O discurso oficial sustenta que o modelo de desenvolvimento brasileiro da última década baseia-se no binômio investimento em infraestrutura e expansão do mercado de massa (DWECK, CHAVES e CHERNAVSKY, 2013). Por sua vez, a ampliação do mercado consumidor no país ocorreu a partir da incorporação de novos consumidores, base do processo difundido como o surgimento de uma suposta nova classe média. Essa chamada classe é, na realidade, um estrato de renda, definido a partir de limites financeiros superiores e inferiores estabelecidos arbitrariamente para criar uma imagem positiva do país, um movimento típico da ciência da ocultação, aquela que tenta encobrir os problemas históricos do subdesenvolvimento. Ao logo deste ensaio, demonstro as inconsistências na lógica interna que sustenta o conceito de nova classe média, rejeitando sua organização. Em seu lugar, proponho outro olhar teórico para o fenômeno, baseado nas categorias dialética do consumo, a partir de Álvaro Vieira Pinto (2008), e superexploração do trabalho, parte da Teoria Marxista da Dependência (TMD), conforme postulada por Ruy Mauro Marini (1991a). Esse procedimento permite analisar o aumento do consumo em sua articulação com as classes sociais, o trabalho e a produção, relações inseridas nas contradições do capitalismo dependente. Portanto, nesta Tese defendo o argumento de que a estratégia de expansão mercado de massa oculta, através do conceito de nova classe média, as contradições do capitalismo dependente e renova a superexploração do trabalho no consumo de não-consumidores. / Official discourse sustatins that the brazilian development model in the last decade is based on the binomial: investments in infrastructure and mass-market expansion. My point of departure in this Thesis is the growth of the consumer market originated in the incorporation of new consumers, the base of the process known as the emergence of the Brazilian new middle class. This so called class is, in fact, an income stratum, defined by superior and inferior financial limits arbitrarily established to create a positive image of the country, a typical movement of the occultation science, one that tries to uncover underdevelopment historical problems. Throughout this research, I demonstrate the inconsistencies in the internal logic that sustains the concept of new middle class, rejecting it. Instead, I propose another theoretical approach, based on the categories dialectics of consumption, by Álvaro Vieira Pinto (2008), and overexploitation of labor, by Ruy Mauro Marini (1991a). This procedure allows analyzing the increase in consumption in its articulation to the categories of social classes, labor and production, relations merged in the contradictions of the dependent capitalism. Eventually, I defend the following argument in this Thesis: the strategy that organizes the expansion of mass-market hides, behind the new middle class concept, the contradictions of the dependent capitalism and renews the non-consumers overexploitation of labor.

This dissertation is a politically conscious, comparative-historical formal analysis of long takes at the intersection of art and mass-market cinemas in the post-WWII era. Given the contemporary fascination with long takes in the critical discourse of film along with its fairly rampant employment in contemporary mainstream cinema, the discipline has lacked scholarship carefully examining formal techniques as such while remaining alert to the non-reductive possibilities for their political significance. Enlisting and building on the analytical approach of a cinematic poetics, the project outlines numerous contingencies in the practice of very long takes and their function in producing meaning before attending to the technique at the levels of cinematography, editing, and mise-en-scène in separate chapters. Objects of analysis are roughly divided in each chapter between progenitors of contemporary long-take practice—Italian neorealist films, Rope (1948), the 1960s and 1980s films of Jean-Luc Godard, and Jeanne Dielman (1975)—and more recent examples—Timecode (2000), Children of Men (2006), Birdman (2014), A Girl Walks Home Alone At Night (2014), and Too Late (2015). The dissertation invests in the inseparability of form and content, as well as the political stakes of long take practice at both levels by parsing out the historical, technological, cultural, and diegetic contexts of long takes. In so doing, the approach exemplifies previously unrecognized possibilities for employing a historical poetics in a manner acknowledging a formal technique’s commitments to and participation in social power dynamics. These dynamics are legible within a film, in its production, and in its participation in the historical tradition of authorship as constructed in European art cinema.

