Les substances pharmaceutiques et les produits de soin utilisés pour la protection de la santé humaine sont retrouvés dans tous les compartiments du milieu aquatique. Certaines de ces substances présentent des caractéristiques physico-chimiques ou pharmacologiques suggérant une capacité à se bioaccumuler comme les filtres UV EHMC et OC aux log Kow supérieurs à 5 ou les benzodiazépines diazépam et tétrazépam aux log de Kow de 2,82 et 3,20. L'objectif de ce travail de thèse a été d'évaluer la contamination des moules par 3 filtres UV et de 2 benzodiazépines. Pour cela, une méthode analytique a été mise au point et validée pour le dosage de ces substances dans les moules. Le dosage de l'EHMC et de l'OC a montré qu'en milieu côtier la contamination des moules in situ provient majoritairement des activités récréatives en période estivale et que cette contamination est augmentée dans des zones semi-fermées. Des expérimentations de bioaccumulation sur ces deux substances ont montré que les moules ne bioaccumulent pas ces filtres UV ; elles reflètent les niveaux de contamination en temps réel. Les niveaux de benzodiazépines dans les moules ne sont pas détectables en milieu côtier. Des expérimentations en conditions contrôlées ont montré que les moules absorbent les benzodiazépines. Cependant, elles les éliminent et probablement les métabolisent. L'utilisation de moules pour l'étude de la contamination par des substances émergentes permet l'identification de zones ou de périodes à risque élevé. / Pharmaceutical and personal care products used for human health protection are detected in all aquatic ecosystems. Among them, some compounds have physico-chemical or pharmacological properties that suggest a bioaccumulation capability. It’s the case of the UV filters, EHMC and OC, with log Kow higher than 5 or pharmaceuticals like diazepam and tetrazepam, with log Kow higher than 2.82. The aim of these Phd works was to assess marine mussels contamination for UV filters and benzodiazepines. So, a new analytical method was developed and validated for the determination of these compounds in mussels. EHMC and OC analysis realized in mussels sampled in French coastal waters showed that mainly contamination came from recreational activities in summer season, and that semi-closed areas were more contaminated. Moreover, laboratory experiments showed that mussels had clearly not bioaccumulate these 2 UV filters. Contamination levels in mussels are controlled by water concentrations. Conversely, benzodiazepines were not detected in coastal mussels. However, laboratory experiments showed an accumulation of benzodiazepines in mussels, suggesting elimination and metabolization means. Mussels are nevertheless usefull bioindicators of marine contamination by emerging compounds, allowing to characterize higher risk areas or periods.

Le devenir des radionucléides naturels et anthropogéniques dans l’environnement demeure une préoccupation majeure des sociétés modernes nucléarisées. Parmi les compartiments environnementaux possiblement impactés, l’hydrosphère est ubiquitaire et peut transporter des composés ou éléments sur de très longues distances. L’évènement récent de Fukushima a démontré que le milieu marin pouvait être également directement impacté ce qui amène à des questionnements tant scientifiques que sociétaux. De nombreuses études ont déjà montré que les radionucléides présents dans l’eau de mer peuvent être fortement accumulés par les organismes marins mais pour autant leur spéciation est inconnue. Or cette connaissance est essentielle afin de maîtriser les mécanismes de transfert entre l’hydrosphère et la biosphère et d'évaluer in fine l’impact global sur l’Homme. Dans ce travail, nous avons choisi de déterminer expérimentalement la spéciation de trois actinides dans l’eau de mer dopée : l’uranium(VI), le neptunium(V) et l’américium(III) (via l’analogue europium(III)) en couplant des calculs de spéciation avec les outils spectroscopiques dont la Spectroscopie Laser Résolue en Temps (SLRT) et la Spectroscopie d'Absorption des Rayons X (EXAFS). Puis nous avons étudié les processus d’accumulation sur l’éponge A. cavernicola, choisi ici car considérée comme un biomoniteur de pollution pour les métaux lourds. L’accumulation de l’europium(III), de l’américium(III) et de l’uranium(VI) dans A. cavernicola a donc été investiguée à l'échelle de traces et ultra traces. Pour l'europium, les techniques d'imagerie X et électronique ont permis de localiser l'élément accumulé et d'en préciser la spéciation. / The fate of natural and anthropogenic radionuclides in the environment remains a major concern in our modern nuclearized societies. Among the environmental compartments, the hydrosphere is ubiquitous and can transport compounds or elements over very long distances. The recent event of Fukushima demonstrated that the marine environment could be directly affected and this raises both scientific and societal questions. Moreover, some studies have already shown that radionuclides present in seawater can be strongly accumulated by marine organisms although their speciation is most of the time unknown. Yet this knowledge is essential to better understand the transfer mechanisms from the hydrosphere to the biosphere and to evaluate their global impact on humans. In this work, we chose to experimentally determine the speciation of three actinides in doped seawater: uranium(VI), neptunium(V) and americium(III) (and the chemical surrogate europium(III)) by coupling speciation modeling with spectroscopic tools among which Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Fluorescence (TRLIF) and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS). Then, we have studied the accumulation process in the sponge A. cavernicola, chosen here because it is considered as a biomonitor of heavy metal pollution. The accumulation of europium(III), americium(III) and uranium(VI) in A. cavernicola were investigated at trace and ultra-trace levels. Besides, for europium, X-ray and electronic imaging permit to localize the accumulated element in the sponge and to specify its speciation.

