Historiskt sett har personer med smittsamma infektioner uteslutits från samhället. Personerna har setts med avsky och rädsla från omgivningen med risk för att överföra smittan. Multiresistenta bakterier (MRB) är ett ökande problem världen över och orsakar stort lidande för patienter. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att undersöka patienters upplevelse av att vara smittbärare av meticillinresistenta staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Litteraturstudiens resultat baseras på nio vetenskapliga artiklar, där resultatet utföll i två kategorier. I kategorin känslan av att vara smittsam framkom underkategorierna att vara smutsig, skuld och skam samt rädsla och oro. I kategorin känslan av att vara annorlunda framkom underkategorierna känna sig kränkt, ilska och frustration samt känna sig stigmatiserad. För att patienter med MRSA-smitta ska få en god vård krävs det att vårdpersonalen har evidensbaserad kunskap. Därför skulle det vara av stort intresse att forskning i framtiden fokuserar på patienters upplevelse av att vara smittbärare. Ytterligare forskning behövs inom området på grund av ett ökat globalt problem med MRB. / Historically, people with contagious infections has been excluded from society. The characters have been seen with disgust and fear from the environment with the risk of transmitting the infection. Multi-drug resistant bacteria (MRB) is a growing problem worldwide and causes great suffering for patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate patients' experience of being carriers of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Literature study results are based on nine scientific articles, which precipitated the result of two categories. In the category of feeling of being contagious emerged subcategories to be dirty, guilt and shame and fear and anxiety. In the category of the feeling of being different subcategories emerged feel hurt, anger and frustration, and feel stigmatized. For patients with MRSA infection should get good care requires that health professionals have evidence-based knowledge. Therefore, it would be of great interest to future research focusing on patient experience of being contaminated. Further research is needed in this area because of the increasing global problem of MRB.

Bakgrund: Methicillinresistent Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) är en multiresistent bakterie som är svårbehandlad och kan orsaka vårdrelaterade infektioner. Varje år drabbas miljontals patienter av vårdrelaterade infektioner och hundratals patienter avlider för att vårdpersonalen brister i sina hygienrutiner. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa hur sjuksköterskor kan förhindra spridningen av MRSA inom somatisk vård. Metod: Som metod tillämpades en litteraturöversikt som baserade på kvalitativa och kvantitativa vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Ur analysen av datamaterialet framträdde två teman; höja kompetensen och förutse risker samt konsekvenser med sex underteman. Slutsats: Ytterligare utbildning och ett bättre samarbete mellan vårdpersonal kan leda till ett mera patientsäkert arbete. Sjuksköterskan har en central roll i att förhindra spridningen av MRSA inom somatisk vård.

Meticillinresistenta staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) är en bakterie som har utvecklat resistens mot meticillin. Spridning av MRSA är ett stort globalt problem som ökar. På intensivvårdsavdelningar förekommer smittspridning till medpatienter som är svårt sjuka, ett problem som intensivvårdssjuksköterskr bör förhindra med hjälp av olika omvårdnadsåtgärder. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att undersöka hur intensivvårdssjuksköterskan kan förhindra smittspridning av MRSA på intensivvårdsavdelning (IVA). Studien baseras på 11 vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultatet visar brister i handhygien, bemanning av oerfarna sjuksköterskor, underbemanning, otillförlitlig infektionskontroll och att ej vårda patienterna på enkelrum ökar risken för smittspridning. Framtida forskning inom dessa områden bör fokusera på en ökad medvetenhet och kunskap hur följsamheten av hygienrutiner kan skapas. / Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium that has developed a resistance to methicillin and the spread of these bacteria. MRSA is fast becoming a major global problem. There exists an increased risk within Intensive care unit (ICU) departmentsbetween patients who are seriously ill, a problem that the ICU nurses should try to avoid using a variet of nursing intervention. The purpose of this literature study was to explore how ICU nurses can help prevent the spread of MRSA in the ICU. The study is based upon 11 scientific articles, sought in Pubmed, Cinahl and viamanual searching. the results expose deficiencies in handhygiene, staff shortages, staffing nurses, unreliable infection control and failure to care for patients on single occupancy, all increasing the risk of contamination. Future research in this area should focus on how an increased awareness and knowledge about the importance of following hygiene procedures can be created and executed.