O discurso oficial sustenta que o modelo de desenvolvimento brasileiro da última década baseia-se no binômio investimento em infraestrutura e expansão do mercado de massa (DWECK, CHAVES e CHERNAVSKY, 2013). Por sua vez, a ampliação do mercado consumidor no país ocorreu a partir da incorporação de novos consumidores, base do processo difundido como o surgimento de uma suposta nova classe média. Essa chamada classe é, na realidade, um estrato de renda, definido a partir de limites financeiros superiores e inferiores estabelecidos arbitrariamente para criar uma imagem positiva do país, um movimento típico da ciência da ocultação, aquela que tenta encobrir os problemas históricos do subdesenvolvimento. Ao logo deste ensaio, demonstro as inconsistências na lógica interna que sustenta o conceito de nova classe média, rejeitando sua organização. Em seu lugar, proponho outro olhar teórico para o fenômeno, baseado nas categorias dialética do consumo, a partir de Álvaro Vieira Pinto (2008), e superexploração do trabalho, parte da Teoria Marxista da Dependência (TMD), conforme postulada por Ruy Mauro Marini (1991a). Esse procedimento permite analisar o aumento do consumo em sua articulação com as classes sociais, o trabalho e a produção, relações inseridas nas contradições do capitalismo dependente. Portanto, nesta Tese defendo o argumento de que a estratégia de expansão mercado de massa oculta, através do conceito de nova classe média, as contradições do capitalismo dependente e renova a superexploração do trabalho no consumo de não-consumidores. / Official discourse sustatins that the brazilian development model in the last decade is based on the binomial: investments in infrastructure and mass-market expansion. My point of departure in this Thesis is the growth of the consumer market originated in the incorporation of new consumers, the base of the process known as the emergence of the Brazilian new middle class. This so called class is, in fact, an income stratum, defined by superior and inferior financial limits arbitrarily established to create a positive image of the country, a typical movement of the occultation science, one that tries to uncover underdevelopment historical problems. Throughout this research, I demonstrate the inconsistencies in the internal logic that sustains the concept of new middle class, rejecting it. Instead, I propose another theoretical approach, based on the categories dialectics of consumption, by Álvaro Vieira Pinto (2008), and overexploitation of labor, by Ruy Mauro Marini (1991a). This procedure allows analyzing the increase in consumption in its articulation to the categories of social classes, labor and production, relations merged in the contradictions of the dependent capitalism. Eventually, I defend the following argument in this Thesis: the strategy that organizes the expansion of mass-market hides, behind the new middle class concept, the contradictions of the dependent capitalism and renews the non-consumers overexploitation of labor.

O discurso oficial sustenta que o modelo de desenvolvimento brasileiro da última década baseia-se no binômio investimento em infraestrutura e expansão do mercado de massa (DWECK, CHAVES e CHERNAVSKY, 2013). Por sua vez, a ampliação do mercado consumidor no país ocorreu a partir da incorporação de novos consumidores, base do processo difundido como o surgimento de uma suposta nova classe média. Essa chamada classe é, na realidade, um estrato de renda, definido a partir de limites financeiros superiores e inferiores estabelecidos arbitrariamente para criar uma imagem positiva do país, um movimento típico da ciência da ocultação, aquela que tenta encobrir os problemas históricos do subdesenvolvimento. Ao logo deste ensaio, demonstro as inconsistências na lógica interna que sustenta o conceito de nova classe média, rejeitando sua organização. Em seu lugar, proponho outro olhar teórico para o fenômeno, baseado nas categorias dialética do consumo, a partir de Álvaro Vieira Pinto (2008), e superexploração do trabalho, parte da Teoria Marxista da Dependência (TMD), conforme postulada por Ruy Mauro Marini (1991a). Esse procedimento permite analisar o aumento do consumo em sua articulação com as classes sociais, o trabalho e a produção, relações inseridas nas contradições do capitalismo dependente. Portanto, nesta Tese defendo o argumento de que a estratégia de expansão mercado de massa oculta, através do conceito de nova classe média, as contradições do capitalismo dependente e renova a superexploração do trabalho no consumo de não-consumidores. / Official discourse sustatins that the brazilian development model in the last decade is based on the binomial: investments in infrastructure and mass-market expansion. My point of departure in this Thesis is the growth of the consumer market originated in the incorporation of new consumers, the base of the process known as the emergence of the Brazilian new middle class. This so called class is, in fact, an income stratum, defined by superior and inferior financial limits arbitrarily established to create a positive image of the country, a typical movement of the occultation science, one that tries to uncover underdevelopment historical problems. Throughout this research, I demonstrate the inconsistencies in the internal logic that sustains the concept of new middle class, rejecting it. Instead, I propose another theoretical approach, based on the categories dialectics of consumption, by Álvaro Vieira Pinto (2008), and overexploitation of labor, by Ruy Mauro Marini (1991a). This procedure allows analyzing the increase in consumption in its articulation to the categories of social classes, labor and production, relations merged in the contradictions of the dependent capitalism. Eventually, I defend the following argument in this Thesis: the strategy that organizes the expansion of mass-market hides, behind the new middle class concept, the contradictions of the dependent capitalism and renews the non-consumers overexploitation of labor.

