One of the major debates in Swedish politics today is violence in close relationships and against women and children. The debate has grown stronger since 2017 when Me Too revolutionized the world. This study is analyzed from a structural perspective, where Me Too is a social movement and whether it has influenced or somehow changed the criminal policy of Vänsterpartiet and Moderaterna. The focus will lay on sexual crimes. The study intends to analyze the parties' criminal policy with a focus on sexual crime issues between the years 2013 to 2020 to see if Me Too after 2017 has created change. For this study, selected motions have been taken from the parliament website and presented in an analysis. That material also accounts for the central parts of this study. As a theory for this thesis, the structure and actor model will apply. Here, Me Too stands as structure and the parties as actors. With the help of the model, the outcome of the policy should be studied over time. The structure and actors model is applied in the results in the analysis of the parties' motions. The study will seek answers to two questions. These two are, What are the similarities and differences between the criminal policy of Vänsterpartiet and Moderaterna when it comes to sexual crimes.  As a concluding discussion question, the study tries to develop whether the social movement Me Too has made any impact on the parties' criminal policy regarding sexual crimes. The conclusion of this study is that the parties differ as Vänsterpartiet is based on a feminist ideology and wants to see old norms and social structures in the form of patriarchy broken. Moderates including the debate as an integration problem. They both agree that Me Too has created change for women both in Sweden and worldwide and helped direct the spotlight on this societal problem. / <p>Utveckla de valda partiets ideologier och motivera den valda metoden. </p>

En 1857, Joseph d'Ortigue constatait que les maîtrises des cathédrales en France, en activité au cours de la première moitié du XIXe siècle, ne pourraient jamais prétendre au rôle qu'elles avaient rempli pendant des siècles avant leur fermeture en 1791. Malgré le soutien dans un premier temps des pouvoirs publics, la tentative de refondation souhaitée pour chaque cathédrale, s'est en effet soldée par un échec : l'Église catholique n'a pas réussi à redonner au culte l'éclat musical et cantoral qu'il revêtait avant la Révolution. À travers l'étude de la maîtrise du Mans de 1801 à 1860, « une des premières rétablies et une des plus florissantes », cette thèse analyse les principales causes de cet échec inévitable : l'incertitude des ressources financières, l'évolution des mentalités en matière de religion, la formation incomplète des nouvelles générations de musiciens d'Église, le changement des goûts musicaux. Dans les années 1830-40, la liturgie et sa musique sont l'objet de vives polémiques où s’affrontent les partisans d'une musique expressive et les militants d'une restauration du plain-chant. Le renouveau musical dans les cathédrales, et notamment au Mans, ne trouve finalement son accomplissement qu'après une réforme de la liturgie qui définit la musique la plus appropriée au culte. Avec le retour de la liturgie romaine et du chant grégorien, plus de cinquante ans d’efforts auront été nécessaires pour que les cérémonies religieuses gagnent en cohérence ce qu’elles ont perdu en éclat. / In 1857, Joseph d’Ortigue saw that the music schools attached to French cathedrals in the first half of the 19th century could never play the part they had had for centuries, until they were closed in 1791. Though they were at first officially aided, all the cathedrals failed when they tried to revive their musical activity : the catholic church did not succeed in giving back to their celebrations the brilliance of music and song that had been theirs before the Revolution. Studying the Le Mans music school from 1801 to 1860 – it was « one of the first to be re-estblished and one of the most flourishing » –, this thesis analyses the main causes of this inevitable failure: the uncertainty of financial resources, the evolution of habits of thought as regarded religion, the incomplete training of the new generation of church musicians, as well as the changes in musical tastes. In the years 1830-1840, the liturgy and its music are hotly argued about by those in favour of an expressive music and those advocating a restoration of plain chant. The musical revival in cathedrals – notably in Le Mans – was eventually achieved only after a reform of the liturgy defining which music is most suitable for divine worship. With the return of the Roman liturgy and Gregorian chant, over fifty years were necessary for religious ceremonies to gain in coherency what they had lost in brilliance.