Some of the world’s most ancient, but still viable, organisms have since the beginning of maritime caused problems for the industry. The problems affect both the longlivety and efficiency of ships which is caused by the mere presence of organisms attached to the ship hulls. The organisms, called biofoulers, causes problems with longlivety related to moisture and crevice corrosion which break down the hull material. The problem regarding efficiency of the ship is related to the added hydrodynamical resistance that the biofoulers cause. To limit fouling in the marine industry, paint poisonous to the biofoulers is applied to prohibit growth. Until recent the paint seemed to be a long-term solution but severe damage to the sea life has been traced to the use of antifouling paint. This master thesis aims on exploring one putative solution to the problems related to biofouling. In a maritime perspective, advanced stainless steels are modern materials with use limited to fittings and certain high strength parts. However, in 2014 a small ship constructed completely in super duplex stainless steel 2507 was launched. Immediately the longlivety of the ship increased by several times. The approach was that no antifouling paint was necessary, but biofoulers will grow on the now non-poisonous surface. Surprisingly, in some areas of the ship the biofoulers adhered seemed to detach when driving the ship in certain speeds. This lead to the initiative to examine this mechanism further in the form of this master thesis. The master thesis was held at Sandvik Materials TechnologyAB. The main hypothesis was that adhesion of biofoulers will decrease with decreasing surface roughness. Few studies on the subject stainless steel, biofouling and surface roughness have been performed. Even fewer studies on stainless steel with metallic surface coatings and biofoulers have been performed why another hypothesis was driven: There are surface coatings which will affect growth and adhesion of biofoulers. 22 different stainless steel 2507, 3207 and 316L surface setups were produced by either polishing, coating, bending or magnetizing. Plates were analysed before being immersed in natural seawater in Brest, France for 70 days. After 70 days, the plates were taken up and two major tests were performed at site; fouling amount rank analysis and barnacle adhesion strength measurements. SEM and GDOES were used in the post-experment analysis. No sign of corrosion on the plates were found. The data was processed and results were obtained: Maximum corrosion potential, surface roughness, barnacle adhesion strength and biofouling has quite strong or strong correlations. The lowest barnacle mean adhesion strength was measured to 0.02 MPa. In practical, based on experimental formulated formulas, the low adhesion barnacles would detach in a water flow of 11 m/s.