La logistique de la Grande Distribution s'appuie sur une organisation multi-acteurs dont les principes de flexibilité et d'adaptabilité au moindre coût sont les leviers d'une performance fondée sur la substituabilité des Prestataires de Services Logistiques (PSL). Cette organisation entraine une dépendance stratégique des PSL vis à vis de la grande Distribution. Néanmoins, certains prestataires intègrent une démarche de Développement Durable. La problématique de la thèse est donc la suivante : Pourquoi et comment les Prestataires Logistiques intègrent-ils, volontairement, une politique de Développement Durable au sein de la chaîne logistique aval de la Grande Distribution ? Le cadre théorique s'appuie d'abord sur le modèle « Plug and Play » permet de caractériser la logistique de la Grande Distribution par la spécificité des actifs et une approche des contrats. Il est complété par la théorie du découplage et l'encastrement, selon de White, ce qui permet d'expliquer le caractère bloquant du modèle « Plug and Play » et d'action possible des PSL. La méthodologie choisie est une approche exploratoire abductive sous un positionnement constructiviste modéré. Elle s'appuie sur l'étude de cas approfondie d'une chaîne logistique aval d'une enseigne de la Grande Distribution et ses PSL. Une triangulation des méthodes mobilise essentiellement une démarche qualitative par le biais d'entretiens, mais également une enquête quantitative. Les résultats de la recherche montre dans le cas étudié que les PSL sont encastré dans le modèle « Plug and Play » de l'enseigne dont ils sont dépendants. En réaction, certains prestataires tentent de se découpler du « Plug and Play », en intégrant une démarche de Développement Durable, et de s'encastrer dans un modèle « Plug and Play » où le rapport de force entre PSL et l'enseigne est plus équilibré. / The Mass-market retailing logistics relies on an organization multi-actor whose principles of flexibility and adaptability to the lesser cost are the levers of a performance based on the substitutability of the logistics service providers (LSP). This organization leads to a strategic dependence of PSL with respect to the large distribution. However, some providers incorporate a sustainable development approach. The problematic of the thesis is as follows: Why and how logistics providers incorporate, voluntarily, a sustainable development policy within the outbound logistics chain of the Mass-market Retail? The theoretical framework is first based on the model "Plug and Play". It allows characterizing the logistics of the Mass-market Retailing by asset specificity and contract approach. It is complemented by the theory of decoupling and embeddedness, according to White, which helps to explain the blocking attribute of the "Plug and Play" model and possible action of LSP. The methodology chosen is an abductive exploratory approach in a moderate constructivist position. It relies on an in-depth case study of an outbound logistics of a Mass-market Retailing and its LSP. A triangulation of methods essentially mobilizes a qualitative approach through interviews, but also a quantitative survey. The results of the research show, in the case studied, that the LSP are embedded in logistics 'Plug and Play' of the trade, and on which they are dependents. In response, some providers attempt to decouple themselves from the 'Plug and Play', by integrating a sustainable development policy and embedded themselves in a model of “Plug and Play” where the power relations between LSP and the trade is balanced.

Carnival, Royal Caribbean, and Norwegian—the most profitable cruise lines today—emerged between the late 1960s and early 1970s, as the elitist leisure ocean travel industry attempted to recover from economic downturn. These mass-market lines targeted an American middle class that increasingly had the desire and financial means to travel. They secured much of this untapped market by creating packaged vacations that responded to the needs and tastes of a middle-class clientele. Drawing on cruise advertisements, newspaper articles, ephemera, industry documents, travel writing, and memorabilia books, this dissertation analyzes how these three companies used cultural and geographic referents to produce cruise vacations, responding to an increased consumer interest in cultural sampling as an accruement of economic globalization. Findings suggest that cruise ships offered their owners a space to arrange simulated interactions with global cultures—a practice that soon extended to Caribbean cruise ports as these companies gained the market power to influence encounters there. This complex collision of global cultures was advanced by a goal to offer passengers opportunities to discover new worlds. However, many of the cultural representations displayed on cruise ships were pastiches—essentializations drawn from popular media forms and based in Eurocentrism. These were meant to be entertaining, not accurate, representations. Nevertheless, as themed environments gained momentum, these cultural forms helped to transform ships into destinations in their own right—a process through which cruise lines produced a captive audience to siphon passenger spending from the Caribbean. At the same time, cruise lines leveraged their mediating power and economic influence to hide from passengers the supposed poverty, crime, and disease at Caribbean ports, and even the mundanities of daily life there, while increasingly installing mechanisms to appropriate spending from those who chose to debark the ship. These processes intensified as the decades advanced. This study thus finds that cultural homogenization did not result in an immediately apparent reduction of difference, because difference was profitable and central to the mass-market cruise industry’s advertising strategies. However, the surface-level cultural heterogeneity that cruises offered was reduced through a homogenizing vision that balanced novelty with passenger comfort, engagement, and convenience in support of corporate profits. The resulting cultural production process was not suggestive of glocalization, but rather a new phenomenon meriting further research.

No description available.