Diploma thesis describes using discrete simulation using with help Witness simulation software as a tool to support decision-making process and the company ECKELMANN l.l.c. This work briefly introduces business processes modeling and simulation problems. Creating a model of real production process and its subsequent optimization will help us map out the processes that take place in the company, enabling discovery of strengths and weaknesses.

The thesis focuses on the analysis of the current production system on the production line BS Unit in the company Daikin Device Czech Republic, s.r.o. in terms of material flow and move of worker. The main outcome is the proposal of precaution for improvement of the currently production of proces.The first part of the thesis describes the basic terms and methods from the field of industrial engineering. These findings are then used for data analysis and for the solution proposal in the analytical part.

The Thesis deals with the quality management methods based on Total Quality Management principles and their use in Czech public administration practice. It tries to answer questions about the quality management methods and tools which are used in the practice of the public administration. The main questions are: What is the current status of quality management, what is its essence and what factors it influences. Because the quality management methods are based on the business process management the Thesis also deals with this concept and its application to the public administration practice.

Der Chirurg in einem modernen Operationssaal kann auf die Funktionen einer Vielzahl technischer, seine Arbeit unterstützender, Geräte zugreifen. Diese Geräte und damit auch die Funktionen, die diese zur Verfügung stellen, sind nur unzureichend miteinander vernetzt. Die unzureichende Interoperabilität der Geräte bezieht sich dabei nicht nur auf den Austausch von Daten untereinander, sondern auch auf das Fehlen eines zentralen Wissens über den gesamten Ablauf des chirurgischen Prozesses. Es werden daher Systeme benötigt, die Prozessmodelle verarbeiten und damit globales Wissen über den Prozess zur Verfügung stellen können. Im Gegensatz zu den meisten Prozessen, die in der Wirtschaft durch Workflow Management-Systeme (WfMS) unterstützt werden, ist der chirurgische Prozess durch eine hohe Variabilität gekennzeichnet. Mittlerweile gibt es viele Ansätze feingranulare, hochformalisierte Modelle des chirurgischen Prozesses zu erstellen. In dieser Arbeit wird zum einen die Qualität eines, auf patienten individuellen Eingriffen basierenden, generalisierten Modells hinsichtlich der Abarbeitung durch ein WfMS untersucht, zum anderen werden die Voraussetzungen die, die vorgelagerten Systeme erfüllen müssen geprüft. Es wird eine Aussage zur Abbruchrate der Pfadverfolgung im generalisierten Modell gemacht, das durch eine unterschiedliche Anzahl von patientenindividuellen Modellen erstellt wurde. Zudem wird die Erfolgsrate zum Wiederfinden des Prozesspfades im Modell ermittelt. Ausserdem werden die Anzahl der benötigten Schritte zumWiederfinden des Prozesspfades im Modell betrachtet.:List of Figures iv List of Tables vi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Problems and objectives 3 2 State of research 6 2.1 Definitions of terms 6 2.1.1 Surgical process 6 2.1.2 Surgical Process Model 7 2.1.3 gSPM and surgical workflow 7 2.1.4 Surgical workflow management system 8 2.1.5 Summary 9 2.2 Workflow Management Systems 10 2.2.1 Agfa HealthCare - ORBIS 10 2.2.2 Siemens Clinical Solutions - Soarian 10 2.2.3 Karl Storz - ORchestrion 10 2.2.4 YAWL BPM 11 2.3 Sensor systems 12 2.3.1 Sensors according to DIN1319 13 2.3.2 Video-based sensor technology 14 2.3.3 Human-based sensor technology 15 2.3.4 Summary 15 2.4 Process model 15 2.4.1 Top-Down 15 2.4.2 Bottom-Up 17 2.4.3 Summary 18 2.5 Methods for creating the ICCAS process model 18 2.5.1 Recording of the iSPMs 18 2.5.2 Creation of the gSPMs 20 2.6 Summary 21 3 Model-based design of workflow schemas 23 3.1 Abstract 24 3.2 Introduction 25 3.3 Model driven design of surgical workflow schemata 27 3.3.1 Recording of patient individual surgical process models 27 3.3.2 Generating generalized SPM from iSPMs 27 3.3.3 Transforming gSPM into workflow schemata 28 3.4 Summary and Outlook 30 4 Model-based validation of workflow schemas 31 4.1 Abstract 32 4.2 Introduction 33 4.3 Methods 36 4.3.1 Surgical Process Modeling 36 4.3.2 Workflow Schema Generation 38 4.3.3 The SurgicalWorkflow Management and Simulation System 40 4.3.4 System Validation Study Design 42 4.4 Results 44 4.5 Discussion 47 4.6 Conclusion 50 4.7 Acknowledgments 51 5 Influence of missing sensor information 52 5.1 Abstract 53 5.2 Introduction 54 5.3 Methodology 57 5.3.1 Surgical process modeling 57 5.3.2 Test system 59 5.3.3 System evaluation study design 61 5.4 Results 63 5.5 Discussion 66 5.6 Conclusion 68 5.7 Acknowledgments 68 5.8 Conflict of interest 68 6 Summary and outlook 69 6.1 Summary 69 6.2 Outlook 70 Bibliography 74

