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Digital klädshopping är en växande bransch som blir en allt större del av livet för många, inte minst unga. Detta lämnar dock allt fler unga användare sårbara för påverkan av dark patterns som i stor utsträckning utnyttjas av klädföretag för att manipulera användare till att köpa mer än vad de egentligen planerat. Studier av dark patterns är dock fortfarande relativt begränsade, särskilt kvalitativa studier med fokus på digital klädshopping med unga användare i fokus. Syftet med denna studie är därför att undersöka hur unga användare i åldersgruppen 20-25 år påverkas av dark patterns och vilka dark patterns de påverkas mest av. En kvalitativ surveyundersökning med semistrukturerade intervjuer och observationer inspirerade av moderated user testing genomfördes. Totalt elva dark patterns undersöktes varav fyra med intervjuer och observationer och övriga sju med endast intervjuer. Resultatet indikerar att dark patterns har en negativ påverkan på unga användare och att vissa dark patterns, som sneak into basket, uppfattas mer negativt och andra, som social proof uppfattas som mer acceptabla. Vissa dark patterns, som nagging, är deltagarna mer medvetna om och uppfattar som mer irriterande medan andra, som trick question, beskrivs som mer bedrägliga och svårupptäckta. För att motverka dessa negativa effekter finns ett behov av ytterligare studier och uppdaterad lagstiftning för att skydda användare online. / Digital clothes shopping is a growing industry which has become an increasingly significant part of life for more and more people, including many young people. This however leaves many young users vulnerable to dark patterns which are significantly employed by clothing companies to manipulate users into buying more than they might have originally planned to. Studies of dark patterns are, however, still relatively limited, especially qualitative studies focusing on digital clothes shopping and young users. The purpose of this study is thus investigating how young users between the ages of 20-25 years old are affected by dark patterns and which dark patterns they are the most heavily affected by. A qualitative survey with semistructured interviews and observations inspired by moderated user testing was conducted. In total, eleven dark patterns were investigated, of which four were investigated through observations and interviews and the other seven through interviews only. The results indicate that dark patterns have a negative effect on young users and that certain dark patterns, such as sneak into basket, are more negatively perceived and others, such as social proof, are considered more acceptable. The participants are also more aware of certain dark patterns, such as nagging, while others, such as trick question, are described as more deceptive and harder to detect. To counteract these negative effects, there is a need for further studies and updated legislation to protect users online.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:58:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Celso Pedrosa Filho.pdf: 5752508 bytes, checksum: 7e5a587ba033b0bc36f4874dfa117c4a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-15 / The intention of this dissertation is to investigate the attainment of knowledge and development of introductory notions of combinatory reasoning with children between seven an eight years of age. In this sense, we have built a sequence of exercises, based on the Conceptual Fields Theory (Vergnaud, 1990) and on Records of Semiotic Representation Theory (Duval, 1993) starting with concrete situations. Our hypothesis is that the work done in groups can contribute to the development of the activities, as it helps the exchange of information, the socialization of the involved and of the ideas, in addition to the need to justify to ones partner. The development of this research follows the Didactic Engineering (Douday, 1987) presumptions, that is, at first we made a small historic introduction and a survey of what we found in the National Curriculum Parameters (PCN, 1997) and in didactic books, in reference to the theme, research of two publications directly related to the focus of our study. Right after, we built and made a preliminary analyzes of two types of activities for which we confectioned materials, one of which viewed the determination of combinations of clothes and models, using magnetized parts, and the other, the possibilities of different routes, on a checkered board, to reach a determined destiny, based on the launching of an object similar to a coin. After applying them to a group of students, we analyzed the behavior of the pairs, on the procedures and registers they obtained. The results evidenced that the use of manipulative material and the work developed in pairs favored not only the interest for the work proposed, but also the development of organization ideas, reading, counting, and visualization of results and of the first steps in relation to the addition and multiplication fields, fundamental for the development of the combinatory reasoning / O objetivo desta dissertação é investigar a aquisição e o desenvolvimento de noções introdutórias do raciocínio combinatório com crianças entre sete e oito anos de idade. Nesse estudo, construímos uma seqüência de atividades, fundamentada na Teoria dos Campos Conceituais (Vergnaud, 1990) e na Teoria dos Registros de Representação (Duval, 1993), partindo de situações concretas. Nossa hipótese é que o trabalho em duplas possa contribuir no desenvolvimento das atividades, visto que favorece a troca de informações, a socialização dos sujeitos e das idéias, além da necessidade de justificativa em relação ao seu