Bakgrund: Meticillinresistent staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) sprider sig globalt. För att minska smittspridningen visar de nationella riktlinjerna att sjukvårdspersonalen behöver isolera MRSA-positiva patienter. Det är även viktigt att de basala hygienrutinerna följs. Syfte: Att beskriva patienters upplevelser av isolering på grund av Meticillinresistent Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) på en vårdavdelning. Metod: Litteraturöversikten består av tio stycken vårdvetenskapliga artiklar från databaserna CINAHL Complete och Pubmed. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras i tre olika teman: det första temat är Patienternas positiva upplevelser av isolering. Det andra temat Patienternas negativa upplevelser av isolering är uppdelat i tre subteman: Patienters beskrivningar av bemötandet vid isolering, Osäkerhet relaterat till att personalen inte följer riktlinjer vid isolering och Känslor som uppstår hos patienten vid isolering. Det tredje temat Åtgärder för att minska isoleringens negativa upplevelser är uppdelat i två olika subteman: Betydelsen av god information och Miljöns betydelse. Diskussion: Litteraturöversiktens resultat diskuteras utifrån sjuksköterskans förhållningssätt till MRSA-positiva patienter och isolering. Sjukvårdspersonalen tycker det är svårt att vårda MRSA-positiva patienter. Det ges inte en jämlik vård. Katie Erikssons caritativa vårdteori och begreppet lidande har använts för att diskutera resultatet. / Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is spreading globally. To reduce the spread of infection the national guidelines shows that healthcare professionals needs to isolate the MRSA-positive patients. The basic hygiene is also important. Aim: To describe the patient's experiences of isolation due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a ward. Method: This literature review contains ten caring science articles from the data bases CINAHL complete, Pubmed and MEDLINE. Results: The results are presented in three themes: the first theme is Patients' positive experiences of isolation. The second theme patients’ negative experiences of isolation is divided into three subthemes: Patients' descriptions of the carers´ attitude towards them in isolation, uncertainty related to that the staff do not follow the guidelines for isolation and feelings that occur in the patient in isolation. The third theme Measures to reduce the negative experiences of isolation is divided into two subthemes: The importance of good information, and the importance of the environment. Discussion: Healthcare professionals find it difficult to take care of MRSA-positive patient and there is a lack of knowledge, which in turn may be a threat to equal care per Swedish health care law. Katie Erikssons caritative theory and the concept of suffering has been used to discuss this literature reviews result

o Staphylococcus aureus consiste em importante microrganismo no ambiente nosocomial, disseminado principalmente pelas mãos dos profissionais de saúde. É com essa compreensão acerca da temática, que nos propusemos realizar esta investigação. Objetivos: avaliar a prevalência de Staphylococcus aureus e de Staphylococcus aureus meticilina resistentes (MRSA) em profissionais das equipes médicas e de enfermagem de uma instituição de saúde de Goiânia-GO, e as interfaces com as infecções nosocomiais; e caracterizar o perfil fenotípico dos Staphylococcus aureus. Material e método: estudo realizado com as equipes médicas e de enfermagem, das unidades de terapia intensiva, clínica médica, clínica cirúrgica, gineco/obstétrica e centro cirúrgico de uma instituição de saúde de Goiânia-Goiás. Desenvolvido no período de agosto de 2005 a julho de 2006. Foi coletada a saliva de 268 profissionais, em 3 momentos distintos, o que resultou em 804 amostras analisadas. As amostras foram semeadas em ágar manitol e as colônias desenvolvidas contadas e submetidas à fenotipagem e teste de suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos, determinado pelo método de difusão de disco. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise quantitativa, por meio de estatística descritiva, utilizando-se programa Epi-Info (versão 3.3.2-Center for Disease Control). Resultados: dos 268 profissionais da saúde que concordaram em participar da pesquisa, analisaram-se 804 amostras de saliva; dessas os Staphylococcus aureus foram isolados de 404 amostras, correspondendo a 227 profissionais colonizados. Identificou-se que 9,7% (26/268) dos profissionais da saúde investigados, eram portadores de MRSA. O fenótipo MLSB (macrolídeos, lincosaminas e estreptogaminas) foi detectado em 11,2% (46/409) dos Staphylococcus aureus. Destes, 8,7% resistentes à oxacilina. No tocante ao perfil dos profissionais da saúde colonizados por MRSA quanto à categoria profissional, destacou-se que 61,5% eram técnicos de enfermagem, 19,2% eram enfermeiros, 15,4% eram médicos e 3,8% auxiliares de enfermagem. Quanto ao local de trabalho dos profissionais da saúde acometidos por MRSA, identificou-se a UTI clínica (26,9%), seguida pela clínica médica (19,2%), pela UTI cirúrgica (15,4%), pela clínica cirúrgica (15,4%), pela clínica gineco/obstétrica (15,4%) e pelo centro cirúrgico (7,7%). A produção de lecitinase foi identificada em 48,5% dos Staphylococcus aureus isolados dos (130/268) profissionais da saúde que participaram das três coletas. Quanto à adesão dos profissionais da saúde aos equipamentos de proteção individual (EPI), durante a assistência direta ao cliente, verificou-se que 92,9% deles os utilizavam e 3,4% não os utilizavam sendo que de 3,7% não se teve o questionário recuperado. Dos que utilizavam EPI, a luva foi a mais usada por 93,7% dos profissionais, seguido pela máscara, (92,9%) e pelo jaleco (88,4%). Apesar de somente 3,4% não utilizarem os EPI, essa conduta é preocupante se considerar as suas justificativas: desinteresse, esquecimento, comprometimento do visual, entre outros. Em se tratando de MRSA, um único profissional é capaz de disseminar esse microrganismo tanto no local de trabalho como na comunidade em geral. Conclusão: a colonização de profissionais da saúde por Staphylococcus aureus meticilina resistentes é uma realidade, constituindo-se fonte potencial de infecção nosocomial grave podendo ter impacto na saúde dos clientes, dos familiares e do próprio profissional. Os resultados sinalizam a fragilidade da adesão dos profissionais de saúde às medidas preventivas. Dessa forma, recomenda-se a elaboração de estratégias específicas direcionadas a esses profissionais, acerca do MRSA, para que possam ser implementadas nas instituições de saúde, com vistas à adesão deles a tais medidas e, conseqüentemente, à diminuição dos índices de infecções hospitalares. Acredita-se que os resultados desta pesquisa levem a vislumbrar a construção de um banco de dados epidemiológicos sobre Staphylococcus aureus meticilina resistentes, na instituição, e que possam oferecer subsídios para um sistema de vigilância prospectiva populacional dessa bactéria, entre os profissionais de saúde da instituição referida / Staphylococcus aureus is an important microorganism in the nosocomial environment, mainly disseminated by the hands of health professionals. Based on this understanding about the theme, we decided to carry out this study. Objectives: assess the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in medical and nursing team professionals from a health institution in Goiânia-GO, and the interfaces with nosocomial infections; and characterize the phenotypic profile of Staphylococcus aureus. Material and method: This study was carried out with the medical and nursing teams working at the intensive therapy, medical clinic, surgical clinic, gynecologic-obstetric units and surgical center of a health institution in Goiânia-Goiás. The research was carried out between August 2005 and July 2006. The saliva of 268 professionals was collected at 3 different moments, which resulted in 804 analyzed samples. The samples were seeded in mannitol agar and the colonies that developed were counted and submitted to phenotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility test, determined by the disk diffusion method. The results were submitted to quantitative analysis, through descriptive statistics, using Epi-Info software (version 3.3.2-Center for Disease Control). Results: Two hundred sixty-eight health professionals agreed to participate in the research, of whom 804 saliva samples were analyzed; in this group, Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from 404 samples, corresponding to 227 colonized professionals. The analysis identified that 9.7% (26/268) of the examined health professionals were carriers of MRSA. The MLSB (macrolides, lincosamides and streptogamines) phenotype was detected in 11.2% (46/409) of the Staphylococcus aureus, 8.7% of which were oxacillin-resistant. With respect to the profile of health professionals colonized by MRSA in terms of professional category, 61.5% were nursing technicians, 19.2% were nurses, 15.4% were physicians and 3.8% nursing auxiliaries. As to the work place of health professionals affected by MRSA, the clinical ICU (26.9%) was identified, followed by the medical clinic (19.2%), surgical ICU (15.4%), surgical clinic (15.4%), gynecologic-obstetric clinic (15.4%) and surgical center (7.7%). Lecithinase production was identified in 48.5% of the Staphylococcus aureus isolated from (130/268) the health professionals who participated in the three sample collections. As to health professionals adherence to individual protection equipment (IPE), during direct client care, 92.9% used IPE and 3.4% did not, while questionnaires were not recovered for 3.7%. Among professionals who used IPE, gloves were the most used equipment by 93.7%, followed by masks (92.9%) and apron (88.4%). Although only 3.4% did not use the IPE, this behavior is preoccupying in view of their justifications: indifference, forgetting, impaired visual appearance, among others. In cases of MRSA, one single professional is capable of disseminating this microorganism in the workplace as well as in the community in general. Conclusion: the colonization of health professionals by meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a reality, constituting a potential source of severe nosocomial infection that can impact the health of clients, relatives and professionals themselves. The results point towards health professionals? fragile adherence to prevention measures. Thus, the elaboration of specific strategies about MRSA is recommended, directed at these professionals, with a view to their implementation at health institution, health professionals? adherence to these measures and, consequently, decreased hospital infection rates. These research results can lead to the construction of an epidemiological database on meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at the institution, and can support a prospective populational surveillance system for this bacteria among health professionals at the study institution

Staphylococcus aureus é um dos principais microorganismos causadores de infecção em humanos, podendo causar inclusive bacteremia e endocardite nos indivíduos infectados. Diversas cepas desta bactéria apresentam resistência a diferentes tipos de antibióticos, dentre eles os antibióticos meticilina e amoxicilina, como no caso da bactéria Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina (MRSA). A Proteína ligadora de Penicilina 2a (PBP2a) é a enzima responsável por conferir resistência para a MRSA aos antibióticos β-lactâmicos, sendo uma molécula promissora para terapia com AcM. No entanto, além das terapias os métodos de diagnóstico também são ineficientes, pois atualmente o diagnóstico leva vários dias para produzir um resultado confiável. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um radiofármaco utilizando o AcM anti-PBP2a, desenvolvido em Bio-Manguinhos/FioCruz, marcado com 99mTc, para identificação in situ do foco infeccioso causado por MRSA. Neste trabalho, incialmente o AcM anti-PBP2a foi reduzido com o agente redutor 2-mercaptoetanol (2-ME), para gerar grupos sulfidrilas (- SH). Logo após foram utilizados dois diferentes métodos da Marcação Direta: o Método 1, utilizando o reagente tartarato e o ácido gentísico, que atuam como agente transquelante e estabilizador, respectivamente; e o Método 2, utilizando um kit comercial de MDP, no qual o MDP atua como agente transquelante. Após a marcação do anticorpo, o radiofármaco foi submetido a ensaios de avaliação funcional, utilizando os métodos de eletroforese em gel SDS-PAGE não redutor; Immunoblotting; ELISA e o Ensaio de Neutralização in vitro. Como resultado foi visto que a quantidade média de grupos sulfidrilas produzida por AcM foi considerada satisfatória, cerca de 5 grupos SH por IgG, utilizando para isto a relação molar de 6.500:1 de 2-ME:AcM. O Método 2 foi o método que obteve melhor rendimento de marcação, com 73,5%, apresentando boa estabilidade depois de 2 horas (73,2%). A melhor formulação utilizada foi a seguinte: 0,5 mg de AcM anti-PBP2a; 10 μL do kit do MDP, depois de ser resuspendido com 5 mL de solução salina; e 75,48 MBq (2,04 mCi) de 99mTc, a reação ocorrendo em 15 minutos. Os Ensaios de Avaliação Funcional demonstraram que o AcM manteve a especificidade e afinidade de ligação à PBP2a. / Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of life-threatening infections such as bacteremia and endocarditis. Unfortunately, many strains of this bacterial species have become resistant to certain antibiotics, including methicillin and amoxicillin. These strains are known as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The penicillin binding protein 2a (PBP2a) is the enzyme responsible for conferring resistance β-lactams antibiotics for MRSA, being one promising molecule for therapy with mAb. However, besides the therapy, the methods of diagnosis are also inefficient because the diagnosis currently takes several days to produce a reliable result. Taking into account, the objective of this research was radiolabeling one anti-PBP2a mAb developed by Bio-Manguinhos/FioCruz-RJ, utilizing 99mTc, for in situ diagnostic of the infectious caused by MRSA. First, anti-PBP2a mAb was reduced utilizing 2-mecaptoethanol (2-ME) for generate sulphydryl groups (-SH) and after to be labeled with 99mTc. In this work, were utilized two techniques of direct method: Method 1, using tartrate and gentisic acid reagents, acting like transchelant and stabilizer agents, respectively; and Method 2, using one commercial kit of MDP. Besides the radiolabeling, the mAb reduced and mAb labeled with 99mTc were submitted to immunoreactivity analysis, with SDS-PAGE non-reducing, Immunoblotting, ELISA and neutralization assay in vitro methods. The quantity produced of sulphydryl groups by mAb was satisfactory, approximately 5 per mAb, utilizing 6.500:1 of 2-ME:mAb molar ratio. The better labeling method was Method 2, with labeling yield of 73.5%, and showed a good stability after 2 hours (73.2%). The better formulation was: 0.5 mg of mAb anti- PBP2a, 10 μL of MDP kit, after resuspended with 5 mL of saline, and 75.48 MBq (2.04 mCi) of 99mTc, reacting by 15 minutes. The labeled mAb maintained the immunoreactivity, utilizing immunologic and in vitro experiments.