En fungerande transportinfrastruktur skapar förbindelser som hela tiden är i rörelse, och på så sätt förbättras samhällsekonomin. Idag byggs infrastrukturen ut genom storskaliga projekt i en allt större utsträckning, vilket ökar intresset för planering, utförande och styrning. Sverige investerar i runda tal 100 miljarder kronor i byggande, drift och underhåll av infrastruktur varje år. För att effektivisera investeringarna är det viktigt att lösningar, samverkan och ledarskap går hand i hand. Stora infrastrukturprojekt innebär stora risker. Vid bygget av en väg ingår många anställda och arbetsområden med byggmaskiner, kranar och sprängämnen som kan påverka markförhållandena på plats. Därmed är identifiering, bedömning och prioritering av risker viktigt för att inte förlora greppet om säkerheten i projektet. Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka och beskriva riskhanteringen i ett pågående infrastrukturprojekt som utförs av NCC Infrastructure inom Förbifart Stockholm, Hjulsta Norra. Genom att samla data från litteratur och information på plats har problem och effektiviseringsmöjligheter sammanställts. Examensarbetet kan användas för att sprida förståelse för att risktänkande är en viktig del i strävan mot lönsamhet i ett projekt. Studien är utfört som ett examensarbete. Omfattningen är 30 högskolepoäng (motsvarar 20 veckors heltidsstudier) och begränsar därför omfattningen av studien i tid. De risker som valts ut från det pågående projektet Hjulsta Norra är ett begränsat antal som är prioriterade som de viktigaste. Som underlag till prioritering av risker i studien användes en litteraturundersökning samt intervjuer. Avgränsning av studien är produktionsskedet, vilket inriktar sig på de risker som uppkommer under byggprocessen i ett större infrastrukturprojekt. Det är hanterat ur entreprenörens perspektiv. De urval av intervjupersoner som har gjorts är en liten del av de som är inblandade i projektet och området. Därmed är det inte alltid möjligt att få med all information och erfarenhet som existerar. Utvald riskprocess och riskanalysmetod är förenklad och visar därför inte detaljerade faser som kan ha en extra verkan på resultatet. På grund av avgränsningar är det inte möjligt att identifiera och analysera alla risker i projektet. Studien visar att riskhantering är viktigt i stora infrastrukturprojekt. Det kan vara en avgörande faktor för hur lyckade inplanerade aktiviteter blir för slutresultatet. För att nå framgång behöver identifiering av miljömässiga, tekniska och organisatoriska risker göras. En annan viktig faktor är hur samarbetet mellan beställare och entreprenör fungerar i ett projekt och under produktionsskedet. En framtida utveckling av riskhanteringen i stora infrastrukturprojekt föreslås inriktas mot att skapa en bra organisation och samarbete mellan beställare och entreprenör i byggskedet. Riskhantering bör vara en naturlig del i projektstyrningen. Fortsatta studier bör därför inriktas mot att utveckla ett enkelt och produktionsanpassat system för riskhantering. / A functioning transport infrastructure creates connections that are constantly moving, thus improving the economy. Today, infrastructure is being expanded through large-scale projects to an increasing extent, which increases the interest in planning, execution and management. Sweden invests around 100 billion SEK in construction, operation and maintenance of infrastructure each year. In order to make investments more efficient, it is important that solutions, collaboration and leadership go hand in hand. Large infrastructure projects involve major risks. When constructing a highway, many employees and work areas include construction machines, cranes and explosives that can affect soil conditions on site. Thus, identification, assessment and prioritization of risks are important in order not to lose the grip on the safety of the project. The purpose of the thesis work is to investigate and describe risk management in an ongoing infrastructure project