methods of citation and referencing, just as their various possible layouts. In highlighting these, the paper also reveals the challenges of such writing to produce perceived hegemonic knowledge while not being collaboratively situated.

Master of Visual Arts / This Dissertation explores the metaphor of Ariadne’s thread in terms of interconnection, when an element from the everyday is used as a locus linking broader concepts of time and space. Such experiences and associations are reflected in the work of Louise Bourgeois, Eva Hesse, Doris Salcedo, Lucio Fontana, Richard Tuttle, Mona Hatoum, Simone Mangos, Anya Gallaccio and Yoshihiro Suda. In relation to my own work, the metaphor of interconnecting thread allows a sense of freedom and journey of discovery. My studio and related research are closely aligned in developing my understanding of interconnection, through my studio process of making and continuing experiences of looking at and interpreting others artists’ work.

Master of Visual Arts / This Dissertation explores the metaphor of Ariadne’s thread in terms of interconnection, when an element from the everyday is used as a locus linking broader concepts of time and space. Such experiences and associations are reflected in the work of Louise Bourgeois, Eva Hesse, Doris Salcedo, Lucio Fontana, Richard Tuttle, Mona Hatoum, Simone Mangos, Anya Gallaccio and Yoshihiro Suda. In relation to my own work, the metaphor of interconnecting thread allows a sense of freedom and journey of discovery. My studio and related research are closely aligned in developing my understanding of interconnection, through my studio process of making and continuing experiences of looking at and interpreting others artists’ work.