Staphylococcus aureus é um dos principais microorganismos causadores de infecção em humanos, podendo causar inclusive bacteremia e endocardite nos indivíduos infectados. Diversas cepas desta bactéria apresentam resistência a diferentes tipos de antibióticos, dentre eles os antibióticos meticilina e amoxicilina, como no caso da bactéria Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina (MRSA). A Proteína ligadora de Penicilina 2a (PBP2a) é a enzima responsável por conferir resistência para a MRSA aos antibióticos β-lactâmicos, sendo uma molécula promissora para terapia com AcM. No entanto, além das terapias os métodos de diagnóstico também são ineficientes, pois atualmente o diagnóstico leva vários dias para produzir um resultado confiável. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um radiofármaco utilizando o AcM anti-PBP2a, desenvolvido em Bio-Manguinhos/FioCruz, marcado com 99mTc, para identificação in situ do foco infeccioso causado por MRSA. Neste trabalho, incialmente o AcM anti-PBP2a foi reduzido com o agente redutor 2-mercaptoetanol (2-ME), para gerar grupos sulfidrilas (- SH). Logo após foram utilizados dois diferentes métodos da Marcação Direta: o Método 1, utilizando o reagente tartarato e o ácido gentísico, que atuam como agente transquelante e estabilizador, respectivamente; e o Método 2, utilizando um kit comercial de MDP, no qual o MDP atua como agente transquelante. Após a marcação do anticorpo, o radiofármaco foi submetido a ensaios de avaliação funcional, utilizando os métodos de eletroforese em gel SDS-PAGE não redutor; Immunoblotting; ELISA e o Ensaio de Neutralização in vitro. Como resultado foi visto que a quantidade média de grupos sulfidrilas produzida por AcM foi considerada satisfatória, cerca de 5 grupos SH por IgG, utilizando para isto a relação molar de 6.500:1 de 2-ME:AcM. O Método 2 foi o método que obteve melhor rendimento de marcação, com 73,5%, apresentando boa estabilidade depois de 2 horas (73,2%). A melhor formulação utilizada foi a seguinte: 0,5 mg de AcM anti-PBP2a; 10 μL do kit do MDP, depois de ser resuspendido com 5 mL de solução salina; e 75,48 MBq (2,04 mCi) de 99mTc, a reação ocorrendo em 15 minutos. Os Ensaios de Avaliação Funcional demonstraram que o AcM manteve a especificidade e afinidade de ligação à PBP2a. / Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of life-threatening infections such as bacteremia and endocarditis. Unfortunately, many strains of this bacterial species have become resistant to certain antibiotics, including methicillin and amoxicillin. These strains are known as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The penicillin binding protein 2a (PBP2a) is the enzyme responsible for conferring resistance β-lactams antibiotics for MRSA, being one promising molecule for therapy with mAb. However, besides the therapy, the methods of diagnosis are also inefficient because the diagnosis currently takes several days to produce a reliable result. Taking into account, the objective of this research was radiolabeling one anti-PBP2a mAb developed by Bio-Manguinhos/FioCruz-RJ, utilizing 99mTc, for in situ diagnostic of the infectious caused by MRSA. First, anti-PBP2a mAb was reduced utilizing 2-mecaptoethanol (2-ME) for generate sulphydryl groups (-SH) and after to be labeled with 99mTc. In this work, were utilized two techniques of direct method: Method 1, using tartrate and gentisic acid reagents, acting like transchelant and stabilizer agents, respectively; and Method 2, using one commercial kit of MDP. Besides the radiolabeling, the mAb reduced and mAb labeled with 99mTc were submitted to immunoreactivity analysis, with SDS-PAGE non-reducing, Immunoblotting, ELISA and neutralization assay in vitro methods. The quantity produced of sulphydryl groups by mAb was satisfactory, approximately 5 per mAb, utilizing 6.500:1 of 2-ME:mAb molar ratio. The better labeling method was Method 2, with labeling yield of 73.5%, and showed a good stability after 2 hours (73.2%). The better formulation was: 0.5 mg of mAb anti- PBP2a, 10 μL of MDP kit, after resuspended with 5 mL of saline, and 75.48 MBq (2.04 mCi) of 99mTc, reacting by 15 minutes. The labeled mAb maintained the immunoreactivity, utilizing immunologic and in vitro experiments.