par. O desenvolvimento desta pesquisa segue os pressupostos de uma Engenharia Didática (Douady, 1987), ou seja, inicialmente fizemos uma breve introdução histórica e um levantamento do que encontramos nos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCN, 1997) e em livros didáticos, no que se refere ao tema, além de uma visita a duas publicações diretamente relacionadas ao foco de nosso estudo. Na seqüência, construímos e fizemos uma análise preliminar de dois tipos de atividades, para as quais foram confeccionados materiais; uma delas visou à determinação de combinações de roupas em modelos, valendo-se de peças imantadas, e a outra, de possibilidades de caminhos, em um quadriculado, para se chegar a um determinado destino, a partir de lançamentos de um objeto semelhante a uma moeda. Depois de aplicá-las a um grupo de alunos do primeiro ciclo do Ensino Fundamental, fizemos uma análise do comportamento das duplas, dos procedimentos e dos registros obtidos. Os resultados evidenciaram que o uso de material manipulável e o trabalho em duplas favorecem não só o interesse pelo estudo proposto, mas, também o desenvolvimento de idéias de organização, leitura, contagem, visualização de resultados e dos primeiros passos na relação entre os campos: aditivo e multiplicativo, fundamentais para o desenvolvimento do raciocínio combinatório

<p>The purpose of this thesis is to study the personal problems that can occur when defecting from a destructive cult, and what kind of support you may need from social authorities. The aim is to develop guidelines for social workers who are in contact with sect defectors. It’s a qualitative study based on interviews with six defectors from Jehovah’s witnesses. The results shows that all the defectors that have been interviewed have had anxiety problems, lost contact with friends and relatives, low level of education, and low self esteem when defecting or after. Most respondents have reported that they have had thoughts of suicide. It also occurs that respondents have had eating disorders, psychosomatic problems, drug abuse, lack of knowledge about society and have felt threatened and harassed in connection with the defection. These psychosocial problems that have been ascertained to constitute areas where social authorities should aid sect defectors. In accordance with the purpose of this thesis, guidelines are formed for social workers.</p> / <p>Syftet med undersökningen är att undersöka den personliga problematik som kan uppstå vid avhopp från en destruktiv sekt och de behov av stöd och hjälp man kan behöva ha från sociala myndigheter. Avsikten med studien är att försöka utveckla vägledande anvisningar för socialarbetare som kommer i kontakt med avhoppare. Det är en kvalitativ studie baserad på intervjuer med sex avhoppare från Jehovas vittnen. Resultatet visar att alla de avhoppare som intervjuats hade haft ångestproblematik, förlorat kontakt med vänner och familj, låg utbildningsnivå samt svag självkänsla i samband med avhoppet eller där efter. De flesta respondenterna sagt sig ha haft självmordstankar. Det förekommer även att respondenter säger sig ha haft ätstörningar, psykosomatisk problematik, narkotikamissbruk, bristande kunskap om samhället samt känt sig hotade och trakasserade i samband med avhoppet. De psykosociala problem som intervjupersonerna berättar om liknar det som tidigare studier funnit och som utgör områden där sociala myndigheter bör bistå sektavhoppare. I enlighet med syftet är slutligen vägledande anvisningar utformade för socialarbetare.</p>

The purpose of this thesis is to study the personal problems that can occur when defecting from a destructive cult, and what kind of support you may need from social authorities. The aim is to develop guidelines for social workers who are in contact with sect defectors. It’s a qualitative study based on interviews with six defectors from Jehovah’s witnesses. The results shows that all the defectors that have been interviewed have had anxiety problems, lost contact with friends and relatives, low level of education, and low self esteem when defecting or after. Most respondents have reported that they have had thoughts of suicide. It also occurs that respondents have had eating disorders, psychosomatic problems, drug abuse, lack of knowledge about society and have felt threatened and harassed in connection with the defection. These psychosocial problems that have been ascertained to constitute areas where social authorities should aid sect defectors. In accordance with the purpose of this thesis, guidelines are formed for social workers. / Syftet med undersökningen är att undersöka den personliga problematik som kan uppstå vid avhopp från en destruktiv sekt och de behov av stöd och hjälp man kan behöva ha från sociala myndigheter. Avsikten med studien är att försöka utveckla vägledande anvisningar för socialarbetare som kommer i kontakt med avhoppare. Det är en kvalitativ studie baserad på intervjuer med sex avhoppare från Jehovas vittnen. Resultatet visar att alla de avhoppare som intervjuats hade haft ångestproblematik, förlorat kontakt med vänner och familj, låg utbildningsnivå samt svag självkänsla i samband med avhoppet eller där efter. De flesta respondenterna sagt sig ha haft självmordstankar. Det förekommer även att respondenter säger sig ha haft ätstörningar, psykosomatisk problematik, narkotikamissbruk, bristande kunskap om samhället samt känt sig hotade och trakasserade i samband med avhoppet. De psykosociala problem som intervjupersonerna berättar om liknar det som tidigare studier funnit och som utgör områden där sociala myndigheter bör bistå sektavhoppare. I enlighet med syftet är slutligen vägledande anvisningar utformade för socialarbetare.