conducted by NCC Infrastructure in Förbifart Stockholm, Hjulsta Norra. By collecting data from literature and on-site information, problems and efficiency opportunities have been compiled. The thesis work can be used to spread understanding that risk thinking is an important part of the pursuit of profitability in a project. The study is executed as a degree project. The scope is 30 credits (equivalent to 20 weeks full-time studies), thus limiting the scope of the study in time. The risks chosen from the ongoing project Hjulsta Norra are a limited number that are prioritized as the most important. As a basis for prioritizing risks in the study, a literature survey and interviews were used. Limitation of the study is the production phase, which focuses on the risks that arise during the construction process in a major infrastructure project. It is handled from the contractor's perspective. The selection of interviews that have been made is a small part of those involved in the project and the area. Thus, it is not always possible to include all the information and experience that exists. The selected risk process and risk analysis method are simplified and therefore do not show detailed phases that can have an additional effect on the result. Due to limitations, it is not possible to identify and analyze all risks in the project. The study shows that risk management is important in major infrastructure projects. This can be a determining factor in how successful planned activities will be for the end result. To achieve success, identification of environmental, technical and organizational risks needs to be done. Another key factor is how cooperation between the client and the contractor works in a project and during the production phase. A future development of risk management in major infrastructure projects is proposed to focus on creating a good organization and collaboration between clients and contractors in the construction phase. Risk management should be a natural part of project management. Continued studies should therefore focus on developing a simple and production-adapted risk management system.

A public-private partnership (PPP) is a collaborative partnership between the publicsector and a private entity. The adoption of PPPs has risen throughout the years, utilizedfor developing cultural infrastructure. With the increase in opting for PPPs, the numberof failed PPPs has shown to be due to inefficient risk management procedures. This thesisdelves into the realm of public-private partnerships (PPPs) and examines the integrationof stakeholder management in the risk identification process, aiming to answer thefollowing research question: How do the public sector and private sector in a public-private partnership respectivelyconsider stakeholder management when identifying risks? Through a qualitative single case study of a PPP project in Sweden, the research aims toprovide insights into how key actors in PPPs consider stakeholders when identifyingrisks. The study emphasizes the importance of stakeholder theory in enhancing riskidentification practices within the context of collaborative ventures. By exploring thecomplexities of PPPs and the dynamics of stakeholder engagement, this researchcontributes to the existing literature on effective partnership arrangements and riskmanagement in public-private partnerships (PPPs). The findings highlight thesignificance of incorporating stakeholder perspectives in risk identification strategies tofoster successful outcomes in PPP projects. To answer the research question, semi-structured interviews were conducted with thepublic and private entity involved in the PPP chosen for the case study. This study notonly offers theoretical implications for understanding the interplay between stakeholdertheory and risk management but also provides practical insights for organizations seekingto establish and maintain successful PPPs. The research underscores the critical role ofclear project objectives, defined partnership responsibilities, communication, andcollaboration in sustaining long-term partnerships. By bridging the gap betweenstakeholder theory and risk management, the study offers a theoretical contribution forunderstanding how stakeholder engagement can enhance risk identification strategies in PPP projects. Overall, this thesis contributes to advancing knowledge on stakeholder considerations inPPPs and offers recommendations for enhancing risk identification measures incollaborative ventures.