Bakgrund: Meticillinresistenta Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) är ett växande problem i Sverige och världen över. Det är vanligt att vara bärare av MRSA utan att ha några symtom, dock kan MRSA ge upphov till smärtsamma och svårläkta infektioner. Behandlingsmöjligheterna är få vid infektioner orsakade av MRSA och de antibiotika-alternativ som finns att tillgå är kostsamma och kan ge svåra biverkningar. Den viktigaste åtgärden för att minska spridningen på sjukhus är att vårdpersonalen har en strikt följsamhet till basala hygienrutiner Syfte: Att beskriva patienters erfarenheter av att vara smittade med MRSA. Metod: En litteraturöversikt genomfördes och tio   vetenskapliga artiklar granskades. Av artiklarna var åtta stycken av kvalitativ design, en kvantitativ och en mixad metod. Artiklarna analyserades och data delades in i teman. Resultat: Litteraturöversiktens resultat delades in i två   huvudteman med två respektive tre subteman. Det första huvudtemat: Patienters   upplevelser av att leva med MRSA har två tillhörande subkategorier: Påverkanpå patienters vardag och Stigmatisering. Under det andra   huvudtemat Patienters upplevelser av att vårdas för MRSA återfinns: Upplevelser av  isolering, Brist på kunskap och information och Kunskapsbrist hos vårdpersonal. Diskussion: Litteraturöversiktens resultat diskuteras med stöd av Katie Erikssons teori om lidande med följande begrepp i fokus: Sjukdomslidande, Vårdlidande och Livslidande. Huvudfynd som diskuteras är kunskapsbrist, isolering och vårdpersonals bemötande. / Background: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a growing problem in Sweden and worldwide. It is common to be a   carrier of MRSA without having any symptoms. However, MRSA can also cause infections that are painful and difficult to treat. The treatment options are few when infection is caused by MRSA and the antibiotic options that remain are expensive and can cause serious side effects. The most important measure for reducing the spread of MRSA in hospitals is that healthcare professionals have strict compliance with basic hygiene routines. Aim: To describe patients’ experiences of being infected with MRSA Method: A literature review was conducted and ten scientific papers were reviewed. Eight of the articles had a qualitative design, one were quantitative and one had a mixed method design. The articles were analyzed and data was organized into themes. Results: The   results of the literature review were arranged into two main themes and five sub themes. The first main theme: Patients'   experiences of living with MRSA have two associated subcategories: The impact on patients' daily lives and Stigmatization. Under the second main theme Patients' experiences of being cared for MRSA following sub themes are found: Experiences of isolation, Lack of knowledge and Information and lack of knowledge in healthcare professionals. Discussion: The   results of the literature review are discussed on the basis of Katie Eriksson's theory of suffering with the following concepts in focus: disease suffering, care suffering and life suffering. The main findings discussed are lack of knowledge, isolation and the treatment of health care professionals.