在各式各樣的銷售技巧中，誇張廠商建議價格是一種常見的手法，廠商漫天喊價誇大原始售價，無非是希望能讓消費覺得實際售價低廉且商品值得購買。但在廠商使用這樣的策略時，有些人會察覺到廠商操弄的意圖進而對廠商、商品產生負面的感覺。本研究認為消費者的認知需求程度是參考價格產生效果的重要調節變項，因此，本研究發展兩階段的實驗來探討消費者認知需求高低對其處理價格資訊的影響。研究方式與結果簡述如下： 在第一個階段中研究的是誇張的行銷訊息（誇張的廠商售價）對於認知需求程度不同的消費者的效果差異，以及廠商售價對於消費者的商品態度與購買意願的影響。研究結果發現，認知需求低者較易被廠商宣稱的誇張價格影響其對商品的推估價格，進而對商品產生較佳的態度與購買意願。 在第二個階段中，本研究設計讓已經受到廠商訂價影響的消費者接觸實際售價，探討消費者的認知需求程度對於其操弄意圖推論程度的影響及消費者操弄意圖推論程度對於其最終購買意願與商品態度產生的效果。結果發現，認知需求高的消費者其操弄意圖推論程度亦高，且消費者的操弄意圖推論程度愈高；對於消費者商品態度與購買意願負面的影響也愈大。 / One main concern regarding the use of reference prices in advertisements relates to the possibility of perceived deception due to consumers' reaction towards exaggerated or implausible price claims. This paper examines the moderating roles of an individual level variable-need for cognition (NFC), in influencing consumers’ evaluation of the reference prices in a two-stage experiment. The results support the hypothesized effects of need for cognition and demonstrate that, in the first stage, consumers with a high need for cognition assimilate a smaller portion of the external reference points (ERPs) into their existing internal reference point (IRPs). In addition, for consumers with a low need for cognition, the increasing level of reference price results in positive effects on value perception, brand attitudes and purchase intention. In the second stage, I introduced inferences of manipulative intent (IMI) as a dependant variable. The results suggest that for consumers with a high need for cognition, the greater the discrepancy between their estimated price and real price, the higher level of perceived manipulative intent of advertisers. This leads to negative attitudes toward the advertiser and results in negative effects on brand attitudes and purchase intention. Implications for research and practitioners are discussed.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:02:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5649.pdf: 10966324 bytes, checksum: f6b3c2eb22b9165966dab0fa4763fada (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-05 / The objective of this research is to analyze and evaluate methodological developments proposed for the teaching of geometry, in public school in the State of São Paulo in the high school level in recent decades. We elaborate a proposal of a didactic sequence using manipulative objects, assisting the teacher of mathematics at the construction of concepts of areas and volumes. / O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar e avaliar as evoluções metodológicas propostas para o Ensino de Geometria, na Escola Pública do Estado de São Paulo no nível do Ensino Médio, nas últimas décadas. Elaboramos uma proposta de uma sequência didática utilizando objetos manipulativos, auxiliando o professor de matemática na construção dos conceitos de áreas e volumes.