This study is concerned with the biography of Atabeg Zangi and the conditions prevailing during his reign; it contains a survey of relevant sources and notes on modern works which render information reflecting the subject. It is in six chapters together with an appendix concerning his titles. The first of the chapters endeavours to portray the background to his life by a biographical survey of his childhood, training and youthful development, the changing circumstances of which finally produced the great and even ruthless Atabeg who ruled Mosul. In the second chapter his service to the Seliuqs in the East and West are discussed. The struggles for power between the Maliks and Zangi's involvement with them is its theme, together with the role played by the 'Abbasid Caliphate. Chapter three deals with Zangi's conflicts with the Latin States in the East. His wars against the Crusaders are discussed here as also are their dealings with the Atabegs of Damascus, followed by Zangi's endeavours to rule that city. An expedition led by the Byzantine Emperor, John II Comnenus, is described in chapter four. In this, his project for the capture of the Muslim towns In Syria is the chief topic as is also Zangi's reaction against the Byzantines. In chapter five, the Turcomans and Zangi's operations against them in Shahrazur, the Artuqids in Hisn Kayfa and Mardin and the Kurds in the north of Mosul are the main theme. The final and sixth chapter which deals with the revolt of Malik Farrukh-Shah, for whom Zangi acted as Atabeg, and the siege of Qal'at Ja'bar, ends with the murder of Zangi during this, his last operation.

Lesotho has been a source of migrant labour for many years, with men crossing the borders to work on South African mines. Men left their homes in pursuit of mine work, leaving behind their wives to look after the household. Women would receive remittances from their husbands, which they used to survive, and for the upkeep of the home while husbands were away. As Lesotho is an agricultural society, women were involved in farming for subsistence, with some women being able to sell their produce. Men were the breadwinners and women the housekeepers, according to prevailing gender norms. With the mine retrenchments that took place in the 1980s and 1990s, many men returned to Lesotho, with no job prospects due to the employment deficit in the country. Many women are no longer receiving remittances, and are now looking after their households with their husbands being at home, unemployed. This mini- dissertation delves into the livelihoods of these women whose life circumstances have changed now that their husbands have returned. It looks at the changed gender relations within the household as well as economic strategies of survival that women employ in these trying times, given their culturally determined positions in Basotho society. AFRIKAANS : Lesotho is al ‘n bron van migrasie arbeiders vir baie jare, met mans wat die grense kruis om op die Suid-Afrikaanse myne te gaan werk. Mans het hulle wonings verlaat met die vooruitsig op mynwerk, terwyl hulle eggenote agterbly om na die huishouding om te sien. Vrouens ontvang finansiële hulp van hulle mans, wat hulle gebruik het om te oorleef, en vir die instandhouding van die huis terwyl hulle mans weg was. Aangesien Lesotho ‘n landbou gemeenskap is, was vrouens betrokke in bestaansboerdery, met sommige vroue in staat om produkte te verkoop. Volgens die oorhoofs aanvaarde norm was mans die broodwinners en vrouens die huisopsitters. Hierdie mini-verhandeling kyk dieper na die veranderde lewensomstandighede van vrouens wie se mans teruggekeer het. Dit kyk na die veranderde geslagsverhoudinge binne die huishouding, asook die ekonomiese strategiee van oorlewing wat vrouens toepas in die moeilike omstandighede, veral in die lig van hul kulturele posisies in die Basotho samelewing. Copyright / Dissertation (MSocSci)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Sociology / unrestricted