Cette recherche aborde la question du rôle de médiateurs que nous attribuons aux choses dans notre dialogue avec le passé. Elle vise à retracer, en fonction des idéologies propres à chaque époque, l’évolution du statut des objets “repris” à la mer par les habitants des côtes. Si les images sous-Marines font partie de notre quotidien, il n’y a pas si longtemps, l’océan était un domaine insondable, auquel on ne se mesurait pas sans crainte. De ce fait, la récupération de la “laisse de mer”, qui paraît pourtant être une composante essentielle des échanges entre les hommes et le milieu océanique, génère un certain malaise car elle relève d’une “économie de la prise” étrangère à l’idéal qui structure l’univers domestique. Le trouble est encore renforcé par une « culture macabre » prégnante dans la région (que les naufrages contribuent à alimenter). Mais le rapport tend pourtant maintenant à s'inverser et ce serait l’homme qui représenterait une menace pour l’océan. La création d’une Aire marine protégée participe d’un système global d’organisation des rapports à l’espace et au temps, dans lequel la patrimonialisation des épaves s’insère parfaitement. L’enquête révèle que l’inscription de la mémoire dans l’espace public se répercute dans la sphère privée, via la mise en scène de leur mémoire personnelle par les individus. À mi chemin entre “trophées” et “reliques”, les souvenirs collectés en plongée reflètent l’influence de mécanismes d’identification au groupe, aux lieux, à leur histoire, plus ou moins conscients. Sans nier l’ambiguïté de ces formes multiples d’intervention sur le passé, la recherche entend insister sur les ressorts affectifs des comportements observés. / This research investigates the tendency we have to use things as mediators in our dealing with the past. It aims at drawing the evolution of the status of the things taken back from the sea by inhabitants of coastal areas. Underwater pictures may have become part of our daily life, but not long ago the ocean was still considered as the realm of the unknown, a reality that people didn’t challenge fearlessly. To pick up what stand as foreshore, which seemed nevertheless to play a fundamental part in the interactions between human societies and the ocean, induces a certain unease, for this practise depends on an “economy of salvage” which is at odds with domestic life. This trouble is strenghten by a “culture macabre” which pervades the atmosphere in traditional Brittany (partly fostered by castaways). Still, nowadays the balance seems to be likely to reverse, and it is man who appears as being a threat hanging over the Ocean. The creation of a rotected Marine Area in western Finistere is part of a global system aimed at managing time and space, including patrimonialization of shipwrecks. The inquiry shows that the engraving of memory in public areas echoes with the exhibition of individual memory in privacy. Between “trophies” and “relics”, the souvenirs salvaged by divers reveal the strenght of mechanisms of identification to the group, to places and to their history. These mechanisms are not always conscious. We shall not deny the ambiguity of such process of reinventing the past but this study intends to highlight the emotional affects observed on the ground.

Les ouvrages en béton situés dans un milieu marin ou fluvial peuvent être soumis à plusieurs types de dégradation. Pour réparer ces ouvrages, il existe plusieurs techniques, mais la majorité des interventions doit être réalisée sur un ouvrage préalablement asséché, ce qui n’est pas toujours possible. Il existe d’autres techniques mais celles-ci sont onéreuses.Les matériaux composites sont de plus en plus utilisés pour les travaux de réparation mais très peu de travaux ont été réalisés pour une application en ambiance fortement humide. L’objectif principal de la thèse est de mettre au point une technique de réparation par collage des matériaux composites dans un milieu marin et fluvial. Deux campagnes expérimentales ont été menées, la première consiste à mettre en œuvre des matériaux composites sur deux quais en béton armé situés en milieu marin et fluvial. Les composites (tissus et lamelles) ont été appliqués sur 2 zones différentes : zone non immergée et zone de marnage.Suite à la faisabilité de la mise en œuvre, des essais d’arrachement ont été effectués pour évaluer l’efficacité et la durabilité du collage. L’étude a montré que les matériaux composites peuvent être utilisés dans un environnement agressif malgré la diminution de leurs résistances liée à ces milieux. La deuxième campagne a consisté à étudier la résistance des poutres renforcées face à un environnement agressif. 9 poutres en béton armé renforcées ou pas ont été mises en place le long d’un quai situé en milieu marin dans la zone de marnage pendant 12 mois. Elles sont ensuite testées en flexion 4 points. Les résultats ont été comparés à 9 autres poutres stockées en laboratoire. Ces essais ont montré que le renforcement au moyen de lamelles et de joncs composites augmentaient la charge à la rupture pour les deux séries de poutres. De plus, la charge à la rupture est plus importante pour les poutres renforcées avec les joncs. L‘effet du vieillissement accéléré sur les propriétés physico-chimiques des composites situés en milieu marin a également été étudié. / Concrete structures in a marine or river environment can be subjected to many types of deterioration. Several techniques can be used in order to repair these structures, but the majority of the interventions need to be carried out on structures under dry conditions; which may not always be possible. There are other techniques, but they are expensive. Composite materials have been increasingly used for structural repair, but little work has been done for an application in a highly humid environment. The main objective of this thesis is to develop a FRP (Fibre reinforced polymer) application technique in marine and river environments. Two experimental campaigns were carried out; the first one consisted in applying FRP on two concrete quay walls in the marine and river environments. The FRP sheets and laminates were applied in 2 different zones: atmospheric and tidal zones. Following the feasibility of the application, pull-off tests were conducted in order to assess the effectiveness and durability of the repair. The results showed that the composite materials can be used in an aggressive environment despite the strength reduction when exposed to this environment.The second experimental campaign was to study the strength of reinforced beams in an aggressive environment. 9 reinforced concrete beams strengthened with FRP or not, had been put along a quay wall in a tidal zone within 12 months. They were then tested in a 4-point bending configuration and results were compared with the other 9 beams stocked at the laboratory. An increase in ultimate strength was observed for beams strengthened with FRP laminates and FRP rods for both series. In addition, the ultimate strength is higher for beams reinforced with FRP rods. The effect of accelerated ageing on the physico-chemical properties of composites in the marine environment was also investigated.