This dissertation titled Teaching English to Deaf and Hard-of-hearing University Students aims to portray a picture of the situation of teaching English to university students, more specifically of those studying at Charles University in Prague. The work is divided into two main parts. The first part brings general insight, also from linguistic perspective, into language competences and language acquisition by the hearing impaired. It describes variables and possible variables affecting spoken language acquisition by this minority. It gives basic overview of different levels of hearing loss on the grouds of medicine assessment of hearing loss. The dissertiation stresses out the neccessity of educating these students with respect to linguistic research and findings. Moreover, it emphasizes the needs to interweave linguistics and pedagogy and benefits of linguistics research and methods such as error analysis and contrastive analysis for enhancement of language productive skills of hearing impaired students. The second part of the dissertation is devoted to the research of English language teaching to hearing impaired students at Charles University in Prague. The work summarizes the findings of five-year long research carried out at the Language Resource Centre, Faculty of Arts, Charles University in...

Owing to changes brought by modernisation, folktales and other folklore genres are often looked down upon, and thought by many to be outdated. The aim of this study is to explore manipulative behaviour in Siswati folktales. The study glanced at how manipulation is used in folktales, i.e. the causes and key strategies used by manipulators to manipulate their victims. The focus was on the conformism of manipulation in folktales, to current practice of manipulation in different social institutions, implication of manipulation, and how manipulation could be controlled. The researcher used the qualitative research method to collect and analyse data. To achieve the objectives of the study, data was collected from 28 folktale books that were purposefully selected for the purpose of providing information to answer the research questions. All data collected was analysed using ’Neuman’s (2000) Analytic Approach whereby the Method of Agreement and the Method of Difference was utilised. Data was categorised into different themes teased from the folktales for analysis. Based on the findings of the research, it is evident that manipulation prevails in Siswati folktales. Different characters are being manipulated in different settings using different strategies and tools. The powerful manipulate the less powerful, the intelligent manipulate the less gifted, and the rich manipulate the poor, while the knowledgeable manipulate the ignorant. The research findings relate very well with the current manipulative behaviour practiced by different social institutions and almost every individual and society is affected. Furthermore, the research reveals that manipulation can be curbed if current victims of manipulation decide to expose manipulative acts and join forces to fight the manipulator. In this case, it is recommended that different stakeholders from various departments join forces to fight manipulative tendencies that prevail in different institutions and society as a whole. The present study may revitalize the urge and the need to reconsider the study of folktales, since their themes remain the same. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (Languages, Linguistics and Literature)

數位行動浪潮襲捲全球，智慧型手機的普及讓行動行銷成為一股趨勢，如何善用行動媒體的特性來提高整合行銷傳播的綜效亦是近年來數位行銷領域相當關注的話題。APP是行動媒體中最能直接與消費者接觸的工具，而社群APP因為內容具備即時性、社群性等特徵，成為各大品牌搶奪消費者眼球的必爭之地。 　　在眾多社群APP中，Facebook的廣告服務已行之有年，後起之秀Instagram亦於2015年9月對台灣企業開放廣告功能，讓廣告主能以付費的方式觸及更多的使用者。此二平台的廣告運作機制非常相似，消費者都會先接收貼文廣告，再從貼文廣告連接到品牌帳號的主要頁面，兩個品牌訊息加總將有機會產生跨訊息綜效。不過，這兩個平台在內容表現形式上卻不盡相同，且Instagram強大的濾鏡功能能讓照片更具美感，進而影響使用者對品牌的解讀及反應，所呈現的綜效也可能有所不同。 　　因此本研究選定Facebook與Instagram為研究對象，以社群APP平台為自變項，廣告態度及品牌態度為依變項，來驗證跨訊息綜效是否產生，並比較此二平台在廣告資訊處理歷程及效果上的差異。本研究採用實驗法，招募100名政治大學非傳播學院之大學生及研究生進行實驗，所得結果如下： 一、 單一媒體的跨訊息綜效並不顯著，但不同媒體（Facebook與Instagram）的資訊處理歷程、態度形成及跨訊息效果卻不盡相同。 二、 與說服知識相比，美感反應才是影響操弄意圖推論高低的主要變項，接收Facebook廣告的消費者會因為較低美感反應產生較高操弄意圖推論，接收Instagram廣告的消費者則會因為美感反應較高而使操弄意圖推論較低。 三、 操弄意圖推論對訊息涉入度具顯著負向影響，操弄意圖愈高，訊息涉入度愈低，反之亦然。Facebook的操弄意圖推論較高，因此訊息涉入度較低，消費者較缺乏訊息處理動機，而Instagram的操弄意圖推論較低使得訊息涉入度較高，亦即消費者具備較高的訊息處理動機。