Na die 1994-verkiesing in Suid-Afrika het die posisie van wit, Afrikaanse mans (WAM’s) binne die gender-orde verander. Die vervlegting van WAM’s se subjektiwiteit met ’n dominante ideologie is deur die nuwe regering ongedaan gemaak. Gevolglik het veranderde diskoerse van mag en maskuliniteit al hoe meer in Suid-Afrikaanse literatuur ter sprake gekom. Hierdie verhandeling kyk na hoe WAM’s se maskuliniteit in twee literêre tekste, Kontrei deur Kleinboer (2003) en Om na ’n wit plafon te staar deur Jaco Kirsten (2009), manifesteer. Hierdie twee tekste is aan ’n stiplees onderwerp en, gebaseer op sekere teorieë van maskuliniteit, is sekere merkers van maskuliniteit belig. Beide tekste het die lewe van ’n WAM in post-apartheid Suid-Afrika as onderwerp en in beide tekste manifesteer magsverlies, onsekerheid, psigologiese gefragmenteerdheid en vervreemding op verkillende wyses in die manlike subjektiwiteit. ’n Eklektiese benadering tot maskuliniteit word in hoofstuk twee gevolg deurdat verskeie teorieë oor maskuliniteit bestudeer is. Die teoretiese perspektiewe van Jacques Lacan, Michel Foucault en Judith Butler word bespreek, aangesien hulle idees aangaande maskuliniteit suksesvol en ekstensief deur ander akademici toegepas is op die analise van maskuliniteit en literatuur. Psigoanalise en maskuliniteit word bespreek met spesifieke verwysing na die simboliek van die Oedipus-kompleks en die Lacaniaanse leegte wat maskuliniteit onderlê. In samehang met psigoanalise word maskuliniteit belig deur die falliese aard van die tekste en karakters uit te wys. Foucault se teorie oor diskoerse wat mekaar onderhou en terselfdertyd ondermyn, word in die tekste belig en die fragmentering van die karakters se maskuliniteit word uitgewys. Butler se herhaaldelike “performances” van die manlike rol kom in beide tekste voor. Verder word maskuliniteit as ’n sosiale konstruksie teen die agtergrond van Marxisme en sosiologie beskou. Hoofstuk drie kyk na die konteks waarbinne WAM’s se maskuliniteit in Suid-Afrika afspeel. In hoofstuk vier en vyf word die manlike karakters in beide tekste bespreek deur na hegemoniese merkers van maskuliniteit te kyk. Die man as jagter, soldaat en boer, beoefenaar van geweld en hoë-risiko gedrag, sy gebrek aan emosionele intimiteit, sy optrede teenoor vrouens en swartes as “ander”, sy seksualiteit, patriargale en fratriargale verbintenisse en politiese ingesteldhede word as merkers van maskuliniteit bespreek. ENGLISH : After the 1994 elections in South Africa the position of white, Afrikaans men (WAM’s) changed within the gender order. The intertwinement of WAM’s subjectivity with a dominant ideology was undone by the new government. Consequently, changing discourses of power and masculinity became more present within South African literature. This dissertation looks at how WAM’s masculinity manifests in two literary texts, Kontrei by Kleinboer (2003) and Om na ’n wit plafon te staar by Jaco Kirsten (2009). These two texts were submitted to a close reading and, based on certain theories of masculinity, certain markers of masculinity were exposed. Both texts have the life of a WAM in post-apartheid South Africa as subject and in both texts the loss of power, uncertainty, psychological fragmentation and alienation manifest in different ways in the masculine subjectivity. An eclectic approach of masculinity is followed in chapter two as a variety of theories about masculinity were studied. The theoretical perspectives of Jacques Lacan, Michel Foucault and Judith Butler are discussed, as their ideas have been used successfully and extensively by academics to analyze masculinity an literature. Psycho-analysis and masculinity are discussed with specific reference to the symbolism of the Oedipus complex and the Lacanian emptiness that underlies masculinity. Interconnected with psycho-analysis the phallic nature of the text and characters are exposed. Foucault’s theory about discourses that support and undermine each other simultaneously is exposed in the texts and the fragmentation of the characters’ masculinities are shown. Butler’s repetitive “performances” of the male role appears in both texts. Furthermore, masculinity is seen as social construct against a Marxist and sociological background. Chapter three looks at the context in which masculinity unfolds for WAM’s in South Africa. In chapter four and five the male characters in both texts are discussed by looking at hegemonic markers of masculinity. The man as hunter, soldier and farmer, perpetrator of violence and high risk behaviour, his lack of emotional intimacy, his behaviour towards women and blacks as “other”, his sexuality, patriarchal and fraternal connections and political predispositions are discussed as markers of masculinity. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Afrikaans / unrestricted