Bränder ombord på fartyg till sjöss är en mycket allvarlig händelse då besättningen ombord måste förlita sig på sin egen kompentens och den begränsade tillgängliga utrustningen när branden skall bekämpas. Bränderna kan snabbt gå överstyr då det finns stora mängder bränsle och i många fall är även lasten brännbar. Detta arbete har som syfte att belysa de platser ombord som det är vanligast att bränder startar på för att öka medvetenheten hos besättningen så att brand kan undvikas eller bekämpas effektivare. Resultatet nåddes genom att sammanställa haverirapporter från nordeuropeiska länder med fartyg längre än 100m. Slutsatsen som drogs var att det utrymmet som är mest drabbat av bränder är maskinutrymmet. De vanligaste orsakerna till brand är läckage av brännbara vätskor och elektriskt fel. / Fires onboard a seagoing vessel is a very serious accident since you can not rely on shorebased firefighers. The only resource available is the crew and their ability to tackle the situation. Fires can quickly get uncontrollable since there is large amounts of fueloil and even the cargo might be flammable. The purpose with this thesis is to highlight those places onboard that have the greatest risk of fire. So that the crew can either awoid fire or be better prepared if a fire starts. The result is based upon data taken from incidentreports from Northern European countries and vessels with length greater than 100m. The conclusion that was made is that the engineroom area was the most common place for fires. The most common reasons for the fire to start was a leakage of flammable liquid  or electrical failiures.

Crashback operation of a propeller is a common emergency slowing maneuver for ships and submarines. The reversing of the propeller while the vessel is moving forward results in large loads on the propeller blades and highly detached flow, which presents both practical concerns and fundamental fluid physics inquiries. This thesis contains a comprehensive numerical analysis of two propellers in crashback operation. Available numerical and experimental data for David Taylor Model Basin (DTMB) 4381 propeller are used for validation of the computational fluid dynamics solver used, REX. A second propeller, Maritime Research Institute Netherlands (MARIN) 7371R is used to classify the common crashback flow behavior into regimes. Four regimes were identified, each existing for a range of operating conditions. The most prominent and deciding feature of the flow regimes is the presence of a ring vortex, resulting from the opposing action of the free-stream flow and the propeller induced flow. The position, shape and strength changes between regimes, dominating the dynamics of the flow by altering the induced flow into the propeller disk. Flow conditions resulting from regime transitions are described. Changes in the ring vortex structure lead to two stable flow conditions of interest. One condition produces a reduction of thrust despite the increase in flow speed into the propeller and negligible side-forces. The other condition creates large side-forces capable of rotating a vessel, resulting from an asymmetry forming in the ring vortex. Additionally, massive flow separation occurs at high free-stream speeds that cause extreme blade loading. An extensive description of each flow regime is provided, with further investigation and discussion of the flow regimes that present more practical concerns and novel characteristics of the crashback flow.