Knowledge management has roots in a variety of disciplines, such as philosophy, psychology, social sciences, management sciences and computing. As a result, a wide variety of theories and definitions of knowledge and knowledge management is used in the literature. Irrespective of the theory or definition used, is it recognised that expert knowledge and insight are gained through experience and practice and that it is a key differentiator as an organisational asset. This shift to knowledge as the primary source of value results in the new economy being led by those who manage knowledge effectively. Today’s organisations are creating and leveraging knowledge, data and information at an unprecedented pace – a phenomenon that makes the use of technology not an option, but a necessity. It enables employees to deal with multifaceted environments and problems and make it possible for organisations to expand their knowledge creation capacity. Software tools in knowledge management are a collection of technologies and are not necessarily acquired as a single software solution. Furthermore, these knowledge management software tools have the advantage of using the organisation’s existing information technology infrastructure. Organisations and business decision makers spend a great deal of resources and make significant investments in the latest technology, systems and infrastructure to support knowledge management. It is imperative that these investments are validated properly, made wisely and that the most appropriate technologies and software tools are selected or combined to facilitate knowledge management. The purpose of this interpretive case study is to consider these issues and to focus on an understanding of the key characteristics of a knowledge management system architecture by exploring and describing the nature of knowledge management. Based on the findings of this study, a list of key characteristics that a knowledge management solution must comply with was collated, which expanded the existing knowledge management model towards describing a knowledge management system architecture. / Computing / M.Sc. (Information Systems)

Die externe Unternehmenskommunikation über das Medium Corporate Blog stellt einen relevanten, aber zu Teilen noch recht unerforschten Bereich der Social Media Kommunikation dar. Um eine gelingende Unternehmenskommunikation über Corporate Blogs zu fördern und eine Reflexionsbasis für die Kommunikationsverantwortlichen bereitzustellen, wird in der Arbeit die Forschungsfrage gestellt: „Wie gestaltet sich der Managementprozess externer Unternehmenskommunikation über Corporate Blogs, aus der Sicht der beteiligten Unternehmensakteure?“. Das Forschungsziel liegt in einer qualitativen, facettenreichen Rekonstruktion des Managementprozesses, aus Sicht der beteiligten Unternehmensakteure. Die Beschreibung der sozialen Praxis soll es ermöglichen, den Prozess in seiner Funktionsweise und seinen interdependenten Beziehungen zwischen Struktur und Handlung zu verstehen. Im Rahmen von 22 Fallstudien konnte der Prozess rekonstruiert und durch die Ausführungen der Unternehmensakteure erklärt werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Prozessphasen variabel und situationsspezifisch ablaufen und gestaltet werden müssen. Insbesondere die Gestaltung der Faktoren Aufmerksamkeit, Veröffentlichungsintervall und die Kommunikationskultur des Unternehmens sind elementar, um den Prozess zum Gelingen zu führen.