Title:Laypeople'sdescription of real estate agents  Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degrees in Business Administration Author:Moa Englund and Kelly Ståhl  Supervisor:Jonas Kågström  Date:2019 – june   Aim: The purpose of the study is to examine the laypeople´s definition of real estate agent's personality types based on The Big Five.    Method:We chose to implement a mix method of a quantitative and qualitative study based on a deductive approach through surveys, primarily web-based. The results from these was then analyzed through the program Jamovi where we chose to conduct a descriptive analysis, correlation analysis and a factor analysis. We chose to do this type of analysis to get a clearer picture of how lay people comprehend real estate agents behaviors linked to The Big Five.     Result and conclusion: The result shows that the lay people’s definition of The Big Five dimensions for real estate agents partially consistent with the scientistdefinition, On the other hand, there are different views within certain characteristics. In addition, the result shows that the lay people tends to define the Big Five dimensions with the same adjective in several of the different dimensions. The study's results indicate that the lay people self-appreciated knowledge of the Big Five dimensions does not significantly affect their response.   Contribution of the thesis: The study contributes on a theoretical perspective to starch science within lay people's comprehension of The Big Five dimensions. The practical contribution the study adds is understand the lay people’s perception of real estate agents based on the Big Five dimensions.   Suggestions for future research: Continued research can be implemented in other sectors and thereby create an understanding of the chosen profession. Further research can be carried out where real estate agents may define themselves based on The Big Five. To let the laypeople describe real estate agents in other countries, where the real estate agent's tasks and working methods differ from the Swedish one, are further suggestions for continued research.   Keywords: “The Big Five”, laypeople, “laypeople behavior”, “personality behavior”, “personality traits” och “personality perceptions”

En France, au contraire de pays comme les États-Unis, la pratique de l'évaluation économique a priori des actions collectives de lutte contre les inondations est largement déficiente. Ce constat est inquiétant dans une perspective d'allocation optimale de ressources nécessairement limitées. Quand elle existe, cette évaluation n'intègre pas les préférences des populations affectées. Ce manque est à contre-courant des préconisations de la convention d'Aarhus signée par la France. Dans cette thèse, l'apport envisageable de l'évaluation contingente est explorée. Deux enquêtes ont été réalisées, sur deux terrains aux caractéristiques contrastées : sur le bassin versant de l'Yzeron (zone péri-urbaine sur un petit bassin versant aux crues rapides et aux enjeux humains forts) et au Mans (zone urbaine à la confluence de la Sarthe et de l'Huisne aux crues lentes et aux enjeux humains faibles). Inscrite dans une perspective d'évaluation a priori de différents niveaux de protection collective, la réalisation de ces enquêtes a nécessité l'élaboration d'un outil de communication permettant une description, accessible aux non-experts, des effets des scénarios contingents sur le degré d'exposition d'une collectivité aux inondations. L'analyse des enquêtes permet un certain nombre d'analyses critiques quant aux choix méthodologiques employés (impact du choix des taxes locales comme support de paiement sur le taux de refus par exemple). Elle permet également de dégager un comportement des individus interprété comme une acceptabilité du risque d'inondation au-delà d'un certain niveau de protection. Confirmée, cette conclusion aurait un impact direct sur la nécessité de pratiquer enfin une évaluation économique a priori des actions collectives de lutte contre les inondations, intégrant de surcroît explicitement les préférences des populations affectées.