Initiée par la pratique artistique de l’auteur, cette thèse a pour premier objectif de saisir les qualités plastiques et esthétiques de l’aquarium, tant sous sa forme domestique et individuelle qu’à l’échelle des scénographies d’établissements publics. Le second est de déterminer ses rapports avec le monde subaquatique naturel, et son influence potentielle sur notre manière de percevoir ce milieu si particulier. Directement hérité du XIXe siècle, et pour ainsi dire ignoré de la recherche en dehors de l’aquariophilie, ce dispositif d’exposition se distingue par son ambiguïté. Il oscille constamment entre science, décoration et spectacle tout en prenant une infinité de formes, chacune engageant le spectateur de manière différente. Puisant des exemples dans les champs de l’art contemporain, de l’histoire de l’art, de la littérature comme des sciences naturelles, et impliquant constamment le travail plastique de l’auteur, la thèse s’organise en trois parties. À l’issue d’une approche historique, l’aquarium est d’abord défini comme dispositif écranique tenant à la fois du tableau et de la scène de théâtre avant d’apparaître dans un deuxième temps, au vu des éléments qui le composent, comme un jardin miniature. Loin de reproduire avec fidélité un site naturel donné, l’aquarium relève du domaine de l’art et de la création, héritant du maniérisme de la Renaissance, du courant pittoresque du XVIIIe siècle comme des jardins d’Extrême-Orient. Sans évolution marquante depuis son invention, le paysage dans l’aquarium apparaît enfin dans sa dimension nostalgique, grottes, ruines et autres fabriques renvoyant autant aux apocalypses légendaires qu’aux risques écologiques actuels. / Initiated with the author’s own artistic work, the first purpose of this thesis is to point out the plastic and aesthetic properties of the aquarium, in its household and unique form as much as in the scale of the scenographies used by the public aquariums. The second objective is to determine its connections with the natural state of the subaquatic world, and its influence over our way of perceiving this unique environment. Directly inherited from the XIXth century, and essentially ignored by the academic world, this exhibition device is characterized by its ambiguity. It constantly fluctuates between science, decoration and entertainment, while taking an infinite variety of forms, each one involving the spectator in a different way. Using examples in the fields of art, art history, literature, and natural sciences, but constantly linked to the author’s artistic work, this thesis is organized in three parts. After a brief historical approach of the aquarium, it is first defined as a display, a screen generating pictures, based on the model of the painting and the theater stage, and it appears then, considering its components, to be a miniature garden. Far from an accurate reproduction of a natural site, the aquarium falls under the field of art and creation, perpetuating the Mannerism of the Cinquecento, the theory of the picturesque developed in the XVIIIth century, or Chinese and Japanese traditional gardens. Without any major change since its invention, the land- or aquascape inside the aquarium finally projects a nostalgic piece of scenery - the ruins, grottoes and other follies referring to both legendary apocalypses and the current ecological peril.

The submarine has historically proven itself to be able to greatly contribute to the achievement of national strategic goals and ambitions. Multiple nations are therefore developing and procuring submarines to increase their own strategic effect on the global arena. What is absent in discussions regarding submarines are possible contributions as a diplomatic tool. This study aims to analyze the possibility of understanding the submarine as a diplomatic tool in a context of development. Thus the study is based on theories of naval diplomacy which through the use of four strategic values, formulated and defined by the theories, explains national use of naval forces for diplomatic purposes. By analysis of documents explaining the development of submarines in two nations, Sweden and the USA, with differing global and strategic ambitions a width regarding empirical data is ensured which in turn contributes to a wider understanding of the submarine. The outcome of the analysis shows that the submarine indeed can be understood and seen as a tool of diplomatic value. However the result is ambiguous since the strategic value of symbolism does not present itself as a factor in the depiction of the submarine in Swedish documents and thus prevents the total understanding of the submarine as a diplomatic tool.

The use of special forces has increased rapidly due to terrorist threats, hybrid and irregular warfare. This has also resulted in an increased need for special and conventional forces to cooperate. Pirate attacks outside the horn of Africa and the bombing of USS Cole demonstrate how these asymmetrical threats also have an impact on the naval arena. The aim of this thesis is to understand how the six principles in McRaven’s special forces theory can explain the outcome of the rescue operation during the Maersk Alabama Hijacking in 2009, where DEVGRU (United States Navy Special Warfare Development Group) and conventional naval forces cooperated and managed to successfully liberate Captain Richard Philips. These findings will contribute to assess the critical prerequisites of success for special forces operations in the modern naval environment and evaluate if these operations can be explained by existing special forces theories. The result of this study shows that McRavens theory can explain the outcome of the rescue of Philips, were the principles of surprise, simplicity and security had large significance. The rescue operation also shows that cooperation between DEVGRU and the US navy vessels were essential for the operational success.