<p>Multiresistent Stafylokock aureus (MRSA) är en mycket smittsam bakterie som ökar på sjukhusen. En faktor till detta är att handhygien hos sjukvårdspersonal brister. Syftet med studien var att beskriva vilken kunskap sjuksköterskor hade om MRSA och hygienrutiner, samt att jämföra om sjuksköterskors kunskap skiljer sig åt beroende på vilket sjukhus de arbetar. Studien riktade sig till sjuksköterskor på fyra olika dialysavdelningar. Datainsamlingen gjordes via en enkät som delades ut till 141 sjuksköterskor, varav 86 besvarade enkäten. Sjuksköterskornas kompetens har grupperats i kategorier (låg, måttlig och hög kompetens) utifrån antalet rätt på enkäten. Resultatet visade att majoriteten av sjuksköterskorna hade goda kunskaper och då speciellt om ingångskälla och att engångsförkläde skyddar mot spridning. Dock visade det sig att det brister när det gäller kunskaper om infektionstecken och om MRSA kan behandlas. Vid jämförelse visade det sig att det inte fanns någon skillnad i andelen med måttlig kompetens mellan sjukhusen. Däremot fanns en signifikant skillnad i gruppen med hög kompetens.</p> / <p>Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a very contagious bacterium which is increasing in hospitals. One reason for this is poor hand hygiene among the medical staff. The aim of this study was to find out how much nurses know about MRSA and hygiene routines and to examine if the knowledge differs between nurses in different hospitals. The study was directed to nurses in four different dialysis divisions. The data was collected from through a questionnaire, which was distributed to 141 nurses, of which 86 answered. Based on the numbers of correct answers given in the questionnaire the competence of the nurses was divided into different categories (low, average and high competence).The result of the questionnaire showed that the majority of the nurses has a good knowledge of MRSA, in particular when it comes to enter source and the protection against spread disposable aprons give. However, the result also showed that nurses do not have sufficient knowledge of the signs of MRSA and if the infection can be treated. On comparison, no difference in number of average competence between the different hospitals was found. However, there was a significant difference in the group with high competence.</p>

<p>Syftet med studien var att beskriva och jämföra vilka kunskaper sjuksköterskestudenter i slutet av utbildningen vid två lärosäten har gällande Methicillinresistent Staphylokock aureus (MRSA), Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) och basala hygienrutiner. Vidare var syftet att beskriva sjuksköterskestuderandes uppfattningar av utbildningens kvalitet gällande MRSA, ESBL och hygienrutiner. Studien hade en beskrivande och jämförande design. Undersökningsgruppen valdes ut genom bekvämlighetsurval. Data samlades in med ett frågeformulär som besvarades av 126 sjuksköterskestudenter.</p><p>Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskestudenterna hade bristande kunskaper gällande främst ESBL, men även gällande MRSA. Majoriteten av studenterna hade låg kunskap gällande riskfaktorer för ESBL samt vart på kroppen man vanligtvis finner mikroorganismen vid förekomst av MRSA. Däremot hade sjuksköterskestudenterna högre kunskap om basala hygienrutiner. Nästan alla studenter hade kunskap om betydelsen av god handhygien. Dock visade studenterna stora brister i kunskap gällande när munskydd bör användas. Signifikanta skillnader i kunskap gällande ESBL och hygienrutiner mellan de båda lärosätena fanns. Majoriteten av studenterna ansåg att undervisningen om MRSA och ESBL under sjuksköterskeutbildningen inte varit tillräcklig. Däremot ansåg huvudparten av studenterna att undervisningen om hygienrutiner varit tillräcklig.</p><p>Slutsatsen var att undervisningen om MRSA, ESBL och basala hygienrutiner i sjuksköterskeutbildningen behöver förbättras.</p> / <p>The aim of the study was to describe and compare nurse students knowledge regarding Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) and basic hygiene routines. The students were in the end of their education and represented two Swedish universities. Further on, the aim was to describe the nurse students perceptions of the education's quality about MRSA, ESBL and hygiene routines. The study had a descriptive and comparing design. The survey group was chosen through convenience selection and data were collected with a questionnaire, responded by 126 nurse students.</p><p>The results showed that the nurse students had inadequate knowledge about ESBL as well as MRSA. The majority of the students had low knowledge about risk factors for ESBL, and where on the body one normally finds the micro-organism in occurrence of MRSA. However, the nurse students had higher knowledge about basic hygiene routines and almost all students had knowledge about the importance of proper hand hygiene. The students had deficit knowledge concerning when masks should be used in order to cover the mouth. Significant differences in knowledge about ESBL and hygiene routines was found between the universities. The majority of the students perceived that the education about MRSA and ESBL during the nurse education program were not sufficient. Although, most of the students perceived that the education about hygiene routines had been sufficient.</p><p>The conclusion was that the education about MRSA, ESBL and basic hygiene procedures in the nurse education program needs improvement.</p>