Mgr François-Gaspard de Jouffroy-Gonsans appartient au corps épiscopal français engagé dans cette époque de transition que constitue la seconde moitié du XVIIIème siècle. Cette thèse vise à appréhender l’individualité de ce prélat à partir de sa pratique épiscopale, mais aussi sous l’angle de son engagement social, politique et religieux, et de sa personnalité tantôt vantée, tantôt décriée. Le parcours ecclésiastique atypique de ce cadet de noblesse provinciale est retracé en étudiant les réseaux qui ont porté sa carrière. Nommé en 1774 sur le siège de Gap puis transféré sur le siège plus prestigieux du Mans dès 1778, Mgr de Jouffroy-Gonsans apparaît comme un laboureur et un administrateur de diocèse. Soucieux de l’amélioration de la pratique des fidèles et de la réforme du clergé dont il a la charge, il demeure très attaché à l’unité décisionnelle et gallicane du corps épiscopal français. Son action diocésaine se révèle être le fruit d’une adaptation de l’ecclésiologie tridentine aux idées des Lumières. Elu aux Etats généraux de 1789, et député siégeant à la droite de l’Assemblée constituante, il s’engage dans une première contre-révolution se limitant au domaine religieux. En exil à partir de 1792, il poursuit son administration diocésaine et organise un système missionnaire permettant de poursuivre une réforme du clergé et de maintenir dans le Maine le culte catholique durant la période révolutionnaire. / François-Gaspard de Jouffroy-Gonsans belongs to the French episcopal body involved in the second half of the eighteenth century, a time of transition. The objective of this thesis is to understand the individuality of this prelate from the angle of his Episcopal practice, but also of his social, political and religious commitment, and the way his personality was sometimes praised, sometimes criticized. The atypical ecclesiastical career of this young provincial nobleman is traced when studying the networks which supported his career. After being appointed in 1774 to the seat of Gap and then transferred to the more prestigious seat of Le Mans in 1778, Bishop Jouffroy-Gonsans appears as a farmer and a director of the diocese. As he is anxious to improve the practice of the faithful and the reformation of the clergy which he is responsible of, he is still very attached to the intelligence unit and Gallican French episcopate. His diocesan action proves to be the result of an adaptation of the Tridentine ecclesiology ideas of the Enlightenment. After being elected to the General Estates in 1789, and as a deputy member sitting on the right-side of the Constituent Assembly, he gets involved in a first counter-revolution against the religious field. Exiled in 1792, he carries on his mission in the diocesan administration and organizes a missionary system to keep on reforming the clergy and maintaining Catholic worship in Maine during the revolutionary period.

Le recensement des tableaux du XVIIe siècle conservés dans les églises sarthoises a permis de constater une forte activité des peintres manceaux à cette époque, jusque là encore très mal connue. Pourtant, elle a contribué à l’élaboration d’une manière propre aux milieux artistiques manceaux d’alors qui ont su prolonger loin dans le siècle la séduction du maniérisme, sans pour autant raidir celui-ci. La prédominance, puis la persistance du maniérisme s’expliquent par l’immense diffusion de la gravure anversoise à la charnière des XVIe et XVIIe siècles. Plus tard, l’autorité des maîtres parisiens, italiens et flamands reposa sur la reproduction de leurs oeuvres par l’intermédiaire des estampes. Éloignée des grands foyers artistiques, la peinture mancelle était en général conservatrice et répétitive, cherchant tout d’abord à vivement frapper le fidèle. Les tableaux religieux de l’époque post tridentine étaient surtout des oeuvres fonctionnelles, limitées à l’interprétation stricte des scènes, et pour lesquels pouvaient suffire des talents médiocres, et où le recours à la copie était très courant. Cette thèse permet de constater que le milieu des peintres manceaux, tout en gardant ses particularités provinciales, fût dynamique, ouvert aux apports nouveaux et riche en personnalités intéressantes. Leurs oeuvres ont constitué une sorte de tournant dans la production régionale dont l’évolution a suivi les mêmes directions que les grands courants parisiens, quoique avec un écart inévitable. Sont d’abord étudiés la Commande, les Peintres, la Création, les OEuvres et l’Évolution de la peinture mancelle (I). Vient ensuite le Dictionnaire des peintres manceaux (II), et enfin le Catalogue des oeuvres (III). / The inventory of 17th-century paintings in churches in the département of Sarthe reveals that painters in Le Mans, hitherto little known, were prolific at that time. This hive of activity gave rise to an artistic scene in the province of Maine, in and around the city of Le Mans, which prolonged the style of mannerism well into the century, until it was replaced by the authority of Parisian, Italian and Flemish masters. A far cry from main artistic centres, Maine painting was generally conservative and repetitive. Above all, it sought to strike religious believers. Religious works by Maine painters during the post-Tridentine era were functional works, content to merely portray a scene. They required little or no talent and copying was very widespread. This thesis shows that the painting scene in and around Le Mans, although doggedly provincial, was dynamic, open to new contributions and full of interesting characters. Their work marked a turning point in regional production and its evolution followed the same trends as the major Parisian currents, albeit with an evitable delay. We shall examine commissioning, the artists, creation, works and the evolution of painting in Le Mans (I). This will be followed by the dictionary of Maine painters (II) and the catalogue of works (III).