我國電機電子中心廠企業透過快速的供貨彈性、具競爭力的生產成本、與深厚的製造能力，以OEM/ODM或OBM的方式將產品銷售於全球，在產業供應鏈上扮演舉足輕重的地位，更成為國際大廠不可或缺的合作伙伴。當產品功能不斷推陳出新與創新式樣的同時，各國政府開始注意到產品所含的有害物質對人體與環境皆產生了威脅；生產端和產品廢棄端也產出大量的廢棄物而影響了生態環境，因此，環境保護和永續發展成了各國所重視的議題。例如，歐盟看準供應鏈間環環相扣的利益關係，積極將環保訴求跳脫以往道德勸說的層面而開始立法，希望以歐盟龐大的商業市場為後盾，讓製造商在研發、生產到回收的產品生命週期中，能夠有效降低有害物質的使用量，並建立方便使用者的回收的機制。 在市場瞬息萬變與激烈競爭的壓力下，企業已習慣以專案管理來滿足各時期不同的任務與市場之需求，因此，跨部門合作的專案團隊運作日益頻繁。我國電機電子中心廠企業接受到歐盟和國際大廠對於綠色產品之要求的環保規範與壓力，紛紛成立跨部門的專案團隊，進行供應商管理、研發和製程變革、及成本控管等任務。以往的文獻對於企業環保議題之研究與討論，大部分著重於企業綠色供應鏈管理之建置與環保法規的因應方式，本研究除了涵蓋這方面的探討，更著重於企業因應環保壓力而成立的綠色專案團隊之運作。。因此，本研究以多重個案的研究方式，針對我國電機電子中心廠企業之綠色專案團隊的組織方式與其知識管理程序進行研究，希望能進一步瞭解企業所面對的主要環保壓力來源為何？以及驅動成立綠色專案團隊的因素、團隊結構、與團隊運作之過程為何？ 本研究所得到的研究結論包括：1.不同事業模式的企業，對同一外部環保壓力來源有不同壓力強度的感受；2. 企業內部環保壓力的自發性改變往往是發生在外部環保壓力的推動之後；3. 專案特性為產品或製程的延伸變動、改良、或品質改進，如綠色產品專案，適合以輕量級團隊進行專案之運作；4. 輕量級專案經理在團隊知識管理程序裡的知識吸收、創造、蓄積與擴散之運作中，扮演主要的角色；5. 由中立的高階主管擔任跨部門專案團隊之專案贊助者（The Executive Sponsor），可避免發生決策偏頗之情形。從本研究對於實務上所提出的建議包括：1. 中心廠企業應有專責人員持續負責綠色產品的推動；2. 企業應創造內部人員成立跨部門專案團隊的機制；3. 由中立的高階主管擔任跨部門專案團隊的專案贊助者。 / When properties and designs of electrical and electronics equipments are renewed more and more quickly, many countries noticed that the waste produce during product life-cycle process by manufacturers, junk by end users, and hazardous substances of products are threatening human healthy and living environment increasingly. Therefore, European Union announced and entered into force of EU environmental directives that induced the industries to pay close attention on the surrounding environment impacts and the healthy & safety risk of people. Thus, we would expect that the electrical and electronics companies in our country faced challenges of Green-Product production. The Taiwanese core factories built up a cross-divisional Green Project Team which coordinated each function to team up with conformed the Green-product regulations by government and customers. However, most of the past studies in the Green-Product issue were focused on how to manage green supply chain efficiently, and how to reply to the Green-product regulations rightfully. Thus, we focus on the organization and knowledge management process of the Green Project team, this issue is rarely touched by researchers. For that reason, this research is more an “Exploratory Research” essentially. This research adopts “Case-Study Method”, looks into the K.M. process of a project team by interviewing with personnel of case companies and reading second-hand materials about the case companies. The study aims to investigate the questions: 1.What is the Green Environmental Pressure a company mainly received? 2. What are the motives of a core factory to build up a Green Project Team? 3. What is the structure of the Green Project Team, and how does the team work together? The preliminary research conclutions include: 1.Companies with different business models face different Green Environmental Pressure. 2. External Green Environmental Pressure influences a company first and then comes the Internal Green Environmental Pressure. 3. Operations of a Lightweight Project Team are suitable for the task of product or processing extension, and quality improvement, just like Green Project. 4. The key person in the knowledge management process is project manager in the Lightweight Project Team. 5. Biased-decision can be avoided by giving the position of cross-divisional executive sponsor to a neutral senior manager.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T19:15:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 27 / Nenhuma / Atualmente, a ferramenta orçamentária vem sofrendo forte crítica por parte de acadêmicos e gestores de empresa, por acreditarem que o orçamento não poderá mais ser aproveitado, nem readequado às novas necessidades empresariais básicas de sobrevivência, rapidez, descentralização e flexibilidade das ações administrativas. Entendem que a ferramenta orçamentária engessa e centraliza a gestão empresarial, não agrega valor e é dispendiosa, tomando tempo demais dos gestores. A partir disto, sabendo-se da ampla utilização do orçamento no processo de gestão, como ferramenta de planejamento e controle, tornam-se relevantes os estudos sobre as práticas de gestão orçamentária atuais. Neste contexto, esta pesquisa buscou investigar as práticas atuais de gestão orçamentária das empresas estabelecidas no Brasil. O estudo foi conduzido por meio de pesquisa de campo, nomeadamente de uma pesquisa-levantamento, aplicada às cinqüenta (50) maiores empresas por venda, listadas pela revista Exame - Melhores e Maiores, nos últimos t