Summaries in English, Afrikaans and Zulu / Various studies on international capital flows have established the deterministic role of local financial markets on the attractiveness of countries to inflow of foreign direct investment. The current study investigated the impact of FDI inflows on the financial sector development of countries in the Middle East and North Africa region for the period 2003 to 2016. Various panel data analysis methods were employed. These approaches included fixed effects, random effects, pooled OLS, FMOLS and the dynamic GMM. In addition, pre-estimation tests, diagnostic tests which included panel unit root and co-integration tests and robustness tests were conducted. Using both financial development proxies, broad money as a ratio of GDP (model 1) and domestic credit to the private sector (model 2), the study found that the lag in financial development had a significant positive effect on financial development. In model 1 under fixed effects, random effects and pooled OLS, FDI had a significant negative effect on financial development. In contrast, model 2 showed a significant positive relationship running from FDI to financial development under the pooled OLS method. The interaction between FDI and economic growth was found to have a significant negative influence on financial development in models 1 and 2 under the pooled OLS method. This finding indicates that economic growth had a deleterious effect on the impact of FDI on financial development in the MENA region. In the light of these results, policy makers in the MENA region countries should be urged to avoid undue reliance on FDI in their efforts to develop their financial sectors. Furthermore, the MENA region nations are urged to avoid implementing economic growth enhancement policies as a way of trying to improve financial development, directly or indirectly, as the effort has been shown to achieve the opposite effect. / Verskeie studies wêreldwyd oor die vloei van internasionale kapitaal is dit eens dat aantreklike plaaslike finansiële markte direkte buitelandse beleggings (DBB) na lande laat stroom. Hierdie studie het die uitwerking van DBB in die tydperk 2003 tot 2016 op die finansiële sektore van lande in die Midde Oosterse en Noord-Afrikaanse (MONA) streek ondersoek. Verskeie paneeldataontledingsmetodes is gevolg, waaronder vaste en ewekansige effekte, saamgevoegde, gewone kleinstekwadratemetode (GKK), volgewysigde kleinstekwadratemetode (VGKK) en die dinamiese, veralgemeende metode van momente (VMM). Afgesien hiervan is voorberamings- en diagnostiese toetse, waaronder paneeleenheidswortel-, koïntegrasie- en robuustheidstoetse, toegepas. Op grond van sowel volmagte vir finansiële ontwikkeling, breë geld – as ʼn verhouding van die BBP (model 1) – as binnelandse krediet aan die privaat sektor (model 2), is bevind dat die vertraging in finansiële ontwikkeling ʼn opmerklik positiewe effek op finansiële ontwikkeling uitgeoefen het. In model 1, onder vaste effekte, ewekansige effekte en saamgevoegde GKK, het DBB ʼn opmerklik negatiewe effek op finansiële ontwikkeling gehad. Model 2, daarenteen, het onder die saamgevoegde GKK-metode op ʼn opmerklik positiewe verband tussen DBB en finansiële ontwikkeling gedui. Daar is in model 1 en 2 onder die saamgevoegde GKK bevind dat die wisselwerking tussen DBB en ekonomiese groei ʼn opmerklik negatiewe effek op finansiële ontwikkeling gehad het. Hierdie bevinding is ʼn aanduiding daarvan ekonomiese groei ʼn nadelige effek op die uitwerking van DBB op finansiële ontwikkeling in die MENA-streek gehad het. In die lig hiervan moet die beleidsmakers van lande in die MONA-streek teen oormatige steun op DBB om hulle finansiële sektore te laat ontwikkel, gemaan word. Hierbenewens moet lande in die MONAstreek teen beleide vir ekonomiese groei as ʼn manier om finansiële ontwikkeling regstreeks of onregstreeks aan te wakker, gewaarsku word omdat dit die teenoorgestelde uitwerking sal hê. / Izifundo zocwaningo ezahlukahlukene ekuthunyelweni kwezimali sezisungule indima yezimpawu ezikhombisayo zokuthunyelwa kwezimali ezimakethe zasemakhaya mayelana nekhono lamazwe lokuheha ukutshalwa kwezimali okuqondile. Ucwaningo lwamanje luye lwaphenya umthintela wokungena kwezimali ngohlelo lokutshalwa kwezimali ngaphandle, phecelezi FDI mayelana nokuthuthukiswa komkhakha wezezimali emazweni asesiyingini esiseMpumalanga eMaphakathi (Middle East) kanye kanye nase-Afrika eseNyakatho (North Africa (MENA), ukusukela onyakeni ka 2003 ukufika ku 2016. Izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuhlaziya ipanel data analysis ziye zasetshenziswa. Lezi zindlela ziye zaxuba imiphumela enqunyelwe isikhathi, imiphumela enganqunyelwanga isikhathi, uhlelo lwe pooled OLS, lwe FMOLS kanye nohlelo oluguquguqukayo lwe GMM. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlelo zokuhlolwa phecelezi, pre-estimation tests kanye ne diagnostic tests, lokhu okuyizinhlelo ezixuba amayunidi ephaneli panel unit root kanye nohlelo lwe cointegration tests kanye nohlelo lwe robustness tests, nazo ziye zaxutshwa phakathi. Ngokusebenzisa zombili izinhlelo zokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zezimal, imali ebanzi – njengesilinganiso semodeli 1 yeGDP – kanye nesikweletu sasekhaya esinikezwa imikhakha yamabhizinisi angasese asekhaya (imodeli 2), ucwaningo luthole ukuthi ukubambezeleka kwesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zezimali kuye kwaba nomthelela omuhle kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwezimali. Kumodeli 1, ngaphansi kohlelo lwemiphumela enqunyelwe isikhathi, kwemiphumela enganqunyelwanga iskhathi kanye nasohlelweni lwe pooled OLS, uhlelo lwe FDI luye lwaba nomthelela omubi kakhulu kwezokuthuthukiswa kwezimali. Okuphikisana nalokho, imodeli 2 iye yakhombisa ubudlelwano obuhle kakhulu, ukuqala ohlelweni lokutshalwa kwezimali emazweni angaphandle (FDI) ukufika ohlelweni lwezokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zezimali, ngaphansi kohlelo lwe pooled OLS. Ukuhlangana phakathi kohlelo lwe FDI kanye nokuhluma komnotho kutholakele ukuthi luye lwaba nomthelela omubi kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlelo zezimali, kumamodeli 1 nemodeli 2, ngaphansi kohlelo lwe pooled OLS. Lolu lwazi olutholakele lukhombisa ukuthi ukuhluma komnotho kuye kwaba nomthelela oyingozi kakhulu ohlelweni lwe FDI mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kwezimali esiyingini seMENA. Uma kubhekwa le miphumela, abenzi bemigomo emazweni asesiyingini seMENA kufanele bacelwe ukuba bagweme ukwencika ngendlela engenasidingo ohlelweni lwe FDI kwimizamo yabo yokuthuthukisa imikhakha yezimali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazwe asesiyingini saseMENA ayacelwa ukuba agweme ukusetshenziswa kwemigomo eqinisa ukuthuthukiswa komnotho njengendlela yokuzama ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zezimali, ngendlela eqondile nangendlela engaqondile, njengoba umzamo sewukhonjiswe ukuze kuphunyelelwe imiphumela engaqondiwe. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management : Finance)